UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

2.5. Formulas
Listed below are the fundamental formulas for integration that involve trigonometric
functions.

∫ ∫

∫ ∫ | | | |

∫ ∫ | | | |

∫ ∫ | |

∫ ∫ | |

Observe that Formulas are derived directly from their corresponding differentiation

formulas. To show derivation of Formula we express . Hence,

∫ ∫ | |

Similarly, derivation can be done by expressing . Thus,

∫ ∫ | |

( )
Furthermore, Formula ∫ ∫ can de derived using Formula

∫ | | Let ( ).

Other formulas can be derived in the same way.

Example 18. Evaluate∫

Solution: Use Formula ∫ with the

∫ ∫ ( )

Example 19.Evaluate∫( )
Solution: We expand square of the binomial using the special product( ) .
Observe that Formulas and best apply to perform the integration work.

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

∫( ) ∫( )
| |

Example 20.Evaluate∫

Solution: We use an appropriate trigonometric identity called Pythagorean Identity, then, apply
factoring method for a difference of two squares and proceed as follows:
( )
∫ ∫

( )( )
∫

∫( ) *** Use ∫

Example 21.Evaluate∫( )
Solution: The expression ( ) ( )( ) is factored as a difference
of two squares. However, ( ) , according to Pythagorean Identity. Moreover, based
on the Doub ( ) ( )

∫( ) ∫( )

( )
Example 22.Evaluate∫

Solution: Expanding square of binomial gives ( )

Then, use Pythagorean Identity Hence,
( ) ( )
∫ ∫
[ ( ) ]
∫
[ ]
∫

∫[ ]

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

∫[ ]

| | ( )
| |

( )
Example 23. Evaluate ∫

The technique to bring the given derivative to a form integrable by a formula is to multiply
and divide the given function by ( ).
( )
∫

( )
∫

∫
( )
But, ; ; and .
( )
Therefore, ∫ ∫

∫[ ]
Integrate using ∫ | | and ∫ | | , with
.
[ | | | |]

The above indefinite integral can be further simplified by applying the property of logarithm
.

* +

* ( )+

( )

( )

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

SAQ7

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Evaluate the following integrals using formulas to , or any appropriate formula.

∫ ( )
∫ ( ) ( )

∫(( )) √
∫
√

∫
∫
( )

∫( )
∫

∫ ∫

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

∫
∫ ( )

⁄
∫ ∫⁄ ( )( )

∫( )

∫( )

∫( ) ∫ ( )

⁄ ⁄
∫
∫ ( )

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

ANSWERS TO SAQ7

1. ( )

2. | | | |

3. | |

4. | |

5.

6. ( )

7. √

8. ( )

9. | |

10.

11.

12. | |

13.

14.

15. | √ |

16.

17.

18. √

19.

20. √

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

2.6. Integral Involving Product of Powers of Trigonometric Functions

Many trigonometric integrals can be evaluated after transformation of the integrand. This
transformation needs the most common trigonometric identities. We shall consider five types of
integrals involving product of powers of trigonometric functions.

Type I. ∫
Where: either is a positive odd integer. This type of product can be integrated
using either of the tools below to reduce the integrand to a sum of powers of with
each power multiplied by or,to reduce to a sum of powers of with each power
multiplied by Finally, integrate each term of the sum by the Power formula.


For example, if is positive odd integer, we isolate and the remaining has an even
exponent and into it, we apply Then proceed to the same manner
when .
Example 23. Evaluate ∫
Solution: Notice that this falls under Type I product of powers of trigonometric functions, where
the exponent of sin x is an odd number. Thus, we isolate one sin x and the remaining power of sin
x, that is , replaced, using the tool above, by .

∫ ∫ ( )

∫ ( )
𝑛 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫( )( ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

Example 24. Evaluate ∫

Solution: Here, the power of is an odd number. Hence, we isolate one and the
power of left, that is, is expressed in terms of power of sin x using the Tool:
.

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

∫ ∫( ) ( )

∫( ) ( ) ( )
∫( ) ( ) ( )
∫( ) ( )( )
∫( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( )
( )
∫
𝑢 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑢 𝑥
| |

| |

Type II. ∫
Where: both n are positive even integers and where the method of Type I fails. In
this type of product, we use the trigonometric identities listed below as transformation
tools which can be applied repeatedly, if necessary, to reduce the integrand to integrable
form.

mple 25. Evaluate∫ .

Solution: Observe that the both exponents of and are even numbers. Using the above
tools, we get ∫ ∫( ) ∫( )

∫( ) ( ) ∫ ∫

∫( ) ( )
( )
∫ ∫

( )

( )

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

Example 26. Evaluate∫ .

Solution: ∫ ∫( ) ∫( ) ( )

∫ ∫
du = 2cos 2x
∫( ) ( )

∫( )

( ) ∫

∫( )

( )

( )

( )

Take note that one needs to be smart enough introducing outside the integral sign the
reciprocal of the missing constant to complete the needed du.

Type III. ∫ or ∫
a). Where is a positive even integer and to reduce the integrand to integrable form, we use
either of the tools below.


b). Where: both are positive odd integers and to transform the integrand into a form
that is integrable, we use either of the tools listed below.



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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

The necessity of the tools above is to transform the integrand into a sum of powers of
trigonometric function, with each power multiplied by the differential of the function.
Integration is made possible using the power formula.
Example 27. Evaluate ∫ .
Solution: Reduction of the integrand to integrable form is done as follows. Isolate one
which is the derivative of tan x, and then, the remaining factors on the integrand expressed as
sum of powers of tan x. Finally, use the power formula.

∫ ∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )

∫( )( )

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

𝑛 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Example 28.Evaluate ∫ .

Solution: ∫ ∫ ( )
𝑛 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫( ) ( )

∫( )( )

∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

( ) ( )

Example 29. Evaluate ∫

Solution: In this case where both exponents of and are positive odd integers, we
isolate which is the derivative of , express the remaining factors as sum of
powers of using the appropriate transformation tool, then, use the power formula of
integration .

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

∫ ∫ ( )

∫ ( ) ( )

∫ ( )( )

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫( )

𝑛 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥

( )

Type IV. ∫ or ∫
Where: is a positive integer and in which the integrand can be integrated using
either of the following trigonometric identities as tools:


You will notice that the trigonometric identities are best used to reduce the integrand into a
sum of powers that are integrable.

Example 30. Evaluate ∫ .

Solution: The integration process is started by isolating and, then, replacing it using the
tool .
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ∫

𝑛 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫( )

∫ ∫

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

Example 31. Evaluate ∫

Solution: ∫ ∫( )( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ∫
Type IV
𝑛 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥

( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ∫
Type IV again!

( ) ∫( )

( )( )

Type V. ∫ x or ∫ or ∫
where and by which reduction to integrable form is done using the appropriate
product to sum trigonometric identity listed below.

 ( ) ( )

 ( ) ( )

 ( ) ( )

Example 32. Evaluate ∫

Solution: ∫ ∫* ( ) ( )+

∫ ( ) ∫ *** Recall: ( )

∫ ∫

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 UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

( ) ( )

[ ]

Example 33. Evaluate ∫

Solution: Prior to using the appropriate product to sum trigonometric identity, we group the
factors of the integrand into two groups.
∫ ∫( )

∫[ ( ) ( )]

∫ ∫

∫[ ( ) ] ∫[ ]

[ ( ) ( ) ] [( ) ]

[ { ( ) ( ) }] [ { }]

[ ( ) ] [ ]

*** Recall: ( )

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

SAQ8

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Evaluate the following integrals using transformation of product of powers of trigonometric

functions.

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

SAQ9

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Evaluate the following integrals using transformation of product of powers of trigonometric

functions.

1. ∫ 3. ∫

2. ∫ 4.

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

SAQ10

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Evaluate the following integrals using transformation of product of powers of trigonometric

functions.

1. ∫ 4. ∫

2. ∫ 5. ∫

⁄ ⁄
3. ∫ 6. ∫ ⁄

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

SAQ11

NAME: ____________________________________________________ SCORE: ______________

SECTION: ___________DATE: _______________ PROF: __________________________________

Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 4. ∫

⁄ ⁄
2. ∫ 5. ∫

3. ∫ ⁄
6. ∫

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UNIT 2 – FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

ANSWERS TO SAQ8

1.
2.
3.
4.

ANSWERS TO SAQ9

1.
2.
3.
4.

ANSWERS TO SAQ10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. ( )

ANSWERS TO SAQ11

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. ( √ )

Integral Calculus Module 6 – Integration of Trigonometric Functions Page 67