‫)‬ ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫‪ :‬أحمد محسن الهوارى‬ ‫إعداد المهندس‬

‫‪Cuk Converter‬‬ ‫‪SEPIC Converter‬‬

 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

Cuk Converter
Output voltage magnitude can be either larger or smaller than that of the input, and there is a polarity
reversal on the output.
The inductor on the input acts as a filter for the dc supply to prevent large harmonic content.
Unlike the previous converter topologies where energy transfer is associated with the inductor, energy
transfer for the Cuk converter depends on the capacitor C1.

The average voltage across the inductors is zero for SteadyState operation, resulting in
𝑽𝑪𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺 − 𝑽𝑶
−𝑽𝑶 𝑰𝑶 −𝑽𝟐 𝑶
(𝒊𝑪𝟏 ) = −𝑰𝑳𝟐 = −𝑰𝑶 (𝒊𝑪𝟏 ) = 𝑰𝑳𝟏 = 𝑰𝑺 = =
𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝑽𝑺 𝑹𝑽𝑺
the average capacitor current is zero
[(𝒊𝑪𝟏 )𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 ]𝑫𝑻 + [(𝒊𝑪𝟏 )𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 ](𝟏 − 𝑫)𝑻 = 𝟎 (𝟏)
 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

Power relationship
𝑷𝑺 = 𝑷𝑶
𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑳𝟏 = −𝑽𝑶 𝑰𝑳𝟐 (𝟐)
The negative sign indicates a polarity reversal between output and input.
From (1) & (2), We get
𝑫
𝑽𝑶 = −𝑽𝑺 ( )
𝟏−𝑫
Note that the components on the output (L2, C2, and R) are in the same configuration as the buck converter
and that the inductor current has the same form as for the buck converter. Therefore, the ripple, or variation
in output voltage, is the same as for the buck converter:
∆𝑽𝑶 𝟏−𝑫
=
𝑽𝑶 𝟖𝑳𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒇𝟐

The voltage across L1 with the switch closed is

∆𝒊𝑳𝟏 ∆𝒊𝑳𝟏
𝒗𝑳𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑳𝟏 𝒗𝑳𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑳𝟏
∆𝒕 𝑫𝑻
𝑽𝑺 𝑫𝑻 𝑽𝑺 𝑫
∆𝒊𝑳𝟏 = =
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝒇
For inductor L2, the voltage across it when the switch is closed is
 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

∆𝒊𝑳𝟐 ∆𝒊𝑳𝟐
𝒗𝑳𝟐 = 𝑽𝑶 + (𝑽𝑺 − 𝑽𝑶 ) = 𝑳𝟐 𝒗𝑳𝟐 = 𝑽𝑶 + (𝑽𝑺 − 𝑽𝑶 ) = 𝑳𝟐
∆𝒕 𝑫𝑻
𝑽𝑺 𝑫𝑻 𝑽𝑺 𝑫
∆𝒊𝑳𝟐 = =
𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝒇
The ripple in C1 can be estimated by computing the change in 𝒗𝑪𝟏 in the interval when the switch is open
and the currents 𝒊𝑳𝟏 and 𝒊𝑪𝟏 are the same. Assuming the current in L1 to be constant at a level 𝑰𝑳𝟏

𝟏 𝑻 𝑰𝑳𝟏 𝑽𝑺 𝑫𝟐
∆𝒗𝑪𝟏 = ∫ 𝑰 𝒅𝒕 = (𝟏 − 𝑫)𝑻 = ( )
𝑪𝟏 𝑫𝑻 𝑳𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝑪𝟏 𝒇 𝟏 − 𝑫

For continuous current in the inductors, the average current must be greater than one-half the change in
current. Minimum inductor sizes for continuous current are

(𝟏 − 𝑫)𝟐 𝑹
𝑳𝟏,𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟐𝑫𝒇
(𝟏 − 𝑫)𝑹
𝑳𝟐,𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟐𝒇
 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

SEPIC converter
A converter similar to the Cuk is the single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC), as shown in the
Figure the SEPIC can produce an output voltage that is either greater or less than the input but with no
polarity reversal.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing Vs, L1, C1, and L2 gives
−𝑽𝑺 + 𝒗𝑳𝟏 + 𝒗𝑪𝟏 − 𝒗𝑳𝟐 = 𝟎
Using the average of these voltages
−𝑽𝑺 + 𝟎 + 𝑽𝑪𝟏 − 𝟎 = 𝟎 𝑽𝑪𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺
When the switch is closed
𝒗𝑳𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺
the average voltage across the capacitor C1 is
𝑽𝑪𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺
When the switch is open, Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the outermost path gives
−𝑽𝑺 + 𝒗𝑳𝟏 + 𝒗𝑪𝟏 − 𝑽𝑶 = 𝟎
Using the average of these voltages
−𝑽𝑺 + 𝒗𝑳𝟏 + (𝑽𝑪𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺 ) − 𝑽𝑶 = 𝟎 𝒗𝑳𝟏 = 𝑽𝑶
 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

the average voltage across an inductor is zero for periodic operation

(𝒗𝑳𝟏, 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅
) (𝑫𝑻) + (𝒗𝑳𝟏, 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏
) (𝟏 − 𝑫)𝑻 = 𝟎
𝑫
𝑽𝑶 = 𝑽𝑺 ( )
𝟏−𝑫
𝑽𝑶
𝑫=
𝑽𝑶 + 𝑽𝑺

Assuming no losses in the converter, the power supplied by the source is the same as the power absorbed
by the load.
𝑷𝑺 = 𝑷𝑶
Power supplied by the dc source is voltage times the average current, and the source current is the same as
the current in L1.
𝑷𝑺 = 𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑺 = 𝑽𝑺 𝑰𝑳𝟏 = 𝑽𝑶 𝑰𝑶
𝑽𝑶 𝑰𝑶 𝑽𝟐 𝑶
𝑰𝑳𝟏 = 𝑰𝑺 = =
𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺 𝑹
 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

The variation ∆𝒊𝑳𝟏 when the switch is closed is found from

∆𝒊𝑳𝟏 ∆𝒊𝑳𝟏
𝒗𝑳𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑳𝟏 ( ) = 𝑳𝟏 ( )
∆𝒕 𝑫𝑻
𝑽𝑺 𝑫𝑻 𝑽𝑺 𝑫
∆𝒊𝑳𝟏 = =
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝒇
For L2, the average current is determined from Kirchhoff’s current law at the node where C1, L2, and the
diode are connected
𝒊𝑳𝟐 = 𝒊𝑫 − 𝒊𝑪𝟏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝑫 = 𝒊𝑪𝟐 + 𝑰𝑶
∴ 𝒊𝑳𝟐 = 𝒊𝑪𝟐 + 𝑰𝑶 − 𝒊𝑪𝟏
The average current in each capacitor is zero, so the average current in L2 is
𝑰𝑳𝟐 = 𝑰𝑶

The variation is ∆𝒊𝑳𝟐 determined from the circuit when the switch is closed
∆𝒊𝑳𝟐 ∆𝒊𝑳𝟐
𝒗𝑳𝟐 = 𝒗𝑪𝟏 = 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑳𝟐 ( ) = 𝑳𝟐 ( )
∆𝒕 𝑫𝑻
𝑽𝑺 𝑫𝑻 𝑽𝑺 𝑫
∆𝒊𝑳𝟐 = =
𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝒇
 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

Applications of Kirchhoff’s current law show that the diode and switch currents are
𝟎, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝒊𝑫 = {𝒊 + 𝒊 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐

𝒊𝑳 + 𝒊𝑳𝟐 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅

𝒊𝑫 = { 𝟏
𝟎, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏

the load resistor is the same as in the boost converter, so the output ripple voltage is
𝑽𝑶 𝑫
∆𝑽𝑶 = ∆𝑽𝑪𝟐 =
𝑹𝑪𝟐 𝒇
𝑫
𝑪𝟐 =
∆𝑽𝑶
𝑹( ⁄𝑽 ) 𝒇
𝑶
 ) ‫(دعوة جميلة من القلب‬ ‫ أحمد محسن الهوارى‬: ‫إعداد المهندس‬

The voltage variation in C1 is determined form the circuit with the

switch closed (Fig. 6-14b). Capacitor current 𝒊𝑪𝟐 is the opposite of
𝒊𝑳𝟐 , which has previously been determined to have an average
value of 𝑰𝑶 .
∆𝑸𝑪𝟏 𝑰𝑶 ∆𝒕 𝑰𝑶 𝑫𝑻 𝑽𝑶 𝑫
∆𝑽𝑪𝟏 = = = =
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝑪𝟏 𝒇
𝑫
𝑪𝟏 =
∆𝑽
𝑹 ( 𝑪𝟏⁄𝑽 ) 𝒇
𝑶