E3S Web of Conferences 547, 03012 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202454703012
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Solar wireless electric vehicle charging system

O.P. Suresh1*, Salava V Satyanarayana2, P Hema Bindu3, K Anand4, N Srujith Kumar5, V Sujith6
1Professor 2Associate Professor,3456UG Scholar Department of EEE, Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management

Abstract: The automotive industry has undergone a transformation with the growing popularity of
electrical vehicles, which provide an eco-friendlier and cleaner substitute for conventional fuel-powered
cars. However, the scarcity of EV charging stations is impeding the widespread use of electric vehicles. This
research offers a novel wireless EV charging technology that runs on solar energy as a solution to this
problem, providing EV owners worldwide with affordable and environmentally friendly options. The
wireless power transmission technology at the centre of the suggested system allows EVs to charge without
the need for physical hookups. This technology improves user accessibility and safety while doing away
with the need for cords. By using solar energy, one can lessen their reliance on traditional power sources
increasing the cost- and environmentally-effectiveness of the charging. Comparing this strategy to the
conventional plug-in EV charging techniques reveals a number of benefits. The system's ability to charge
electric vehicles (EVs) while they are in motion further improves user convenience and reduces discharge
time. Solar power offers a sustainable and renewable energy source, minimizing reliance on the power grid
and environmental impact. Wireless charging also eliminates the need for physical connections, improving
safety and convenience. The purpose of this study is to solve the shortcomings of the conventional electric
vehicle systems and offer an innovative solution that will further the development of sustainable
transportation. The combination of solar energy and wireless charging for electric vehicles not only
promotes the use of sustainable energy. It also encourages the growth of an energy ecosystem that is more
flexible and interconnected, paving the path for more environmentally friendly and effective city transport
in the future.

networks are added in series and/or parallel

1 Introduction arrangements. These networks minimize further losses
and build the resonant case. When the resonance
The development of the solar wireless electric vehicle frequencies of the primary and secondary coils are
charging system was informed by many periodicals, matched, efficient power transfer occurs [4] By using the
utilizing comparable techniques but incorporating linear scalarization method, the optimization problem of
unique features for each model. [1] Capacitive wireless the PV array for the charging systems is reduced to a
power transmission applies AC electricity to an H-bridge single objective problem, which can then be optimized
converter with power factor correction circuitry in order using a genetic algorithm. The optimization framework
to transfer power using coupling capacitors rather than can be used to a case study to see if it lowers the
coils or magnets. The H-bridge generates high frequency annualized cost.[5] The earlier research mostly
AC, which is routed through coupling capacitors on the concentrated on EVs that could run on particular routes.
receiving end. In contrast to conventional inductive For the purpose of assigning and sizing the dynamic
power transfer, CWPT may transfer power at low current wireless charging infrastructures, a long-term
and high voltage.[2] Unlike CWPT and IPT, magnetic mathematical model is proposed. Mixed integer non-
gear wireless power transfer (MGWPT) uses two linear programming is used to tackle the optimization
synchronized permanent magnets (PM) placed next to issue (MINLP). This model takes traffic patterns and
each other. In order to create mechanical torque on the power distribution networks into account when
primary, the transmitter winding receives the main determining the best location and size for wireless EV
power, which serves as the current source. Through charging facilities. [6] With the ability to charge some
mechanical interaction, the primary PM rotates due to the flagship smartphones wirelessly, people's interest in
mechanical torque, which also exerts torque on the wireless power transmission has grown recently.
secondary PM. In generator mode, the primary PM However, there are drawbacks to WPT due to
functions. Through a power converter and battery radiofrequency radiation. [7] The simulation model and
management system (BMS), the secondary PM receives model prototype used in this work are based on the previously
power and transfers it to the battery.[3] Resonant covered elements from several published papers. The
inductive power transfer is a technique that is regarded waveforms acquired at various system stages allow for a
as more sophisticated than conventional IPT. To both thorough analysis of the solar wireless electric vehicle
primary and secondary windings, compensation

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 547, 03012 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454703012
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charging system. The PV array harvests solar energy, which is pressure up to 30 m/s, or 200 kg/sq.m., guarantees
supplied into the inverter circuitry—which consists of mosfets stability and longevity even in windy circumstances. The
and a filter capacitor—where a separate driving circuit 90-cm-long cable that comes with the solar panel has an
produces the pulses. Two-step down transformers reduce the exterior diameter of 3.5 mm and an interior diameter of
supply voltage from 230 volts at 50 Hz to 12 volts, which 1.35 mm DC socket, making installation and
powers the driving circuit and the integrated circuit. The connectivity simple. This makes it possible to integrate
inverter, which transforms DC into AC, provides energy to the solar power systems into them seamlessly. Anodic
transmitting coil. The primary coil induces the receiving coil, oxidation aluminium alloy, used to build the solar panel's
which displays the indication using an LED light and LCD structure, offers strength and resistance to corrosion
display. while limiting the panel's overall weight. The panel's
overall measurements are 340 × 232 × 17 mm, which
makes it small and appropriate for a range of uses, such
1.1 Block Diagram
as installations in homes, businesses, and industries.

1.3 Inverter Circuit

Fig 1: Block diagram

The PV array's harvested solar energy is routed into Fig 3: Inverter circuit
the inverter, which converts DC to AC and adds a Most household appliances and gadgets run on AC
capacitor for filtering. A regulator connects a (alternating current), which is produced by inverters,
transmitting coil to the inverter circuitry. The driver which transform DC (direct current) power from sources
circuit generates the pulses required for the inverted like solar panels or batteries. MOSFETs function as
function. An LCD display and an LED light can show the switches, regulating the circuit's current flow. Using
voltage induced in the induced coil. The LCD display is MOSFETs in an oscillator circuit, the input DC voltage
worked out using the help of a micro controller called is first transformed into a high-frequency AC signal
ESP8266. during operation. Capacitors help to reduce variations in
the output voltage by storing electrical energy and
releasing it when needed. This produces a power supply
1.2 Solar Panel that is steadier and more reliable, which is important for
delicate electronic equipment. Power from the solar
panels or batteries is fed into the rectifier circuit, which
transforms it from AC to DC before feeding it into the
inverter's circuitry for processing further. This
conversion makes sure that the inverter's internal parts
are compatible with one another and makes it easier to
generate the correct AC output voltage. This conversion
makes sure that the inverter's internal parts are
compatible with one another and makes it easier to
Fig 2: Solar Panel 10w, 18v
generate the correct AC output voltage.
The solar panel under discussion uses polysilicon
cells and has an output power tolerance of ±3%. Its
maximum power output is 10 Watts peak (Wp). It is an 1.4 IN4007
effective renewable energy source because of its
conversion efficiency, which is more than 20%. The
ideal voltage and current for the panel are 17.6 volts and
0.57 amps, respectively. This solar panel exhibits strong
performance qualities, with an open circuit voltage of
21.6 volts and a short circuit current of 0.61 amps. The
4x9 arrangement of its 36 cells allows for a standardized
Fig 4: Diode (IN4007)
system voltage of up to 1000 volts. The panel can
Rectifiers in electronic circuits frequently use the
function in a wide temperature range, from -40°C to
1N4007 diode, which is well-known for efficiently
+85°C, making it appropriate for a range of
converting alternating current (AC) to direct current
environmental circumstances. Its ability to tolerate

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(DC). It is appropriate for applications needing moderate experience is improved by this adaptability, which
power levels because it has a maximum repeated peak guarantees clear and sharp text rendering over a broad
reverse voltage (VRRM) rating of 1000 volts and a variety of viewing angles and lighting circumstances.
forward current handling capability of up to 1 ampere. It Furthermore, by utilizing common communication
is packaged in a DO-41 package and has axial leads and protocols like SPI or I2C, these displays can be
a cylindrical glass encapsulation. It can be mounted on interfaced with microcontrollers, such as Arduino boards
printed circuit boards (PCBs) with ease, which makes it or Raspberry Pi. This interoperability makes it easier to
suitable for use in a wide range of electronic systems and integrate into projects, makes it easier to update dynamic
devices. It is a top option for power supplies, voltage information, and allows for data logging and real-time
regulators, and other applications needing effective monitoring.
rectification of electrical currents because of its quick
recovery time and dependable operation.
1.7 Transformer
1.5 COILS

Fig 7: Transformer
12 volts AC is obtained using step-down transformer
Fig 5: Copper Coils from 230 volts AC. The purpose of this kind of
When an electrical current is applied to the transformer is to lower voltage from a greater amount.
transmitter coil, sometimes referred to as the primary This is achieved in this instance by having the secondary
coil, it produces an alternating magnetic field. The field winding have fewer turns than the primary winding. The
radiates from the coil and facilitates the wireless transfer ratio of the main winding's turns to the secondary
of energy to the receiving coil. On the other hand, the winding's turns yields the transformation ratio. The main
secondary coil, also known as the receiver coil, absorbs purpose of a step-down transformer is to supply a safe,
this magnetic field and uses electromagnetic induction to steady voltage level that may be used to power
create an alternating current inside of it. The electric electronics, appliances, and lighting systems—all of
vehicle's battery pack is then charged by rectifying and which need lower voltage. It makes sure these devices
regulating this generated current to create a steady DC are compatible with the voltage requirements by
voltage. By eliminating physical connectors or cords, the reducing the voltage from 230 volts to 12 volts. Apart
system provides improved safety, convenience, and ease from its function of voltage conversion, the step-down
of use for both the electric car and the charging station. transformer also aids in isolating the load from the
This is accomplished using a wireless power transfer primary power supply, offering a degree of defence
mechanism. against variations in voltage and electrical disturbances.
By isolating connected equipment, this helps guard
against harm from power surges and other electrical
1.6 16*2 LCD Display disruptions.

1.8. ESP8266

Fig 6: LCD display

Presentation of alphanumeric characters, symbols,
and even unique artwork can be done with flexibility on
16x2 LCD panels. Because of this versatility, developers Fig 8: Node MCU (ESP8266)
are able to improve the usability of electronic devices and The world-famous ESP8266 is a little device with a
systems by creating user-friendly interfaces like menus, tremendous punch. At its core is a 32-bit Tensilica L106
status indicators, and informational displays. In addition, CPU, which may run at 80 MHz or 160 MHz to provide
16x2 LCD screens frequently have movable contrast seamless functionality. It may be combined with up to
levels that let users tailor the legibility of the content to 16MB of external flash memory, providing sufficient
suit their tastes and surroundings. The whole user storage for your Internet of Things applications, and has

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32KB of internal RAM for quick data handling. But the execution time of only 200 nanoseconds and its
ESP8266's wireless capabilities are what really make it condensed instruction set of just 35 single-word
stand out. Integrated Wi-Fi b/g/n features make it easy to instructions. This 8-bit microcontroller, which comes in
connect to your Wi-Fi network, and on-board antenna a 40- or 44-pin package, is built on CMOS FLASH
parts do away with the need for large, cumbersome technology, and has Microchip's well-known PIC®
external attachments. With 17 GPIO pins available for architecture. The PIC16C5X, PIC12CXXX, and
attaching sensors and actuators, this little chip provides a PIC16C7X devices are among its predecessors, thus
wide range of interface possibilities. developers used to those versions can easily make the
switch. The PIC16F877A boasts several notable
features, including as its 256 bytes of EEPROM data
1.9 Voltage Sensor
memory, which allows for flexible data storage and
retrieval. in addition to self-programming features that
improve adaptability and user-friendliness. It also has an
In-Circuit Debugger (ICD) for quicker debugging
procedures that improve the effectiveness of
development cycles. The PIC16F877A excels in
applications requiring analog-to-digital conversion
thanks to its 8 channels of 10-bit analog-to-digital (A/D)
conversion, offering the accuracy and precision required
for challenging jobs. Its two comparators further increase
its usefulness in applications that need voltage
Fig 9: voltage sensor comparison. Two capture /compare/PWM (Pulse Width
The voltage sensor module that is being explained Modulation) operations increase the functions'
here functions according to the basic ideas of a resistive adaptability and enable accurate timing and modulation
voltage divider. Because of its design, the input terminal in a range of applications. In addition, the synchronous
voltage can be reduced five times, making it compatible serial port can be freely set up as a 2-wire Inter-Integrated
with the maximum voltage allowed on the ADC Circuit (I-CTM) bus or a 3-wire Serial Peripheral
(Analog-to-Digital Converter) side, which is set at 5 Interface (SPITM) bus to accommodate various
volts. The maximum input voltage that can be used in communication requirements.
this setup is 25 volts. It is noteworthy, nonetheless, that
safety measures must be included to guarantee that the 2 Results
input voltage does not exceed 165 volts when a voltage
as high as 33 volts is applied. This emphasizes how The MPPT controller sends periodical pulses to control
crucial it is to maintain the intended input voltage range the power of the solar panel. However, just as the
of 0 to 25 volts for both safety and best performance. The electricity we receive is unstable due to changes in the
module's interface is extremely clear: a positive sun, the current is also unstable. At first, the voltage is
connection denoted by a "+" sign means that the voltage low but fast. Once the power stabilizes, we get a stable
output is scaled to be 5 volts for every 33 volts at the power curve. The voltage stabilizes and reaches
input. On the other hand, the "s" terminal designates the approximately 110 volts. However, sometimes the
AD pin and allows for easy integration with the ADC for voltage drops, which affects the current going to the DC
accurate voltage measurement and monitoring. The "-" load, making it decrease a bit. This stabilization process
terminal denotes the ground connection. involves rectifying the power, which essentially means
converting it into a more stable form. After rectification,
1.10 PIC16F877A the power curve becomes more consistent, showing a
more reliable flow of energy. The same goes for the
voltage curve, which becomes steadier after rectification.
This process ensures that the power and voltage supplied
to the load are more reliable, minimizing the impact of
fluctuations in sunlight and a more consistent supply of
energy from the solar panel system.

Duty cycle from MPPT controller circuit

Fig 10: Micro Controller (PIC16F877A)

In the world of microcontrollers, the PIC16F877A is
a mainstay. Its combination of strong performance and
simplicity of programming has led to many applications
using it. It achieves an outstanding balance between
power and simplicity with its lightning-fast instruction Fig 11: Duty cycle (Y-axis) vs Time (X-axis)

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Unstabilized DC power obtained from PV array: DC load voltage after rectification in the secondary

Fig 12: PV power (Y-axis) vs Time (X-axis) Fig 18: Load voltage (Y-axis) vs Time (X-axis)

Unstabilized Current obtained from PV array. DC load current after rectification in the secondary

Fig 13: PV current (Y-axis) vs Time (X-axis) Fig 17: Load current (Y-axis) vs Time (X-axis)

Unstabilized DC voltage reaching the values 3 Conclusion

about 300V.
Expanding on this groundbreaking initiative, the
wireless EV charging system fueled by solar energy not
only addresses the current challenges in electric vehicle
adoption but also presents a vision for the future of
sustainable transportation. The elimination of physical
connectors not only streamlines the charging process but
also reduces wear and tear on charging infrastructure,
contributing to long-term cost savings and system
durability. The integration of renewable solar power not
Fig 14: PV voltage (X-axis) vs Time (Y-axis) only underscores the commitment to clean energy but
also positions the system as a resilient and self-sufficient
solution, especially in regions with abundant sunlight.
DC link voltage Moreover, the environmental impact of this wireless
charging system extends beyond reduced emissions. By
harnessing solar energy, the project actively participates
in mitigating the environmental footprint associated
with conventional electricity generation. The reduction
in dependency on traditional power grids aligns
seamlessly with global efforts to transition towards
renewable energy sources, fostering a more sustainable
and resilient energy ecosystem. The emphasis on
Fig 15: DC Link voltage (Y-axis) vs Time (X-axis) charging EVs while in motion introduces a paradigm
shift in user behaviour and convenience. This feature not
High frequency AC voltage converted for the only addresses range anxiety concerns but also
transmittingcoil to induce increased from 70V to 110V. establishes the wireless charging system as a dynamic
and adaptive solution for urban mobility. As electric
vehicles become an increasingly integral part of the
transportation landscape, the ability to charge
seamlessly during transit opens new possibilities for
urban planning and traffic management, ultimately
contributing to a more efficient and responsive city
infrastructure. Furthermore, the commitment to user
safety and accessibility is a cornerstone of this project.
The absence of physical connectors minimizes the risk
Fig 16: HF transformer voltage (Y-axis) vs Time (X-axis) of accidents and enhances the overall safety of the
charging process.

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