CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crop - I

Crop CO PI (Survival) SI Infection Favorable Env. Managements

Rice: >90%RH
20 °C Night T
22 °C Day T
Blast Pyricularia oryzae Seed / Crop debris Air borne Direct penetration Tricylazole @ 0.03%
High N2
(Magnaporthe oryzae) and collateral host conidia by conidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
Susceptible Var
Cloudy days

>80%RH
25-30 °C T
Helminthosporium oryzae Infected seeds and Air borne Direct penetration High N2 Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Brown spot
(Cochliobolus miyabeanus) collateral host conidia by conidia Susceptible Var Thiram/ Captan @ 4gm/Kg
Cloudy days

>90%RH
28-30 °C T
Crop debris, Through
High N2 Copper oxychloride 0.3%
BLB Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae infected seeds and Bacterial ooze hydrathodes and
Susceptible Var Streptocycline 200ppm
collateral host wounds
Cloudy days

>93%RH
30-32 °C T
(Mycelium and High N2
Direct penetration Validamycine @ 0.2%
Sheath Blight Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotia Sclerotia) Susceptible Var
by fungal hyphae Propiconazole @ 0.1%
Irrigation water Cloudy days
Dense planting

Rainfall and cloudy weather

during the flowering and
Ustilaginoidea virens Clamydospore /
False smut Clamydospore Grain infection maturity periods Carbendazim @ 0.1%
(Claviceps oryzae) Sclerotia
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,
Khaira
Zn deficiency None 15 kg /Ha ZnSO4
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

 Light traps
 Planting of resistant
varieties
 IR 36, IR 50 ,ADT
37, Ponmani, Co 45,
Co 48, Surekha,
Vikramarya, Bharani,
IR 36 and white
Presence of viruliferous leaf ponni .
hopper  adjusting the date of
Presence of virus planting is
Dense planting recommended.
Rice tungro spherical virus
Tungro
Rice tungro bacilliform virus Insects Insects Leaves
High dose of Nitrogenous  Instead of urea foliar
fertilizer fertilizer like multi-K
(RTSV + RTBV)
Varity susceptible to leaf (potassium nitrate) can
hopper be sprayed at 1 per
High relative humidity cent which impart
Cloudy days resistance
 Green leaf hoppers
controlled by
 Monocrotophos 36
WSC (40 ml/ha)
 Fenthion 100 EC (40
ml/ha) may be sprayed
15 and 30 days after
transplanting.

Pre flowering= Pythium, 30-35 °C

Maize : Post flowering= Crop debris Low soil moisture Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Macrophomina phseolina (Mycelium and Irrigation water Direct penetration High N2 Carbendazim @ 0.1%
Stalk rots Erwinia chrysanthemi var zeae spores) Captan 3gm/Kg

Sorghum DM - >90%RH
Downy Oospores on debris / Penetration Metalaxyl MZ (Ridomil
Peronosclerospora sorghi Sporangia 20-25 °C T
mildew Infected parts through stomata MZ) @0.2%
Crazy top DM – Sclerophthora High N2/ Susceptible Var
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

macrospora Cloudy days + light

Brown stripe DM – drizzles
Sclerophthora rayssiae var Water logged soil
zeae
Sugarcane DM –
Peronosclerospora sacchari

18-27 °C
High N2/ Susceptible Var
Plant debris, seeds Air borne Direct penetration Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Leaf spots Helminthosporium maydis Cloudy days + light
and collateral host conidia by conidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
drizzles

Grain-Sphacelotheca sorghi >90%RH

Loose-S. cruenta 20-25 °C T
Sorghum: Long-Tolyposporium
Ovary and stem High N2/ Susceptible Var
Seeds or soil no infection Vitavax 0.2 %
ehrenbergii Cloudy days + light
Smuts (Systemic)
Head-S. reliana drizzles during flowering

-Wet weather during

Curvularia, Seed treatment with
flowering
•Alternaria, Aspergillus, [email protected]%
Grain mold Seeds or soil Air Grain - intermittent rain during
•Phoma. Fusarium semitectum • Spray Mancozeb (0.25%)
grain development
•and F. moniliforme or captan (0.2%)
- cloudy days
Seed treatment with
• Continuous rain.
[email protected]%
Anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicolum Seeds or soil Air Leaves • Temperature of 28-30˚C.
• Spray Mancozeb (0.25%)
• High humidity
or captan (0.2%)

RH >90 %
Bajra: Penetration
/presence of water on the
Metalaxyl MZ (Ridomil
downy Oospores on debris / leaves
Sclerospora graminicola Sporangia through stomata or MZ) @0.2%
mildew/ Infected parts /Low temperature of 15-
Ovary infection
green ear 25°C
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

Insects and
drizzling rain with a
Sclerotia on infested airborne conidia Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Ergot Claviceps fusiformis Grain infection temperature of 20-30°C
seeds and soil and ascospore Carbendazim @ 0.1%
during flowering period
>90%RH
20 °C Night T
22 °C Day T
Finger millet
Pyricularia grisea Seed / Crop debris Air borne Direct penetration High N2 Tricylazole @ 0.03%
–
(Magnaporthe grisea) and collateral host conidia by conidia Susceptible Var Carbendazim @ 0.1%
Blast
Cloudy days

>80%RH
25-30 °C T
High N2
Drechslera nodulosum Infected seeds and Air borne Direct penetration Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Leaf spot Susceptible Var
(Cochliobolus nodulosum ) collateral host conidia by conidia Thiram/ Captan @ 4gm/Kg
Cloudy days

Prolonged high relative

humidity for 3 days
Early= Cercospora / 25-30° C with dew on leaf
Groundnut: arachidiola (Mycosphaerella Crop debris as surface
Air borne Mancozeb @ 0.3%
arachidis) conidia and Direct penetration / heavy doses of nitrogen
Early and late conidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
Late= C. personata mycelium and phosphorus fertilizers
leaf spots (M. berkeleyii) / deficiency of magnesium
in soil

 Deep summer
Soil temperature of 20- ploughing
Pathogen survive in Secondary
30°C,  Crop rotation
soil, crop debris as spread through
hot and dry periods  Use disease free seeds.
Wilt Fusarium oxysporum conidia and Irrigation water, Infection in roots
mycelium, micro inter culture
followed by rains  Avoid sowing when
Light soil temperatures are high.
sclerotia operation
Soil moisture level 20-40%  Follow 6-year crop
Potassium deficiency rotations with sorghum
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

 Apply FYM 10-15 cart

load/ha.
 Seed treatment with T.
viride @4g/kg or P.
fluorescens @ 10g/ kg
of seed or
Carbendazim or
Thiram 2g/kg of seed.
 Spot drenching with
Carbendazim 1g/lit
or P. fluorescens / T.
viride 2.5 kg/ha with
50 kg FYM.
 Seed treatment with
Carbendazim at the
rate of 1g/kg of seed /
 Seed treatment with
Thiram + Carbandizm
@ 1g+2g per kg of
seed
> 85 % RH
Uredospore on Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Air borne Penetration / heavy rainfall
Rust Puccinia arachidis offseason crop and
Uredospore through stomata / 20-25° C
crop debris Plantavax @ 0.2%

Soybean: Irrigation water

High soil moisture Carbendazim @ 0.1%
as mycelium
Rhizoctonia Rhizoctonia solani Soil as Sclerotia Direct penetration 28-32 °C Captan @ 4gm/Kg
and Sclerotia
blight

>90%RH
28-30 °C T
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Crop debris and Stomata and High N2 Copper oxychloride 0.3%
Bacterial Aerial ooze
glycines seeds wounds Susceptible Var Streptocycline 200ppm
pustule
Cloudy days
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

High humidity, Dense

Infected Seeds,
Mechanical cropping, Aphid population,
Mosaic Soybean mosaic virus Collateral host + Through wounds [email protected]/lt
contact High N2, Cloudy days
weeds

 Deep ploughing in
summer.
 Ensure balanced
fertilization of the
crop.
 Rotate soybean with
cereals.
 Maintain well drained
High relative humidity field
Fusarium, closer planting and  Destroy last years
Seed and Rhizoctonia, Soil, Irrigation Root / Base of the heavy doses of nitrogenous infected stubble.
Soil
seedling rot Phytophthora, water Stem fertilizers  Seed treatment with T.
Pythium Water logging condition viride @4g/kg or P.
Cloudy days fluorescens @ 10g/ kg
of seed or
Carbendazim or
Thiram 2g/kg of seed.
 Spot drenching with
Carbendazim 1g/lit
or P. fluorescens / T.
viride 2.5 kg/ha with
50 kg FYM

>90%RH
Pigeonpea: Crop debris as Irrigation water
20-22 °C T
High N2 Metalaxyl MZ (Ridomil
P. drechsleri fsp cajani sporangia and as sporangia Direct penetration
Phytophthora Susceptible Var MZ) @ 0.2%
dormant mycelium and zoospore
blight Cloudy days

Soil temperature of 20-

Irrigation water
Crop debris as Through wounds 30°C, hot and dry periods Carbendazim @2g/kg
Wilt F. udum as macro and
Clamydospore and root hairs followed by rains Thiram @ 3g/kg
micro conidia
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

Shade and humidity

encourage mite
Sterility Pigeonpea sterility mosaic Infected insects + Dicofol 3ml or Sulphur
Insects Through mites multiplication
mosaic virus host 3g/L water

Black & green gram

Humid weather and dense
Cercospora Crop debris, weed Air borne Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Cercospora canescens Direct penetration plant population
leaf spot host as conidia conidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
presence of weed hosts,
Infected insects +
Yellow Mungbean yellow mosaic high humidity, insect
Seeds, Collateral Insects Through insects Dimethoate 2 ml/ L (Insecticide)
Mosaic virus population
host + weeds
Direct penetration
Conidia and through epidermis
Powdery Air borne
Erysiphe polygoni Cleistothesia in (Only haustoria) Dry and cool climate Karathane 0.1%
Mildew conidia
crop debris

 Disease free seeds

The pathogen survives on  Sanitation
seed and plant debris  Summer deep ploughing
Disease spreads in the field  Seed treatment with
Pathogen survive in Secondary
through air-borne conidia. Pseudomonas
Colletotrichum Seed, soil, weed spread through Infection through
Anthracnose
lindemuthianum host as conidia and Irrigation Stomata
The disease is more sever  Seed treatment with
in cool and wet seasons. Carbendazim 2g/kg
mycelium water, wind
Continuous rain.  Remove and destruct plant
Temperature of 28-30˚C. debris
High humidity  Spray Mancozeb 2g/lit or
Carbendazim 0.5g/lit.
frequent rainfall/ irrigation  Summer deep ploughing
Secondary
Pathogen survive in and increased temperatures
Rhizoctonia solani spread through  Organic manure
soil, seed crop and relative humidity
Web blight Teleomorph: Thanatephorous Irrigation Infection in stem  Trichoderma, Pseudomonas
debris as Sclerotia Higher aerial temperature
cucumeris
and dark mycelium
water, rain or leaf
(26 to 32°C),  Clean cultivation
relative humidity near  Crop rotation
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

100% and  Avoid dense cropping

soil temperature 30-33°C  3-4 week flodding
 Neem cake = 150kg/ha
 Seed treatment with Thiram
+ Carbendazium (2:1) @
3g/kg seed.
 Use Mancozeb or copper
fungicide at 2.5gm/l or
carbendazim 1 g/lit.
• Apply Trichoderma,
• Continuous rainy
Pseudomonas or Bacillius
Castor: weather.
• Collect the remains of the
Pathogen survive in Secondary • Low temperature (20-
crop and destroy by burning,
Phytophthora Phytophthora parasitica soil, weed host as spread through Infection in stem, 25˚C).
burying, or remove
blight Oospore Irrigation water cotyledon, roots • Low lying and ill
• Treat the seeds with
drained soils.
metalaxyl at 6g/kg.

• T = 20-24°C
Tobacco: Secondary • >90% RH
Pathogen survive in 0.4% Bordeaux mixture
Phytophthora parasitica var. spread through Infection in • Cloudy days
Black shank soil, weed host as
nicotianae wind drawn leaves, seedlings • Intermittent rains
Oospore 0.2% Copper oxychloride
rain • Dense cropping
• Poor drainage of soil
• Soil environmental • Maintain pH low (< 5.5) by
conditions, especially applying Gypsum
Black root Secondary cool soil temperatures • Soil solarization
Pathogen survive in
rot spread of (13 to 18°C) and pH • Apply biological control
Thielaviopsis basicola Crop debris as Stem
Aleurospore values above 5.5, are product based
Chlamydospore
through water critical on Trichoderma or Pseudom
• Cool climate onas
• High N2 • Drenching with propiconazole
• Keep the crop mosaic free.
Plant infected • Infected seedlings should
Virus survive in Plant infected
with contact, or • Dense planting be removed promptly and
collateral , and with contact, or
Mosaic Tobacco mosaic virus during inter- • Presence of virus destroyed.
weed host, dry during inter-
culture • Workers should disinfect
leaves culture operation
operation their hands with soap and
running water before
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

handling seedlings,
weeding or doing other
cultural operations.

Irrigation water loamy alluvial soils

Guava: Crop debris as
as macro and
Through wounds
pH 6
Carbendazim @2g/kg
F. oxysporum fsp psidii micro conidia more in post mansoon
Clamydospore and root hairs Thiram @ 3g/kg
wilt

Anthracnose

Saturated poorly drained

heavy soils, Cultivation of
Banana: Crop debris as
Irrigation water
Through wounds susceptible cultivars, Carbendazim @2g/kg
F. o. fsp musae as macro and
Clamydospore and root hairs Infection by burrowing Thiram @ 3g/kg
Panama wilt micro conidia
nematode

Saturated poorly drained

soils, Cultivation of
Soil and crop debris Through wounds susceptible cultivars, Copper oxychloride 0.3%
bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 Irrigation water
+ infected rhizome and root hairs Infection by Meladogyne, Streptocycline 200ppm
High N2

High humidity, heavy dew

and rainy weather with temp
above 21 C, Prolonged leaf
Ascospore and conia wetness periods, Poor
Yellow=Cercospora musae Air borne Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Sigatoka on infected plants Direct penetration drainage and low soil
Black=C. fijiensis conidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
and debris fertility particularly of
potassium
, Closer planting,
Susceptible cultivars
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

Infected insects,
Collateral host + Infected Rhizome Aphid, Saturated soil, Dimethoate 2 ml/ L
bunchy top Banana buchytop virus Insects
weeds + Rhizome and through Aphid Dense cropping (Insecticide)

Irrigation water
Papaya: Oospores in soil and as Sporangia High soil moisture, Poor
Metalaxyl MZ (Ridomil
Pythium aphanidermatum Direct on stem MZ) @ 0.2%
infested plants and zoospore drainage, 30-32 °C
Foot rot
Infected insects +
Host, Collateral host Dimethoate 2 ml/ L
Dense cropping, High
leaf curl Papaya leaf curl virus + weeds Insects Through Insect (Insecticide)
insect population
[email protected]/lt

• Use disease free

planting material
Plant infected • Dense planting • Sanitation
Plant infected
with contact, or • Presence of virus • Removal of weeds
with contact, or
Mosaic Papaya mosaic virus Virus survive in during inter- • Planting new plant • Rouging of infected
during inter-
collateral , perennial culture in old orchard plants
culture operation
and weed host operation • Sterilization of tools
before each use
• Crop rotation
• After each harvest,
spray ethrel to cause
• Severe during August- leaf defoliation, collect
Secondary November fallen leaves and
Pathogen survive in spread through • Intermittent rains destroy
Pomegranate: Xanthomonas auxanopodis pv crop debris, seed, Irrigation
Infection through
• High humidity and • Spray Arka microbial
Wound or
pinicae perennial host water, wind temp ranging from 20 consortium @5%
Bacterial blight Stomata
drawn rain, rain to 27°C • Spray copper oxy
splashes • Monocropping chloride 0.1% and
Streptocycline 500
PPM
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

Cruciferous vegetables:
Relative humidity > 80%,
Alternaria Alternaria brassicae Mycelium or conidia Air borne Less vigorous plants, Late Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Direct Penentration
leaf spot A. brassicola in crop debris conidia in the season Carbendazim @ 0.1%

Irrigation water,
cultural
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Wounds, RH > 90%, High soil Copper oxychloride 0.3%
Black rot Seeds and soil implements +
campestris Hydrathods moisture, Frequent rains Streptocycline 200ppm
rain splash

Conidia through
Brinjal: irrigation water, High RH coupled with
Seed + crop debris as Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Phomopsis vaxans rain splash, Direct higher temperatures (26),
Phomopsis pycnidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
insects wet weather conditions
blight
Soil temperature of 15-20
°C, low lying and ill-
drained soils, heavy soils
Crop debris as Irrigation water Through wounds with alkaline reaction and Carbendazim @2g/kg
Wilt (Fungal) Verticillium dahlae
sclerotia as conidia and root hairs heavy doses of nitrogenous Thiram @ 3g/kg
fertilizers

high soil moisture and

moderate soil temperature
Through wounds / Continuous cultivation of Copper oxychloride 0.3%
Bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 Soil and crop debris Irrigation water
and root hairs Solanaceous crops Streptocycline 200ppm

Irrigation water/ Vapam @ 25ml/m2

Through wounds
Root knot Meladogynae spp. Crop debris Cultural tools Same crop in field Carbofuran @ 0.39g
and root hairs
a.i/m2
Infected insects, Dimethoate 2 ml/ L
Collateral host + Through Insect Dense plating, Weed host, (Insecticide)
little leaf Phytoplasma Insects
weeds (Leaf Hopper) High insects [email protected]/lt
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

• Drenching bases of
infected plants with
Bordeaux mixture 1%
High soil moisture and soil • Spraying
Pathogen survive in
Sclerotinia Ascospore infect temperature Carbendazinm 1% on
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum soil, crop debris as Irrigation Water
Blight aerial parts High relative humidity and infected and
Sclerotia
warm weather surrounding healthy
plants
• Biocontrol with
Trchoderma viride

Previous crop either potato

Tomato: Crop debris as
Air borne
or tomato, T 13 to 26 °C,
Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Alternaria solani conidia and dormant Direct RH: >80% for prolonged
conidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
Early blight mycelium period, frequent rains

Crop debris as
10 °C Night T, at least 4
sporangia and Air borne
hour dew, cloudy, at least Metalaxyl MZ (Ridomil
Late blight Phytophthora infestans dormant mycelium sporangia and Direct
0.1 rain MZ) @ 0.2%
zoospore

Infected insects,
Collateral host +
Dimethoate 2 ml/ L
Leaf curl Tomato leaf curl virus weeds Insects Insect Dense planting, High insect
(Insecticide)

25-35 °C), Soil moisture

Irrigation water >50%, Previous crop in the Carbendazim @2g/kg
Crop debris as Through wounds
Wilts Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 as macro and same field either egg plant Thiram @ 3g/kg
Clamydospore and root hairs
micro conidia or tomato

• Use disease free

Plant infected
Plant infected with planting material
Virus survive in with contact, or
contact, or during Dense planting • Sanitation
Mosaic Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) collateral , perennial during inter-
inter-culture Presence of virus • Removal of weeds
and weed host culture
operation • Raise nursery in
operation
protected area /
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

mosquito net
• Rouging of infected
plants
• Sterilization of tools
before each use
• Crop rotation

High soil moisture, High

Irrigation water
Oospores in soil and N2, 28-32 °C, Dense Metalaxyl MZ
Damping off Pythium aphanidermatum as Sporangia Through wounds
infested debris planting (Ridomil MZ) @ 0.2%
and zoospore
1. Seed treatment with
P. nicotianae var. parasitica, Metalaxyl
Pathogen survive in Buckeye rot is favored by
Secondary 2. Foliar application of
Crop debris as Infection in Fruits warm, wet weather.
Buck eye rot P. capsici, and spread through Ridomil (0.1%)
Oospore and and seedling Temperatures 24 and 30 °C
rain, water 3. Soil application of
Chlamydospore are ideal for the fruit rot.
P. drechsleri Trichoderma
bioformulation @ 25kg/ha
Infected insects +
Okra: Seed, Collateral host
Bhindi yellow vein mosaic Insect and infected Dense planting, weed host, Dimethoate 2 ml/ L
+ weeds Insects
Yellow Vein virus seeds High insect (Insecticide)
Mosaic
Temperature 25° C and R.H
Beans: Colletotrichum Crop debris as Air borne 90-95% Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Direct
lindemuthianum Acervullus conidia Carbendazim @ 0.1%
Anthracnose
Infected seeds,
Collateral host + Infected seeds and Dense planting, weed host, Dimethoate 2 ml/ L
Mosaic Bean yellow mosaic virus Insects
weeds Wounds High insect (Insecticide)

Secondary
Common blight (Xanthomonas >90%RH
Pathogen survive in spread through Spray Streptomycin
campestris pv phaseoli) 28-30 °C T
Bacterial crop debris, seed, Irrigation water, Infection through sulphate and tetracycline
Susceptible Var
blight weed host wind drawn Wound or stomata combination 300g +
Halo blight (Pseudomonas Cloudy days
rain, rain Copper oxychloride
syringae pv phaseolicola) Dense planting
splashes
CARS, IGKV, Fingeshwar, Gariaband,

Ginger: High soil moisture, High

Irrigation water
Pythium myrotylum Oospores in soil and N2, 28-32 °C, Dense Metalaxyl MZ (Ridomil
as Sporangia Through wounds
P. aphanidermatum infested rhizome planting MZ) @ 0.2%
Rhizome rot and zoospore

>90%RH
Colocasia: Air borne
20-22 °C T
Oospores in soil and High N2 Metalaxyl MZ (Ridomil
P. colocaceae Sporangia and Direct
Phytophthora infested rhizome Susceptible Var MZ) @ 0.2%
zoospore
blight Cloudy days

Continuous rainy weather. Spray 0.25% Copper

Coconut: Pathogen survive in wind drawn rain Low temperature (21-24˚C). oxychloride or 1 %
Phytophthora palmivora soil, weed host as and insects Stomata 98-100% RH
Bordeaux mixture +
Bud rot Oospore (Beetle) Low lying and ill drained
soils.
Metalaxyl
Pathogen survive in > 10 year old plants
Aureofungin-sol 2 g +1 g
soil, crop debris , Prolonged drought, high soil
Root contact, Copper Sulphate in 100ml
Wilt Ganoderma lucidem perennial host as Direct, Wounds moisture
Flood irrigation water applied as root
Basidiocarp, Low rainfall
feeding.
mycelium Sandy loam soil

Basidiospores
Tea: Basidiospores in
dispersed by
Direct through
RH > 83%
Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Exobasidium vexans rain splash and 30-35 Temperature/
infected plant debris epidermis Carbendazim @ 0.1%
Blister blight wind moist and shady localities

free moisture
Coffee: Mycelium or Uredospores
Rainy weather and heavy
Mancozeb @ 0.3%
Hemileia vastatrix Uredospore in dispersed by Through stomata
dew
Rust infected leaves wind and water Plantavax @ 0.2%