MySQL Short Notes

13 July 2023 21:29

*Commands in MYSQL are case INSENSITIVE

Commands In MYSQL (Basic Commands):

1. Show databases;
2. Use <database_name>;
The preferred database will be used and everything can be modified only in the database that has been
chose.
Shows the existing databases present in the system.
3. Show tables;
Shows the respective tables present in database.
4. Desc <table_name>;
Displays the columns of the database and column description.
5. Select * from <table_name>;
Displays the table as it is.
6. Insert into <table_name> values(<Enter data1>),(<Enter data2>)….;
Helps in inserting values into the table, each entry has to be a tuple followed by a comma.

Datatypes: Each column in a database table is required to have a name and a data type.
• String
• Numeric
• Date & Time

String:
• Char(size): A fixed length string (can contain letters ,numbers and special characters). The size parameter
specifies the column length in characters. Can be from 0-255. Default is 1.
• Varchar(size): A variable length string(can contain letters ,numbers and special characters). The size
parameter specifies the column length in characters. Can be from 0-255/65535. Default is 1.
• Binary(size): Equal to char(), but stores binary byte strings. The size parameter specifies the column length
in bytes. Default is 1.
• Blob(size): For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). It holds up to 65535 bytes of data.

Numeric:
• INT(size): Signed range is from 2147483648 to 2147483647. Unsigned range is from 0 to 4294967295. The
size parameter specifies the maximum display width(which is 255).
• Integer(size): Same as INT(size)
• Float(size,decimal): A floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size, the number of
digits after the decimal point is specified in the decimal parameter.
• Double(size,decimal): A floating point number. The total number of digits is specified in size, the number of
digits after the decimal point is specified in the decimal parameter.

Date and Time:

• "yyyy/mm/dd": The date in MySQL is entered in this format.
• "HH:MM:SS": The time in MYSQL is entered in this format.

Constraints:
• Constrains are the certain type of restrictions on data value that an attribute can have.
• They are used to ensure correctness of data.
• However it is not mandatory to define a constraint for each attribute of a table.

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 • However it is not mandatory to define a constraint for each attribute of a table.
Some constraints are below -
• NOT NULL: To ensure the column does not have any null values.
• Unique: To ensure the values are not repeated in a column.
• Default: A default value will be set when no entries are made.
• PRIMARY KEY
• FOREIGN KEY

Drop Statements:
• Drop table if exists <table_name>;
The above command deletes the table from the database.

• Alter table <table_name> Drop column <column_name>;

The above command deletes certain specified columns from the table.

Altering Command to add PRIMARY KEY:

• Alter table <table_name> Modify <column_name> <column_definition>;
The above command can be used to modify a specified column and its definition.

Altering Command to add new column:

• Alter table <table_name> add <new_column_name> <column_definition>;
The above code can used to add a new column in the existing table.

Delete:
• Delete from <table_name> where <condition>;
Deletes the entry from the table for the specified condition.
• Delete from <table_name>;
All values can be removed using the above command.

Update:
• Update <table_name> set column1 = value1, column2 =value2 where <condition>;
The above commands updates the values of column where the condition is specified.

Order By Clause:
The names can be arranged in descending alphabetical order using the select statement.
If ORDER BY is given without a value then it is arranged in ascending value as default. Descending keyword is Desc
and for ascending is Asc.
• Select * from <table_name> Order by <column_name> desc;
This is display everything from the table given with the names in ascending order.

Operators:
• Arithmetic
• Relational
• Logical
• Uncategorized (Between,And,In)

Between:
• Select <column_name> from <table_name> where <column_name> between <value1> and <value2>;
The above commands displays the value from the column between the specified values.
Not Between:
• Select <column_name> from <table_name> where <column_name> not between <value1> and <value2>;
This command displays values which DO NOT lie between the specified values.

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In:
• Select * from <table_name> where <column_name> in (value1,value2…);
This shows the table with the only values specified.
Not In:
• Select * from <table_name> where <column_name> not in (value1,value2…);
• This shows all the values from the table except the values that are specified.

And:
• Select * from <table_name> where <condition1> and <condition2>;
This command shows the table for which both the conditions are met.

Not Operator:
• Select <column1>,<column2> from <table_name> where not <condition>;
This shows all the values except where the not condition is met.
Like Operator:
The two wild card operator : % and __ which will be used along with like.
% sign is used to search for 0 or more characters that look like the given pattern.
__ sign is used to search specifically for one number or character.
Example: Select * from teachers where name like '%a';
This will show all teachers name ending with a.

Column Alias:
It is a temporary name/label given to the column that will appear in the output.
• <column_name > as <column_alias>;
Ex: select adno, name, p+c+m as total from students;
This will change p+c+m as total.

Distinct:
• Select Distinct <column_name> from <table_name>;
Displays uniquely entered values in a database.

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