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Subqueries & CTE

The document explains subqueries and Common Table Expressions (CTEs) in SQL, detailing their definitions, types, and examples. Subqueries can be single-row, multi-row, or correlated, while CTEs improve query readability, reusability, and performance. It also includes practical examples and notes on experimenting with these SQL features.

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rohitsul1112003
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71 views11 pages

Subqueries & CTE

The document explains subqueries and Common Table Expressions (CTEs) in SQL, detailing their definitions, types, and examples. Subqueries can be single-row, multi-row, or correlated, while CTEs improve query readability, reusability, and performance. It also includes practical examples and notes on experimenting with these SQL features.

Uploaded by

rohitsul1112003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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🎯 Master Like a Pro:

SUBQUERIES
&
COMMON TABLE
EXPRESSIONS

SUBHRA DAS Swipe >


[email protected]
1. SUBQUERIES :
A Query Within a Query
What is it ?

A subquery is a query nested inside


another SQL query. It helps retrieve
intermediate results before applying
further operations.

Types of Subqueries:

✅ Single-row Subquery →
Returns one row
✅ Multi-row Subquery →
Returns multiple rows
✅ Correlated Subquery →
Depends on the outer query
📌 Single-row Subquery :
Example-
Find employees earning more than the
average salary

💡 The inner query calculates the average


salary, and the outer query filters employees
who earn more than that amount.

PERCENTILE_CONT(0.5): This is a continuous percentile


function that calculates the median value (50th percentile).
📌 Multi-row Subquery :
Example -
Find employees working in specific
departments :

💡 The subquery (SELECT DepartmentID FROM

fetches
Departments WHERE Location = 'NY')
department IDs in NY, and the main query
selects employees from those departments.
📌 Correlated Subquery :
Example -
Find the highest-paid employee in each
department :

💡 The subquery runs for each department,


checking the maximum salary dynamically.
The condition E1.DepartmentID = E2.DepartmentID makes
sure that MAX(Salary) is found within each department, not
across the whole company.
2. CTEs (Common
Table Expressions):
(a temporary named query inside a query.)
What is it ?
A Common Table Expression (CTE) is a
temporary table created within a query.

It improves:
✅ Readability – Makes complex queries
more structured
✅ Reusability – Allows the same logic to
be used multiple times
✅ Performance – Optimizes query
execution in some cases.

Syntax :
📌 Simple CTE :
Example-
Calculating total bonus payout per
department :

💡 The CTE calculates department-wise


bonuses first, making the final query simpler.
📌 Recursive CTE:
Example-
Extracting a company’s reporting hierarchy :

How it Works?
1️⃣Base Case: Finds the top-level manager
(ManagerID = NULL).
2️⃣
Recursive Case: Finds employees who
report to the manager.
3️⃣
Repeats until no more employees are left.
Example Data for Better Understanding :

How the Query Works on This Data :


🔹 First Iteration (Base Case)
Finds John (EmployeeID = 1), because he has no
ManagerID.
🔹 Second Iteration (Recursive Case)
Finds Alice (2) and Bob (3), because their
ManagerID = 1.
🔹 Third Iteration (Recursive Case)
Finds David (4) and Emma (5), because their
ManagerID = 2.
🔹 No More Employees Left → The recursion
stops.
notes :
🔹 Experiment with subqueries in
WHERE, SELECT, and FROM

🔹 Use CTEs to simplify long,


unreadable queries

🔹 Try a recursive CTE to analyze


hierarchical data structures
Find this
useful?

Let’s Connected

SUBHRA DAS
[email protected]

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