Unit: IV

INTERNET:

Internet is a network of networks that connect computers all over the world.

History:

 The U.S Department of defense laid the foundation of the internet with a
network called ARPANET.
 Public didn’t use the internet until the development of WWW in 1990s.
 In 1957,the U.S government formed Advanced Research projects
Agency(ARPA)with military applications.
 In 1969, ARPA established ARPANET the forerunner of internet.
 ARPANET was a network that connected major computers in various
states.
 Later,several educational & research institutions joined the network.
 Today,millions of people access the internet from home,work,public
library.
 ARPANET served for professionals,engineers and scientists .

Uses of Internet/Application of Internet:

 Education:
For this department the online distance learning courses are
offered.several universities use this learning through internet.

 Job:
 Job related news are gathered from internet.
 Internet offers various jobs in web sites.
 We can search and apply for online jobs.
 Sports:
 Various sports information are collect from the sports websites.
 Chat:
  We can Chat with our friends,family members through internet
on any time.
 Download:
 We can download software,songs ,study
materials,pictures,movies etc.

Advantages of Internet:

 Operates 24 hours,7 days a week:

 Relatively inexpensive
 Product advertising
 Online surveys
 Announcements
 Create online discussion forums
 Immediate distribution of information.

Operates 24 hrs :

 Always we can work for internet.

 No closing time for internet.
 Response time is very fast in night than day.

Relatively inexpensive:

 When compared to others the internet is inexpensive.

 At one place we can gather all the information without any tedious.

Product advertising:

 All the companies focus their product and placed in internet.

 To improve their business the advertising is very important.
 To reach their goal advertising play an important role.

Online surveys:

 To see the status of their organization online survays is important.

 Risk statergy is identified by surveys.
Annoncements:

 Important decesions are announced through online.

Online discussion:

 Meetings are discussed through online .

 Mail access are maintained .
 Video conferencing are engaged through various members.

Distribution:

 The information is distributed immediately.

 No paper work for distribution.
 Through mail the information is distributed.

History of WWW:

 www came into 1991.

 The developer is tim berners lee.
 The CERN team created the protocol based on hypernext that connect to
web with links.
 In 1992,the first commercial online service provider Delphi offered full
internet access to its subscribers.
 In 1993,web boosted as 130 sites.
 Later it increase to 3000 sites.
 In 1998,it cross 2.2 million sites on web.
 Today the internet is public,cooperative & self sustaining facility to access
hundreds of millions of people in worldwide.
 Many protocols are used.
 TCP/IP protocols are used in internet.
 Intranet & extranet also make use of TCP/IP protocol.

Web:

The web consist of information organized into webpages containing text

&graphic images.Hyperlink are used to relate the information.
Website:

A collection of linked web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a
website.

Home page:

The main page of the particular website are known as home page.

Types of web sites:

 Shopping sites
 Community sites
 Entertainment sites
 Identity sites
 Learning sites
 Information sites.

Shopping sites:

 Various shops having the sites.

 www.amazon.com is used for book store.
 www.shopperstop.com is used for clothes.

Community sites:

 www.acs.org (American chemical society)

 www.indiatimes.com

entertainment sites:

 Disney.go.com(walt Disney)
 www.carnaticmusic.com

identity sites:

 www.wipro.com
  www.ibm.com

learning sites:

 www.netskills.ac.uk(internet training)
 www.digitalthink.com(web based training in IT)

information sites:

 www.computers.com
 www.eb.com

Difference between internet & web:

Internet web
Internet is a network of networks Web is a network of websites.
It is considered to be a carrier. Web is the travel on it.
Internet is a hardware part. Web is a software part.

ISP:
 ISP mean internet service provider.
 ISP are companies that help users connect to the internet for a
monthly fee.
 They provide username,password & telephone no.
 Username & password are used for authentication.
 Telephone is used to estabilish connection (dialup)
 To access the internet a user requie modem.

Internet services:

 Email
 Mailing list
 Usenet news
 Online chart
 Voice & video conferencing
 www
email:

 people to send messages

 people to send files to one or more people.

Mailing list:

 group of people to conduct conversation by mail.

Usenet news:

 online group discussions to occur.

 Using a system of news server to store messages of 10000.

Online chart:

 Provides a way for real time on line chatting to occur.

 Participants read each other messages.

Voice &video conferencing:

 Two or more people to hear & see each other.

 With the help of camera fixed over these & share other applications.

www:

 A distributed system that includes text,pictures,sound.

Internet addressing/IP Address:

 Universal addressing scheme is called IP Address.it is an 32 bit binary

addressing scheme.
 Each address is an unique on internet.
 IP address is used to identify networks,network devices & network
connected machines.
 IP address is to identify each connection to internet.
 Collect a group of connections to simplify routing.
 Every IP address belongs to different class.
 The class identify the network ID & Host ID.
  The various classes are,
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C
 Class D
 Class E

Class A:

 It assigned to networks with large number of hosts.

 The first 8 bits represent the network address.
 Remaining 32 bits are used for host address.
 Class A ranges from 0 to 127.
Format, network.node.node.node
Eg,48.21.104.68,where 48 is network address & 21.104.68 is node
address.

Class B:

 It assigned to medium size networks.

 First 16 bits represent the network address.
 Remaining 16 bits are used for host address.
 Class B ranges from 128 to 191.
 Format ,network.network.node.node
 Eg,150.51.30.40,wher 150.51 is network address & 30.40 is node address.

Class C:

 It assigned to small networks.

 First 24 bits represent the network address.
 Remaining 8 bits used for host address.
 Class C ranges from 192 to 223.
 Format,network.network.network.node
 Eg,200.20.42.120,wher 200.20.42 is network address & 120 is node
address.
Class D :

 It is used for multicast address.

 Ranges from 224 to 239.

Class E:

 It is used for scientific purposes.

 Ranges from 240 to 255.

Characteristics of IP address:

 IP address are unique.

 IP address are global
 It is standardized.
 All machines connected the internet agree to use the same scheme for
establishing the address.
 No two machines can have same IP no.

Internet protocol(IP):

 Internet protocols are the set of rules for communication on internet.

 The protocols are,
 HTTP
 FTP
 TELNET
 TCP/IP
 GOPHER

HTTP:

 HTTP mean Hyper Text Transfer protocol.

 It govern the transfer of hypertext between two or more computers.

FTP:

 FTP mean File Transfer Protocol.

 It is responsible for transferring files.
Telnet:

 It refered as remote login.

 It enable a local computer to another computer.

TCP/IP:

 TCP/IP mean Transmission Control protocol/Internet protocol.

 It is a collection protocol.
 TCP breaks the data into packets.
 IP attach the destination address.

Gopher:

 Used to search,retrieve & display documents from remote sites on

internet.

Domain Name Addressing:

 Most web browsers do not use IP address .

 They use domain name addressing.
 A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP address by
a program that runs on internet host computer.
 DNS(Domain Name System):The program which coordinates IP address &
domain names foe all computers attached to it is called DNS.
 The host computer that runs this software is called domain name server.
 Domain names include any number of parts separated by periods.
 Domain names follow hierarchical model which follow top to bottom.
 Eg,gsb.uchicago.edu(graduate school of business which is an academic
unit of university of Chicago which is educational institution)
 No other computer on internet has the same domain name.

Web server:

A web server contains the basic software we need in order to find,retrieve,view

& send information over the internet.

Popular browsers are,

  Internet explore
 Netscapenavigator
 Opera
 Mozilla
 Firefox
 Google crome
 Safari
 Amaya etc

URL:(Uniform Resource Locator)

Every server on internet has an IP number,a unique number consisting of 4 parts

separated by dots.

Eg,165.113.245.2

It is harder for people to remember the number.so address are given as word
based address called URL.

A URL looks like,

http://www.matisse.net/seminars.html

http->protocol

www.matisse.net ->server

seminars.html ->filename

The URL is divided into protocol//server/path/filename.

The URL defines the protocol:

 http://->hyper text transport protocol moves graphical,hypertext files.

 ftp://=>file transfer protocol moves a file between 2 computers.
 Gopher://=>gopher client,moves text based files.
 News://=>news group reader,access a discussion group.
 telnet://=>telnet client,allows remote login to another computer.
DNS:

 A domain name is a unique name associated with specific IP address by a

program that runs on internet host computer.
 The coordination of IP address &domain names for all computers are
called DNS(domain name system)
 DNS divided into 2 catergories:
 Generic Top Level Domain(gTLD)
 Country code Top Level Domain(ccTLD)

Generic top level domain(gTLD):

There are 7 domains in generic top level domains.They are,

 .com->commercial enterprices
 .org->organization site
 .net->network
 .edu->educational site
 .gov->government organizations
 .int->international organizations
 .mil->military site

Country code top level domains(ccTLD):

It is a 2 letter designations assigned to individual countries.

Each country linked to web has a top level domain.

Eg,.fr->france .cn->china .br ->brazil .it->Italy .om->oman .jp->japan .pk-

>Pakistan .is->island

Internet Explorer:

 It become the standard for browsing web pages online.

 All windows based computers pre installed with internet explorer.

Opening IE:

Start->all programs->internet explorer

Features of Internet Explorer:

 It offer extended synchronized multimedia integration language(SMIL).it

provide full feature animated without using script.
 It provide additional support for document object model(DOM)&
cascading style sheets.
 Web developers can intercept the navigation errors.users can be
redirected to an error site chosen by web developer.
 It implements the onmouse event allowing web developers to add mouse
functionality to their pages.
 Rendered elements that overflow in width show ellipses.
 My pictures toolbar makes web pages more available to the casual user.
 The tool bar appears when the user moves the mouse over large images.
 It save the image,print or sende it in email.
 The media bar toolbar integrates media into browsing experience.
 Users can select & play sound media from the browser without opening a
seperate application.
 Users can set thelevel of privacy they want when browsing by specifying
whether web hosts cann collect client information through cookies.

Browser settings(launching):

 From the browser Tools menu select “Internet Options”

 Select the Security tab.
 Pick the “Internet zone” icon.
 Push the “Custom level” button.
 Scroll down the Settings list to the Scripting item.
 Under the “Active scripting”item,choose the Enable radio button.
 Push Ok and Yes to confirm & close the Security settings.
 Dialog box,then OK again to close the Internet Options dialog box.
 Refresh the current page.

Delete cookies:

 Run internet explorer.

  Open Tools menu
 Select Internet options to open the dialog box.
 Click the “Delete cookies”button.
 Click Ok.

Download:

The activity of moving or copying a document program or other data from the
internet or interconnected computer or mobiles.

Upload:

The activity of moving or coping a document ,program or other data from

his/her computer to the internet.

Dial-up:

It is the access method that uses telephone lines to connect internet.it use
modem and telephone line to connect internet.

Broadband:

Permanenet high speed connection between the computer & ISP.

To deliver broadband 3 technologies are used.

 Cable->Television cable network used to connect the internet.

 ADSL->existing telephone wires used to send information from our
computer and ISP.
 Satellite->dish send & receive signals to our computer.

DSL:

Digital subscriber line which use telephone lines & special modem to provide
internet connection that transmit high bandwidth information to a
computer.Both data & voice signals are carried.

Modem:
Modem mean modulator &demodulator which is an hardware which converts
digital data into analog signals that sent over an telephone line.the analog
signal back into digital form is called demodulation.

ADSL:(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

The technology for transmitting digital information at a high speedbandwidth

on phone linews to homes & business.

E-mail:

 Electronic mail is the exchange of computer that stored messages by

telecommunication.
 Email messages are encoded in ASCII text.
 We can send non text files,graphic images & sound files.
 Email send to individuals & list of people.
 It has 3 main parts,
 Header
 Messagebody
 Signature

Header:it has the parts,

 To:address of recipients
 Cc:carbon copy the recipients whom a copy of mail to be sent.
 Subject:subject of email.
 Message body:actual message of the mail
 Eg,http://www.yahoo.com,http://gmail.com,http://hotmail.com