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Encyclopedia Britannica

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Vladimir Lenin Article
Vladimir Lenin summary
Learn about the political ideologies of Vladimir Lenin
Written and fact-checked by
Below is the article summary. For the full article, see
Vladimir Lenin.
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir LeninUndated photograph of Russian political
figure Vladimir Lenin at his desk.
Vladimir Lenin, orig. Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, (born April
22, 1870, Simbirsk, Russia—died Jan. 21, 1924, Gorki,
near Moscow), Founder of the Russian Communist
Party, leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and
architect and builder of the Soviet state. Born to a
middle-class family, he was strongly influenced by his
eldest brother, Aleksandr, who was hanged in 1887 for
conspiring to assassinate the tsar. He studied law and
became a Marxist in 1889 while practicing law. He was
arrested as a subversive in 1895 and exiled to Siberia,
where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. They lived in
western Europe after 1900. At the 1903 meeting in
London of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’
Party, he emerged as the leader of the Bolshevik
faction. In several revolutionary newspapers that he
founded and edited, he put forth his theory of the
party as the vanguard of the proletariat, a centralized
body organized around a core of professional
revolutionaries; his ideas, later known as Leninism,
would be joined with Karl Marx’s theories to form
Marxism-Leninism, which became the communist
worldview. With the outbreak of the Russian
Revolution of 1905, he returned to Russia, but he
resumed his exile in 1907 and continued his energetic
agitation for the next 10 years. He saw World War I as
an opportunity to turn a war of nations into a war of
classes, and he returned to Russia with the Russian
Revolution of 1917 to lead the Bolshevik coup that
overthrew the provisional government of Aleksandr
Kerensky. As revolutionary leader of the Soviet state,
he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany
(1918) and repulsed counterrevolutionary threats in the
Russian Civil War. He founded the Comintern in 1919.
His policy of War Communism prevailed until 1921, and
to forestall economic disaster he launched the New
Economic Policy. In ill health from 1922, he died of a
stroke in 1924.

Communist Party of the Soviet Union Summary


Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the
major political party of Russia and the Soviet Union
from the Russian Revolution of October 1917 to 1991.
(Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.)
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union arose from
the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn Summary
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a Russian
novelist and historian, who was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Literature in 1970. Solzhenitsyn was born into
a family of Cossack intellectuals and brought up
primarily by his mother (his father was killed in an
accident before his birth). He attended the

Leninism Summary
Leninism, principles expounded by Vladimir I. Lenin,
who was the preeminent figure in the Russian
Revolution of 1917. Whether Leninist concepts
represented a contribution to or a corruption of
Marxist thought has been debated, but their influence
on the subsequent development of communism in
the
Vladimir Lenin
Russian Revolution Summary
Russian Revolution, two revolutions in 1917, the first of
which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the
imperial government and the second of which, in
October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
(Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.)
Centuries of virtually unchecked
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union Article
Communist Party of the Soviet Union summary
Written and fact-checked by
Below is the article summary. For the full article, see
Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Major
political party of Russia and the Soviet Union from the
Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991. It arose from the
Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social-Democratic
Workers’ Party. From 1918 through the 1980s it was a
monolithic, monopolistic ruling party that dominated
the Soviet Union’s political, economic, social, and
cultural life. The constitution and other legal
documents that supposedly regulated the
government were actually subordinate to the CPSU,
which also dominated the Comintern and the
Cominform. Mikhail Gorbachev’s efforts to reform the
country’s economy and political structure weakened
the party, and in 1990 it voted to surrender its
constitutionally guaranteed monopoly of power. The
Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991 marked the party’s
formal demise.

Joseph Stalin
Great Purge Summary
Great Purge, three widely publicized show trials and a
series of closed, unpublicized trials held in the Soviet
Union during the late 1930s, in which many prominent
Old Bolsheviks were found guilty of treason and
executed or imprisoned. All the evidence presented in
court was derived from
Georgy Zhukov
Georgy Zhukov Summary
Georgy Zhukov was a marshal of the Soviet Union,
and the most important Soviet military commander
during World War II. Having been conscripted into the
Imperial Russian Army during World War I, Zhukov
joined the Red Army in 1918, served as a cavalry
commander during the Russian Civil War, and
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev Summary
Leonid Brezhnev was a Soviet statesman and
Communist Party official who was, in effect, the
leader of the Soviet Union for 18 years. Having been a
land surveyor in the 1920s, Brezhnev became a full
member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CPSU) in 1931 and studied at the metallurgical
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin Summary
Boris Yeltsin was a Russian politician who became
president of Russia in 1990. In 1991 he became the first
popularly elected leader in the country’s history,
guiding Russia through a stormy decade of political
and economic retrenching until his resignation on the
eve of 2000. Yeltsin attended the
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Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn Article
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn summary
Written and fact-checked by
Below is the article summary. For the full article, see
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, (born Dec. 11, 1918, Kislovodsk,
Russia—died Aug. 3, 2008, Troitse-Lykovo, near
Moscow), Russian novelist and historian. He fought in
World War II but was arrested in 1945 for criticizing
Joseph Stalin. He spent eight years in prisons and
labour camps and three more in enforced exile. With
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962), based
on his labour-camp experiences, he emerged as an
eloquent opponent of government repression. He was
forced to publish later works abroad, including The
First Circle (1968), Cancer Ward (1968), and August
1914 (1971). In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Literature. Publication of the first volume of The Gulag
Archipelago (1973), one of the greatest works in
Russian prose, resulted in his being charged with
treason. Expelled from the Soviet Union in 1974, he
moved to the U.S., at the time enjoying worldwide
fame. In the late 1980s glasnost brought renewed
access to his work in Russia but also a loss of interest
in it and in the prophetic role he claimed for himself in
Russian history. In 1994 Solzhenitsyn ended his exile
and returned to Russia. From 1998 to 2003 he
published installments of his autobiography, “The
Little Grain Managed to Land Between Two
Millstones,” and in 2007 he was awarded Russia’s
prestigious State Prize.

Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize Summary
Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until
1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded
annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by
the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel.
The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most
prestigious awards given for intellectual
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin Summary
Vladimir Lenin was the founder of the Russian
Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of
the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect,
builder, and first head (1917–24) of the Soviet state. He
was the founder of the organization known as
Comintern (Communist International) and the

essay Summary
Essay, an analytic, interpretative, or critical literary
composition usually much shorter and less systematic
and formal than a dissertation or thesis and usually
dealing with its subject from a limited and often
personal point of view. Some early treatises—such as
those of Cicero on the
Hear about “Autobiography of Mark Twain” and the
Mark Twain Papers at the Bancroft Library of the
University of California, Berkeley
autobiography Summary
Autobiography, the biography of oneself narrated by
oneself. Autobiographical works can take many forms,
from the intimate writings made during life that were
not necessarily intended for publication (including
letters, diaries, journals, memoirs, and reminiscences)
to a formal book-length LK

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