‭Page‬‭|‬‭20‬

‭CHAPTER 4:‬‭INTRODUCTION TO JAVA CODING‬

‭5.1‬ ‭E‬‭SSENTIALS‬

‭In‬‭order‬‭to‬‭start‬‭writing‬‭code‬‭in‬‭java,‬‭it‬‭is‬‭essential‬‭to‬‭understand‬‭the‬‭meaning‬‭and‬‭use‬‭of‬‭certain‬‭keywords‬‭that‬
a‭ re the building blocks of any java code.‬

‭Keywords‬ ‭Meaning‬ ‭Example Code‬

‭public‬ ‭ n‬ ‭access‬ ‭modifier‬ ‭that‬ ‭allows‬ ‭classes,‬

A ‭ ublic class Example1 {‬
p
‭attributes,‬ ‭methods‬ ‭and‬ ‭constructors‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭ public static void main(String args[]) {‬
‭accessible by other classes.‬ ‭ System.out.println("Hello World.");‬
‭class‬ ‭This keyword defines a class.‬ ‭ }‬
‭}‬
‭main‬ ‭This defines the main method.‬

‭args‬ ‭It‬ ‭represents‬ ‭arguments‬ ‭passed‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭java‬

c‭ ommand-line.‬
‭static‬ ‭It‬‭is‬‭used‬‭for‬‭memory‬‭management.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭used‬‭to‬
‭share properties of a class with other classes.‬
‭void‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬‭during‬‭method‬‭declaration‬‭to‬‭indicate‬
‭that a method does not return any type.‬
‭String[] args‬ ‭It‬ ‭represents‬ ‭an‬ ‭array‬ ‭of‬ ‭strings‬ ‭that‬ ‭stores‬ ‭the‬
‭arguments passed in the java command-line.‬

‭5.2‬ ‭S‬‭COPES‬
I‭ n‬‭java,‬‭a‬‭block‬‭of‬‭code‬‭is‬‭the‬‭code‬‭inside‬‭the‬‭curly‬‭braces,‬‭{}.‬‭The‬‭scope‬‭of‬‭a‬‭variable‬‭represents‬‭the‬‭space‬‭or‬
‭block‬‭of‬‭code‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭variable‬‭can‬‭be‬‭accessed‬‭and‬‭modified.‬‭Usually,‬‭the‬‭scope‬‭of‬‭a‬‭variable‬‭is‬‭the‬‭block‬
‭of‬‭code‬‭in‬‭which‬‭it‬‭is‬‭created,‬‭for‬‭example-‬‭(1)‬‭A‬‭variable‬‭declared‬‭inside‬‭the‬‭curly‬‭braces‬‭of‬‭a‬‭loop‬‭is‬‭only‬‭valid‬
‭(can‬‭be‬‭accessed‬‭and‬‭modified)‬‭within‬‭the‬‭scope‬‭of‬‭the‬‭loop,‬‭(2)‬‭A‬‭variable‬‭declared‬‭inside‬‭the‬‭curly‬‭braces‬‭of‬‭a‬
‭method is only valid within the scope of the method.‬

‭Example Code‬ ‭Output‬

‭ ublic class Example1 {‬
p e‭ rror: cannot find‬
‭ public static void main(String args[]) {‬ ‭symbol‬
‭ int x=10;‬
‭ int y=25;‬
‭ int z=x+y;‬
‭ while (x>5){‬
‭ int m=3;‬‭//m initialized inside loop.‬
‭ int n=m+x;‬‭//n initialized inside loop.‬
‭ x--;‬
‭ }‬

‭ System.out.println("Sum of x+y = " + z);‬

‭ System.out.println(m+" "+n);‬‭//m & n not accessible‬‭outside loop.‬
‭ }‬
‭}‬
‭public class Example2 {‬ ‭ 13‬
3
‭ public static void main(String args[]) {‬ ‭3 12‬
‭ int x=10;‬ ‭3 11‬
‭ int y=25;‬ ‭3 10‬
 ‭Page‬‭|‬‭21‬

‭ int z=x+y;‬ ‭ 9‬
3
‭ while (x>5){‬ ‭Sum of x+y = 35‬
‭ int m=3;‬‭//m initialized inside loop.‬
‭ int n=m+x;‬‭//n initialized inside loop.‬
‭ System.out.println(m+" "+n);‬‭//m & n accessible‬‭only inside loop.‬
‭ x--;‬
‭ }‬

‭ System.out.println("Sum of x+y = " + z);‬

‭ }‬
‭}‬
‭public class Example3 {‬ e‭ rror: cannot find‬
‭ public static void main(String args[]) {‬ ‭symbol‬
‭ int x=10;‬
‭ int y=25;‬
‭ int z=x+y;‬
‭ while (x>5){‬
‭ int m=3;‬‭//m initialized inside loop.‬
‭ int n=m+x;‬‭//n initialized inside loop.‬
‭ x--;‬
‭ }‬

‭ System.out.println("Sum of x+y = " + z);‬

‭ m+=5;‬‭//m cannot be modified outside loop.‬
‭ System.out.println(m+" "+n);‬‭//m & n not accessible‬‭outside loop.‬
‭ }‬
‭}‬
‭public class Example4 {‬ ‭ 13‬
8
‭ public static void main(String args[]) {‬ ‭8 12‬
‭ int x=10;‬ ‭8 11‬
‭ int y=25;‬ ‭8 10‬
‭ int z=x+y;‬ ‭8 9‬
‭ while (x>5){‬ ‭Sum of x+y = 35‬
‭ int m=3;‬‭//m initialized inside loop.‬
‭ int n=m+x;‬‭//n initialized inside loop.‬
‭ m+=5;‬‭//m can only be modified inside loop.‬
‭ System.out.println(m+" "+n);‬‭//m & n accessible‬‭only inside loop.‬
‭ x--;‬
‭ }‬

‭ System.out.println("Sum of x+y = " + z);‬

‭ }‬
‭}‬

‭5.3‬ ‭P‬‭RINTING‬
I‭ n‬ ‭order‬ ‭to‬ ‭show‬ ‭an‬ ‭output‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭program,‬ ‭we‬ ‭use‬ ‭the‬ ‭print‬ ‭statement,‬ ‭System.out.println(“Text‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬
‭printed.”).‬‭The‬‭System.out‬‭command‬‭basically‬‭invokes‬‭the‬‭System‬‭class‬‭to‬‭generate‬‭an‬‭output.‬‭The‬‭println()‬‭is‬
‭a‬‭built-in‬‭public‬‭method‬‭used‬‭to‬‭show‬‭an‬‭output.‬‭It‬‭prints‬‭the‬‭text‬‭inside‬‭the‬‭method‬‭parameter,‬‭as‬‭well‬‭as‬‭a‬‭new‬
‭line. To avoid adding the new line at the end,‬‭print()‬‭can be used instead as‬‭System.out.print()‬‭.‬

‭Example Code‬ ‭Output‬

‭ ublic class Example1 {‬
p ‭ 0‬
1
‭ public static void main(String args[]) {‬ ‭9‬
‭ int x=10;‬ ‭8‬
‭ while (x>5){‬ ‭7‬
‭ System.out.println(x);‬‭//New line is added‬‭at the end.‬ ‭6‬
 ‭Page‬‭|‬‭22‬

‭ x--;‬
‭ }‬
‭ }‬
‭}‬
‭public class Example1 {‬ ‭109876‬
‭ public static void main(String args[]) {‬
‭ int x=10;‬
‭ while (x>5){‬
‭ System.out.print(x);‬‭//No new line is added‬‭at the end.‬
‭ x--;‬
‭ }‬
‭ }‬
‭}‬

‭5.4‬ ‭C‬‭OMMENTS‬
I‭ n‬‭a‬‭program,‬‭comments‬‭are‬‭lines‬‭which‬‭are‬‭not‬‭executed‬‭but‬‭are‬‭there‬‭to‬‭help‬‭someone‬‭who‬‭is‬‭not‬‭familiar‬‭with‬
‭the‬ ‭code‬ ‭to‬ ‭understand‬ ‭how‬ ‭the‬ ‭code‬ ‭works.‬ ‭The‬ ‭compiler‬ ‭ignores‬ ‭these‬ ‭lines‬ ‭while‬ ‭compiling.‬ ‭Writing‬
‭comments can also help to debug code easily.‬

‭In java, comments are 3 types:‬

‭1.‬ S ‭ ingle-line‬ ‭comments:‬ ‭These‬ ‭are‬ ‭comments‬ ‭written‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭single‬ ‭line‬ ‭and‬ ‭are‬ ‭usually‬ ‭short.‬ ‭The‬
‭comment‬‭is‬‭initiated‬‭using‬‭two‬‭forward‬‭slashes,‬‭//.‬‭Anything‬‭written‬‭after‬‭the‬‭second‬‭slash‬‭in‬‭the‬‭same‬
‭line will be considered as a comment.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Multi-line‬‭comments:‬‭These‬‭are‬‭comments‬‭written‬‭when‬‭descriptions‬‭need‬‭to‬‭be‬‭written‬‭for‬‭methods‬
‭or‬ ‭loops‬ ‭in‬ ‭multiple‬ ‭lines.‬ ‭Writing‬ ‭multi-line‬ ‭comments‬ ‭using‬ ‭//‬ ‭is‬ ‭possible,‬ ‭but‬ ‭it‬ ‭becomes‬ ‭tedious‬
‭when‬ ‭there‬ ‭are‬ ‭several‬ ‭lines,‬ ‭and‬ ‭//‬ ‭needs‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭written‬ ‭before‬ ‭each‬ ‭line.‬ ‭In‬ ‭order‬ ‭to‬ ‭make‬ ‭writing‬
‭multi-line‬‭comments‬‭easier,‬‭use‬‭a‬‭forward‬‭slash,‬‭/,‬‭followed‬‭by‬‭an‬‭asterisk,‬‭*,‬‭then‬‭write‬‭the‬‭comment,‬
‭and end using an asterisk, and a forward slash.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Documentation‬ ‭comments:‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭often‬ ‭referred‬ ‭to‬ ‭as‬ ‭doc‬ ‭comment.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬‭usually‬‭used‬‭when‬‭writing‬
‭code‬ ‭for‬ ‭a‬ ‭software‬ ‭or‬ ‭package‬ ‭to‬ ‭generate‬ ‭a‬ ‭documentation‬ ‭page‬ ‭for‬‭reference.‬‭It‬‭follows‬‭the‬‭same‬
‭convention‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭multi-line‬ ‭comment,‬ ‭only‬ ‭an‬ ‭exception‬ ‭of‬ ‭an‬ ‭additional‬‭asterisk‬‭at‬‭the‬‭beginning‬‭of‬
‭every new line.‬

‭Comment type‬ ‭Example‬

‭ ingle line ‬
S /‭/This is a single-line comment.‬
‭Multi–line‬ ‭/*Multi-line comment starts‬
‭This is a multi-line comment.‬
‭Multi-line comment ends.*/‬
‭Documentation ‬ ‭/** Doc comment starts‬
‭*continue‬
‭*add tags‬
‭*doc comment ends*/‬
 ‭Page‬‭|‬‭23‬

‭5.5‬ ‭W‭O
‬ RKSHEET‬
‭A.‬ ‭Take two integer numbers from the user and print the summation and average.‬

‭B.‬ T
‭ ake the values of x, y and z and solve the result of the following equation:‬
‭result= x+(x%2+y*z^ (4/2))‬

‭C.‬ ‭Take the first name and last name from the user and print the outputs accordingly.‬

‭ ample Input #1:‬

S ‭ utput:‬
O
‭Samiha‬ ‭Full Name: Samiha Haque‬
‭Haque‬

‭ ample Input #2:‬

S
‭ utput:‬
O
‭Sabbir‬
‭Full Name: Sabbir Ahmed‬
‭Ahmed‬

‭D.‬ T‭ ake‬‭the‬‭first‬‭name,‬‭middle‬‭name‬‭and‬‭last‬‭name‬‭from‬‭the‬‭user‬‭and‬‭print‬‭the‬‭outputs‬‭accordingly.‬‭Keep‬
‭in‬‭mind‬‭that‬‭a‬‭user‬‭may‬‭or‬‭may‬‭not‬‭have‬‭a‬‭middle‬‭name.‬‭If‬‭the‬‭user‬‭does‬‭not‬‭have‬‭one,‬‭they‬‭must‬‭enter‬
‭an empty string as the middle name.‬

‭ ample Input #1:‬

S ‭ utput:‬
O
‭Aiman‬ ‭Full Name: Aiman Jabeen Ramisa‬
‭Jabeen‬
‭Ramisa‬

‭ ample Input #2:‬

S ‭ utput:‬
O
‭Dibyo‬ ‭Full Name: Dibyo Fabian Dofadar‬
‭Fabian‬
‭Dofadar‬

‭ ample Input #3:‬

S ‭ utput:‬
O
‭Sifat‬ ‭Full Name: Sifat Tanvir‬

‭Tanvir‬