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Functions and Relations - 3f4VAo

The document provides e-notes for Class 11 Mathematics on the chapter 'Functions and Relations,' covering fundamental concepts such as sets, relations, and functions. It includes definitions, types, properties, and representations of sets and functions, along with important functions like identity and polynomial functions. The notes serve as a guide for students to understand and review the material as per the NCERT curriculum.

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12 views4 pages

Functions and Relations - 3f4VAo

The document provides e-notes for Class 11 Mathematics on the chapter 'Functions and Relations,' covering fundamental concepts such as sets, relations, and functions. It includes definitions, types, properties, and representations of sets and functions, along with important functions like identity and polynomial functions. The notes serve as a guide for students to understand and review the material as per the NCERT curriculum.

Uploaded by

dudlidsucks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Artifically Generated formula sheets and e-notes for CBSE.

Chapter: Functions and Relations | Type: E-Notes

Subject: Mathematics | Grade: 11

______________________________________________________________________

E-Notes: Functions and Relations (Class 11 NCERT)

Chapter Overview: This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of

relations and functions, which are cornerstones of mathematics. We'll explore

different types of relations and functions, their properties, and how to

represent them.

1. Sets: (Brief Review)

Definition: A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. Objects are

called elements or members of the set.

Notation: Sets are denoted by capital letters (A, B, C, etc.) and elements are

enclosed in curly braces { }. e.g., A = {1, 2, 3}

Types of Sets: Empty set (∅ or {}), finite set, infinite set, subset, superset,

power set (P(A)), universal set (U), equal sets, disjoint sets.

Set Operations: Union (∪), intersection (∩), difference (-), complement (A'),

Cartesian product (A x B).

2. Relations:
Ordered Pair: An ordered pair (a, b) consists of two elements 'a' and 'b' where

the order matters. (a, b) ≠ (b, a) unless a = b.

Cartesian Product: The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted by A x

B, is the set of all possible ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B. A x B

= {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}

Relation: A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of the Cartesian

product A x B. We write R ⊆ A x B. If (a, b) ∈ R, we say that 'a' is related to

'b' under the relation R, often written as aRb.

Domain, Codomain, and Range: For a relation R from A to B:

Domain: The set of all first elements in the ordered pairs of R.

Codomain: The set B.

Range: The set of all second elements in the ordered pairs of R.

Types of Relations:

Empty Relation: A relation with no ordered pairs.

Universal Relation: A relation containing all possible ordered pairs in A x B.

Identity Relation: A relation where each element is related to itself only (

{(a, a) | a ∈ A} )

Inverse Relation: If R is a relation from A to B, then the inverse relation R⁻¹

is a relation from B to A, defined as R⁻¹ = {(b, a) | (a, b) ∈ R}.

Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive Relations: These are properties a relation

can have:

Reflexive: (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A.

Symmetric: If (a, b) ∈ R, then (b, a) ∈ R.


Transitive: If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then (a, c) ∈ R.

Equivalence Relation: A relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

3. Functions:

Definition: A function (or mapping) f from a set A to a set B, denoted by f: A →

B, is a relation from A to B such that every element in A is related to exactly

one element in B.

Domain and Codomain: Same as for relations.

Range: The set of all images of the elements in the domain.

Representation of Functions:

Set of Ordered Pairs: {(x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂), ...} where yᵢ = f(xᵢ)

Graph: A visual representation on a coordinate plane.

Arrow Diagram: A diagram showing mappings from elements in A to

elements in B.

Types of Functions:

One-one (Injective): Each element in the domain maps to a unique element

in the range.

Onto (Surjective): Every element in the codomain is mapped to by at least

one element in the domain.

One-one and Onto (Bijective): A function that is both one-one and onto.

These functions have inverses.

Many-one: More than one element in the domain maps to the same
element in the range.

Into: Not every element in the codomain is mapped to.

4. Some Important Functions:

Real-valued functions: Functions whose range is a subset of real numbers.

Identity function: f(x) = x

Constant function: f(x) = c (where c is a constant)

Polynomial functions: Functions of the form f(x) = aₙxⁿ + aₙ₋₁xⁿ⁻¹ + ... + a₁x

+ a₀

Rational functions: Functions of the form f(x) = P(x)/Q(x), where P(x) and

Q(x) are polynomials and Q(x) ≠ 0.

Modulus function: f(x) = |x|

Signum function: f(x) = sgn(x) = { -1 if x < 0; 0 if x = 0; 1 if x > 0 }

Greatest Integer Function: f(x) = [x] (the greatest integer less than or equal

to x)

This provides a detailed outline. Remember to consult your NCERT textbook

for complete explanations, examples, and exercises. Good luck!

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