i SOLIDS FOR WHICH ' V=Bh Ts chapter provides an introduction to the study of solids. The terms used in Solid Mensuration are given meaning and the different solids or © polyhedrons are also defined. The main focus of the discussion is on finding the lateral areas, total areas and volumes of solids for which the volume is the product of the area of the base and the altitude. These solids include prisms, paralielepipeds, cubes, and cylinders. Finding for the surface areas and volumes of regular polyhedrons, as well as the discussions on similar polyhedrons are also treated in the latter part of the chapter. 3 Objectives At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. define geometric solid, polyhedron and other related concepts; 2. identify the different types of polyhedron and their parts; 3. state the properties of the different types of polyhedrons; and 4. solve problems involving polyhedrons. General Definitions Geometric Solids A geometric solid is a three-dimensional figure bounded by surfaces. The surfaces may be plane or curved surfaces. The three dimensions of a solid are length, width and height. Section of the Solid e When a piane is passed through a solid, the plane figure bounded by the lines 0 intersection of the plane and the surfaces of the solid is called the section of thi Solid. 4Figure 2.4 in Figure 2.1, PQ is the plane and ABCDEF is a section of,a solid. Total Area of the Solid ‘The total area of the solid is the sum of the areas of the surfaces of the solid, Volume of the Solid The volume of the solid is the number of cubic units of a given solid Figure 2.2 Figure 2.2 above shows a rectangular solid having a length of £ units, a width w units and an altitude of h units. The rectangular solid can be divided smaller solids such that the length, width and altitude of each individual solid is unit. The number of these smaller units contained in the rectangular solid is volume of the rectangular solid Carrying this out further, the volume of any solid is equal to the number smaller solids, having a volume of 1 cubic unit, that are contained in any solidPolyhedron A polyhedron is a solid bounded by plane surfaces. The intersections of the sane surfaces are called the edges. The polygons formed by edges are called the faces of the polyhedron. The intersections of the edges are the vertices of the polyhedron. A 8 Figure 2.3 | KB, GD, EF, BF, etc. are the edges of the polyhedron. ABCD, BCGF, ADEH, ete. are the faces of the polyhedron. A, B, C, D, etc. are the vertices. Diagonal of a Polyhedron A diagonal of a polyhedron is a not lie of the same face. fine segment connecting two vertices, which do Figure 2.4, shows a polyhedron ABCDEFGH. The line segment The figure below, ices A and G, is a diagonal of the polyhedron. Note that AG, which connects vert Aand G both do not lie on same face. A e KR } \Jo 44Diagonal of a Face two nonadjacent vertices on, scting A diagonal of a face is a line segment conne' face ‘ 8 jo \ \ F & la 6 Figure 2.5 AH is an example of a diagonal of a face (see Figure 5). Pee ADHELy vertex H are nonadjacent vertices but they lie of the same . . polyhedron. The other diagonal of a face are DG ,CH,BG, and so on Classification of Polyhedron Polyhedrons are classified according to the number of faces: Faces Classification 4 Tetrahedron 5 Pentahedron 6 Hexahedron 7 Heptahedron 8 Octahedron 9 Nonahedron 10 Decahedron 12 Dodecahedron 20 Icosahedron Prism A prism is a polyhedron, which has two Congruent and parallel faces © bases, and whose other faces (called lateral faces) are parallelograms formei Right Section A right section is a sec tor il i Aah " of the prism, which is perpendicular to the 42G “I Figure 2.6 ‘n Figure 2.6, ABC and GHI are the bases. ACIG, ABHG, and BCHI are the ‘ateral faces. JK is the altitude of the prism and DEF is a section of the prism. 4 Figure 2.7 A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to the bases. in a ‘ight prism, the lateral edge is equal to its altitude and the right section is the same as the bases. If the lateral edges are not perpendicular to the bases, the prism is called oblique prism. Figure 2.7 is an example of a right prism. ae — -(EBISTR Afealateraiedge)-e(pecimetersf the right section) ep lar polygons. A regular prism is a prism whose bases are regular pt i fio Sil * Figure 2.8 Each solid in Figure 2.8 is a regular prism. The base of the solid that is shoya Figure 2.8a is a square while that of the solid shown in Figure 2.8b is a hexagon. We know that both the square and the regular hexagon’ are polygons, that is, the lengths of their respective sides are equal, Properties fl 1. The lateral edges are equal and parallel, 2.. The lateral area is the product of the length of the lateral edges and perimeter of the right section. a The total area is the sum of the lateral area and the area of the bases. 4. The volume is the product of the area of the base and its altitude. Formulas = es TA =LA+B, +8, V=Bh Examples: 1. Find the volume and total area of a rectangular igh Fi he volume ant gular prism 20 inches high. 44Given: Find: @. Volume, V b. Total Area, TA Solution: The volume of a prism is the product of the area of its base and its altitude. The area of the base, B, is (13 in)x(13 in), which is 169 in?, thus the volume is: V=Bh (169 in? }x (20 in) V =3,380 in? The total area of the rectangular prism is the sum of the lateral area and the areas of the bases. The lateral area (LA) is equal to the lateral edge x perimeter of the base. The lateral edge is 20 inches. The perimeter of the base is 13 inches 4 82M". LA = 20inx52in LA =1040 in? For the total area, TA =LA+B, +B, = 1040 +169 +169 TA =1378 in? 2. Find the volume of a prism whose base is an equilateral triangle with 5 inches tide ‘and whose altitude is 17 inches. 45Given: Find: Volume, V Solution: Solve first for the area of the base, 8, by using Heron's Formula B= s(s~aXs~b¥e-<) where, 8=Flarbie) =F Gin+Sing5in) ee = 25 3('sin) s=7.5in s-a=7.5in-Sin=2.5in s-b=7.5in-5in=2.5in s-c=7.5in~Sin=2.5in thus, B = \7.5 in(25 in\2.5 inX2.in) = 117.1875 B =10.83in? 46hence, the volume of the prism is: V Bh = 10.83 in? (17 in) V =184.11in?® Exercises 1 2 3 8. 9, Find the vol i height 11 babel of a rectangular prism whose base is 3 % in x6 in and with a | Find the capacity in gallons of a rectangular tank whose base is 3 ft 4 in x 2ft 8 in and with a height 5 ft 8 % in What should be the depth of the water in an octagonal tank 6 meters across flats in order to provide 12,500 gallons? A square water tank 3.5 meters high has a capacity of 40,000 liters. Find the length of the sides. (1m° = 1000 liters) Find the lateral surface of a triangular prism with 18 inches sides and is 29 inches high. The sides and bottom of a tank 1.4 meters square and 2.6 meters high are to be lined with lead. How may square centimeters of lead are required? A prism having trapezoidal bases has an altitude of 10 inches. The lengths of the parallel edges of the base are 4 inches and 7 inches. The lengths of the nonparallel edges are 6 inches and 6 inches. Find the area of the lateral surface of the prism : The altitude of a pentagonal prism is 20 em. he edges of the base are 3, 4, 8, 8, and 9 cm. What is the area o} surface? Find the altitude of a right prism if its lateral surface is 218 in? and the perimeter of its base 1s 21 in. 10.Find the lateral area of a right prism with a lateral edge of 2.6 m and the perimeter of its base is 29 m. en 11.4 prism which is 26 centimeters high has trapezoidal bases. The lengths of the parallel edges of the bases are 10 and 20 centimeters; the lengths of the Tan oereilel edges are 12 and 14 centimeters. Find the lateral area of the nparallel edg ‘e prism. 12.The figure shown is the base of a prism 3 meters high. Find its volume. im 47Parallclepi ls i ‘lepiped. ron), all of whi A parallelepiped is a prism having six faces deiner nee said a rectangs Parallelograms. If all the faces are rectangles, ait Parallelepiped. Joa a Parallelepiped b Rectangular ip ware Parallelepiped Figure 2.9 Properties: 3. The opposite faces of a parallelepiped are parallel and congruent 2. The total area of a parallelepiped is the sum of the areas of ifs faces 3. The volume is equal to the product of the area of its base and altitude. 1 D= length)’ + (width) + (heighty™ To oe. = sum of the areas of the faces TA = 2(fw+fh+ Lh) 3. Volume = product of the three dimensions Ve lxwxh Examples: 1. A container having a rectangular Cross-section of 8 feet an t by § feet has altitude of 6 feet. Find the Storage space of the cont i total external area of the container tainer. Also find the 48ahs Solution: The storage space of the container is a rectangular parallelepiped. The volume is found by the formula Velxweh =BftxSftx6 ft v=240 ft® For the total extérnal surface area, TA = 2(éw + fh+wh) alle nxs f+ (a rte a)+(6 1x61) = 2(40 ft? +48 ft? +30 ft?) = 2(118 ft?) TA=236 f° 2. Find the capacity in gallons of a rectangular tank whose base is 4 feet by 4 lon = 231 cu. inches) feet and a height of 6 feet. (1 gall Given:PP and ie j regret, Brame Find the yelume and the to) area in 4V andi Nese Given; “! | Be : J ansin 2f3in | ie Find: Volume in f° and in® Solution: Convert 2 feet 3 inches to ft and inches 2nesin at |aaase 29 FE ]-2m- 27 in The volume of a cubs is given by ©? , hence V= (2.25 tt) V=11.39 8 For the total area, the formula is 6e?, thus, TA = 6(27 in)? TA =162 in? 2. A meter stick fits a cubical container What is the minimum volume of th box? Given:Find: Volume of the box, V Solution: The cube that would just accomme smallest cube (see figure) Fist, we solve for the value of the cube’s exige ( ae (e). Si | D=ev3 1m=eV3 alu) V3 3 m 3 od late the meter stick in its diagonal will be the 10, Then the volume of the cube will be: V=e Bas 9 Exercises 1. A cube of edge 4 i edges of the cube. Find whose volume is double “Find the volume and thi log of circular cross-sec' What is the edge of 2 area? > Show that the total area if a cube has an edge ratio of their volumes. What is the area of the Noe area of its total surface? . The diagonal of a cube is 2 area. inches is cut by a plane containing two diagonally opposi The volume of a cube of the area of the section formed fedge a is to be doubled. Find the edge of the cul that of the given cube. ‘e total area of the largest cube that can be cut fr tion whose radius is 32 cm. ‘cube whose volume is numerically equal to its lume of a cube whose face diagonal is 8 a Find the total area and i of a cube is twice the square of its diagonal. equivalent to the diagonal of another cube, lateral surface of a cube with edge 7 cm? Wy 49¥3 inches. Find its volume and 53 i,ifice Wei . cm by 50 cm i ighs 10. What is the weight of block of ice 50 om by 50 2 cubic meter? ich weighs 1 ton Per Ct meter is to be remei Fn een ee 428 cubic eee ae cared 11.4 cube of metal nos of equal volumes Find a made into two cu cena the volume of another cube. Find the ratio of the, 12.One cube is twice the vol areas Cylinders : a Cylindrical Surface : tao by moving a straight line that is ical surfaces 4 fixed line and intersects a fixed plane curve is a cylina He ee 2 an Straight line is called the generator and the eo pl rated byte leq directrix. If the directrix is a closed curve, the surface gene: YY Jen, 's called a closed cylindrical surface. The generator in a particular locaton called an element. | 4 al Fur *acok Hl aon Figure 2.14 AA'is called the generator_a' cD 's the directrix and KK’ is the fixed line, Figure 2.42 A.cylinder is a sotig bound ed bY a clo. Planes (see Fi Sed cylindr, al wie ths ep 128 lindrical say t@l Surface and two P g Parallel planes are cane the bases» \° 'S Called the Jateral s 54. |]2 Fi 3 g 5 g = 3 g > 2 8 ze 5 3 FS 3 8 2 7 2 2 a 8 i $ ¢ 7 3 A.arrcular cylinder is a cylinder with a right cioss section, A right circular cylindor isa cite is a circu the base. ilar cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to Ay 1 1B | oO | | | ck yb o Figure 2.13 For the right circular cylinder in Figure 2.13, yy’, the line joining the centers of the bases is called the axis. The rectangular cross-section ABCD is called the axial section. The axial section should contain the axis yy’. The circles containing points A and B, and points C and D, respectively, are the bases of the right circular cylinder, The altitude is the distance between points y and y' of the axis. | Properties. | 1. The elements of a cylinder are equal 2. Ina right circular cylinder, every element is equal to the altitude. 3. The bases of the cylinder are congruent 4 The lateral area of a cylinder is the product and an element. For a right circular cylinder, the lateral area is ference of the base and its altitude f Th volume ‘of the cylinder is the product ofits right section and an element Fora right circular cylinder, the volume S the product of the area of its base and the altitude. — ERMINE x efron oft ose an V=Bh of the perimeter of a right section the product of on 55Examples: der 7 1. Find the volume and lateral area of a cylin 2A inches in diameter ay, inches long. Given: Find: Volume Lateral Area Solution: The volume of the cylinder is given by V=Bh the area of the base, B, is xD? O Ed: x(7 Sein)? 4 | B = 44.18 in? then, | V = 44,18 in?(9 in) V = 397.62 in® The lateral area can be solved by LA=ch, where I c=nD wep:out substituting, LA=nDh (7 J2 inX9 in) LA = 212.06 in? 9. How many cubic inches of metal are there in a Igngth of pipe & inches long if the inside diameter is 4 inches and the pipe is 5/4 inch thick? Given: a ‘s 4in 5) [0 ~ y am — Sex Find: Volume of metal, V Solution. he base, B. B is equal to the area of the outer circle | tic First, solve for the area of tk less the area of the inner ‘circle (see illustration) The diameter of the outer circle is: Dov Rinvaint yg” Dose: = 4.6250 thus, the area of the outer circle 2 Fe cwee _ (4,625 in} Reed Roma = 16.80in"° owes 67Likewise, tne area of the inner circle aD dow Bowe =f x(4 in)’ 4 A, 12.57 in’ the area of the base would then be Be Aug, A = 16.80 in? 12.570 B=4.23in* The volume of metal in the pipe is: V=Bh 4.23in’(8 \, in) V = 34.90 in® Exercises 1. How many cubic feet are there in a cylinder 36 cm in diameter and 56 on long? 2. Find the capacity in gallons of a cylindrical tank 2.2 meters in diameter ani 3.7 meter high. 3. The base of a cylinder has a diameter of 9 inches. The altitude of the cylinder is also 9 inches. What is the volume of the cylinder? 4. A concrete pipe is 1 meter long, Its inside and outside diameter are 4 inches and 6 inches, respectively. What is the volume of the concrete needed lt make the pipe? Find the height of an 8-gallon cylindrical contai What should be the diameter of a ¢ capacity of 1 gallon? Find the lateral surface of a cylinder 16 em in di 8. If a pipe % inch thick has an inner diameter of 2 ino fi ain er Cubic inches of metal in a piece of pipe 10 feet long wee tne 9. A cylindrical container is to be constructed such th ich i 40 gallons. For ease of handling, it is necessary Ted Haye a re Find the height of the drum, sda cramster © 10.A certain brand of gel is sold in a su permarket and inds 4 rorainers beth of which are right circular cylinders; sre sn, Ne per twice the height of the other container, but ts diamerart®, Her CO" shorter container ff the shorter container ‘cam container costs P46.00, which would you buy te have iner if the diameter is 12 inches vylindrical container 8 inches high to have® oo ter is one-half that Of P86.00 and the ™ @ better bargain? 5811.4 cylinder whose base is a circ!» is circumscribed about a right prism whose base is a rectangle 5 feet by 7 fet. Find the volume of the cylinder if it is 15. feet high, What is the ratio of the volumes of the ovina an th, tigen? ‘2Find the volume of the largest", “lal can, closed at bath ends’ thar c constructed from a square \.- edg€ equial to 50 contimeters. —— Romalar Do pe 4 gular," ‘1 IS @ polyhedron whose faces are all congruent regular t jon polyhedral angles are all equal Teer. polyhedrons are de of Polyhedron Number of Faces Tetrahedron 4 Hexahedron 6 Octahedron 8 < : > | Dodecahedron iG eC leosahedron a 59Te eTetAvea = numberof faces x area o one 1802 ~TASFR 2 number of faces x area of one face | V = JFBr x radius of inscribed sphere polyheu: O78. | 3. Thesaboverfstmulas are applicabie to al the regular polvh | The following table summarizes the formulas: — ne following tab | Polyhedron Jr2je [vi [Bo jr: o} | Tetrahedron 4 6 | Hexahedron )6 | 12 [6 || Octahedron “Te 72 te | Dod n 6 ye2 | tf - ohe aa 2 130 120 crico | fe'lts +78) | | Icosahedron | 20 a5 he’ Gov) | where: F = number of faces E = number of edges | Vv = number of vertices B = area of one face = radius of inscribed sphere Example: 1, Amilk company wishes to make tetra, Iter. The company however, wants t | as allowance for liquid expansion. H pak milk containers that would contain 1 he tetrapak to have a volume 10% mote low much material, in'sq. centimeters, ¥ ' additional 5% of the materi “© the joints? (1 liter = 1,000 cm*) pment Given. a Nn, FOr \ yx 2Find: Total Area of the Material to be used, TA, Solution: The tetrapak container is a tetrahedron, the volume of which is given by the formula = v= bev The required volume of the container is: V =i + 10%(11i) Ve 4.1011 Converting liters to cubic centimeters, 3 v=4 ro ee" | Weo| V=1100 cm? Substituting the values in the formula and solving for the edge, , e=21.05cm The area of one face of a regular tetrahedron of edge e is te* V3. Since there are four congruent faces in a regular tetrahedron, then the total area is e*V3. Thus, = TA = (21.05 em)’ v3 TA = 767.48 cm’ Giving an allowance of 5% for the joints, the total material needed will be, 767,48 om? + 5%{767.48 om? )= 805.85 cm? Exercises 1 Compare the volumes of a regular tetrahedron and a regular octahedron having the same edge. 2. Compare the surface areas and volumes of a regular dodecahedron and a regular icosahedron. 3. Find the radius of a sphere inscribed in a regular dodecahedron whose volume is 32 cubic inches.dge is 4 mm. Find . A gem has the shape of a regular octahedron whose ©09! its i total area and volume. the total area. . The volume of a regular hexahedron is 181 cu on, find ne numerically equa i . The volume and total area of a regular hexahedro! : Find its edge. 7. Compute the volume and the total surfac edge 5 . ahe 8. How many tetrahedrons would equal the volume of one icos have the same edge? e area of a regular octahedron of | ron if they hy 4 Similar Polyhedrons er of faces, Two polyhedrons are similar if they have the same ee ee Coresponding face is similar and simiatly placed, and their corresponding polyhedral angles are equal. A and A’ are similar, B and B’ ar: . i ( k \ \ | ee A c P th in / / he y { | : 3] 8 c o ° a c - HoT i 6 A 8 e r F E a b Figure 2.14properties: Let US presume that Figure 2.14 r¢y : : c presents two similar polyhedrons. The following are the important properties of similar polyhedrons: " 4. The corresponding edges of two similar polyhedrons are proportional iLwe take edges AB an CG of Figure 2.14a thon the corresponding edges mn Figure 2.14b will be A’B' and C’G’, The first property states that if we take the ratio of ae el then this is equal to the ratio of A’B' and CG’. Thatis, ce 2. The ratio of the two corresponding line segments of two similar polyhedrons is equal to the ratio of any two corresponding edges. t_e Lace Segments BH and BIH’ are the respective diagonals of Figure 2.14a and Figure 2 ub respectively. Also, edges CG and C'G' being the respective edges of Figure 2.14a and Figure 2.14b. From the above statement, BH CG BH CC of two corresponding faces of two similar polyhedrons 3. The ratio of the areas ine squares of any two corresponding edges. is equal to the ratio of tl oe ett ke For Figure 2.14a, let us use the area of fare ABCD and the edge AE. Likewise, in area of the face and edge are the area of face Figure 2.14b, the corresponding ABCD’ and the edge AE. therefore have, area of ABCD__ (length of Ae} grea of A'B'C'D' (length of AE) ‘al areas of two similar polyhedrons is equal to the ratio of io of the tot : Tbe te any two corresponding line segments. 2 Boe se respectively. From the above statement, we 63" 4a, surface area of fF, Let us consider the total surface area of Figue a FG’, of the two fat 2.14b, and the coresponding line segments Property 4 states that: surface area of Figuro(a) _ es). surface area of Figure(b) (F'G') : 5 5. The ratio of the volumes of two similar polyhedrons is equal to the ratio gg, | cubes of-any two corresponding line segments, ve ! vee if we now consider the respective volumes of Figure 2 44a and Figure 2, 14b any | aiso the corresponding line segments AB and A’B, then, Volume of Figure (a) _ (AB) volume of Figure (b) -(a'p') Example 1. The diameter of a planet 9320 miles, and that of its moon is 3160 miles. Wha), is the ratio of their volumes? Given: diameter of planet, D = 9320 miles diameter of moon, d = 3160 miles 9320 mi /nveo.) | 3160 m if \ / N Find: Ratio of the volumes of the moon and the planet, ¥ | Solution: v | let v and Y bo the volume of the " of the moon and the planes v_¢ ; : respectively, Then. V~ B_ (Property 5)v Vv =0.039 Exercises 1. A certain polyhedron whose Shortest edge is 5 inches weighs 20 Ib. What is the weight of a sinilar polyhedron whose shortest edge is 7 inches? (Hint weight is directly Proportional to the volume) 2. The tonnage of a ship 40 meters long is 32,000 tons. What must be the tonnage of a similar ship 46 meters long? 3. Asphere 50 cm in r diameter is how many times as large as another sphere 5 cm in diameter? 4. Two cylinders are simit ar, and the diameter of one is thrice the diameter of the other. What is the ratio of their lateral areas? 5. A cube 10 inches on a side is to be cut into another cube which is one-half as heavy as the original. Find the dimensions of the new cube. The areas of the bases of two similar pyramids are in the ratio 25:36. Find the ratio of the corresponding a. altitudes b. edges c. lateral areas d. volumes 7. The corresponding edges of similar icosahedron are 12 cm and 15 cm respectively. Compare their total areas and volumes, Chapter Summa: ; A omelrie mei a three-dimensional figure bounded by surfaces. The three diSencions of a solid are length, width and height. The total aroa of the solid the cum of the areas of the surfaces of the solid. The volume of the solid is the number of cubic units of a given solid. i bounded by plane surfaces. The intersections of the A pabhedron ie 8 tor pe edgee’ The polygons forved ny efeck ies caked cane tare polyhedron. The intersections ofthe edges are the vertices of the ae ee ot eAnedtons are classified according to the number of faces. Some aoa crotynedrons are: etrahedron, poniahedron, hexahedron, heptahecron, cone ene nanedron, decahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. : ron, which has two congruent and parallal faces called Spee oa pe faces (called lateral faces) are paraliolograms formed by bases, and sponding vertices of the bases, The altitude of the prism is the (eee cater distance between the bases, A right prism is a prism whose lateral 65 z. ism is a prism whose p, edges are perpendicular to the bases. A regular pris! ate, are regular polygons. ‘a hexahedron), all of which, a | having six faces ( led are Parallelepiped. 1s. The sides of A cube is a parallelepiped whose six faces are squares. T! the cag are called the edges. A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and WO Parag Planes. The cylindrical surface is called the lateral surface while the Parag Planes are called the bases. The Fegular polyhedrons are: tetrahedron, hexahedron, Godecahedron, and icosahedron. octahedra, Two polyhedrons are simila corresponding face is simil Polyhedral angles polyhedrons are: 1. The corresponding ed 2. The ratio of the two equal to the ratio of 3. The ratio of the are: if they have the same number of fa lar and similarly placed, and their corr are equal. Some of the important properties Ces; ex espondiy of ‘simi {Ge of two similar polyhedrons are proportional Orresponding line segments of two similar polyhedronsi any two corresponding edges 8 Of two corresponding faces of two similar Polyhedron FetUal to the ratio of the squares of any two Corresponding edges. The ratio of the total arezis of two Similar polyhedions is equal to the ratod the squares of any two Corresponding line 8. The ratio of the volume: Polyhedrons is equal to the ratio of te ‘sponding line segments, 4. Prism LAzep TA=LA+B, 4B, V=Bh Rectangular Paraltelepiped O= \length)’ + (width)? + (height) TA = (fw + fh wh) Vslxwxh 66length of diagonal = e/3 TA =6e" Vee cylinders LA=ch V=Bh Regular Polyhedron TA=FB Vo IFBr Polyhedron Tetrahedron [Volume Hexahedron Octahedron | Dodecahedron | 12 Icosahedron | 20 67