7 Waveguides

Chapter 7
INTRODUCTION
y A waveguide is a structure that channels Grey Matter Alert!
waves, such as electromagnetic or sound
waves, with the least amount of energy loss by The size of a waveguide is also
limiting energy transmission to one direction. determined by the frequency of
y The waveguides are mostly hollow metal the transmitted wave.
tubes. The cross-section is usually rectangular Each waveguide has a cut-off
or circular in shape. Waveguides can route the wavelength that is specified
power precisely where it's needed, and it can by its size and prevents waves
withstand a large amount of power, and it of longer wavelengths from
functions as a high pass filter (HPF). passing through. For example,
y Waveguide generally acts as HPF (high pass a light-guiding optical fibre will
filter) where the energies higher than the not carry microwaves with a
specific frequencies (often referred to as the significantly longer wavelength.
cut-off frequency) will be allowed to pass
through it.
y The waveguides will reject the frequency
ranging below the cut-off frequency.
y Microwave frequencies (often larger than
300 MHz or 8 GHz and above) are frequently
transmitted through waveguides.
y Waveguides are commonly employed in micro-
wave communications, radar installations,
and broadcasting communications.

Key features of waveguides:

1) A waveguide is a hollow metallic tunnel that
transports microwave energies from one Rack Your Brain
location to another.
2) A metallic waveguide (rectangular or circular
Name any naturally occurring
cross-section) has a single enclosed con-
structures that can also act as
ductor filled with an insulating medium,
waveguides.
whereas a dielectric waveguide has numerous
dielectrics.
3) In the waveguide analysis, generally, the wave
theory is considered.
4) Waveguides offer a higher capability for power
handling.
Waveguides

1
Chapter 7

5) The operating frequency range is 3 GHz to

100 GHz in waveguides.
6) The operating modes are TE and TM modes
and do not support TEM mode. Rack Your Brain
7) The larger surface area of the waveguides
helps reduce copper losses. A waveguide is a:
8) Dielectric losses are less in waveguides in A) LPF
comparison to others. B) HPF
9) Waveguides have lower signal attenuation at C) BPF
high frequencies. D) Band stop filter
10) The characteristic impedance (or wave
impedance) is a function of frequency.
11) Waveguides act as a high pass filter.

Benefits of waveguides:
1) The power losses are generally negligible in
waveguides.
2) The microwave energies while travelling
through the waveguides experience lower
losses than others.
3) The waveguides can easily handle immense
power (in kW).
4) Waveguides are usually easy to manufacture.
5) Signal attenuation is lower in the case of
waveguides.
6) Bandwidth is high as the waveguides works
on high frequencies. Grey Matter Alert!

It is one of the lowest loss

transmission line types and is
highly desired for high frequency
applications because most other
forms of transmission structures
introduce considerable losses
due to energy propagation in
primarily air or space within the
waveguide.
Waveguides

2
 Chapter 7
S.No. Parameters Waveguide Transmission Lines

1) Description A hollow metallic It is a conductor or wire which is

structure which is used designed to carry electrical energy
to carry microwave below microwave range from one
energy from source to place to another.
sink.

2) Structure Metal waveguides are Transmission lines are two or more

enclosed conductor conductors separated by some
filled with an insulating insulating medium (e.g., two-wire,
medium whereas co-axial etc.).
dielectric waveguides
have multiple
dielectrics.

3) Supporting Wave theory Circuit theory

theory

4) Power-handing High Low

capacity

5) Operating The operating frequency The operating frequency is up to 18

Frequency is 3 GHz to 100 GHz in GHz.
waveguides.

6) Operating TE or TM modes. TEM mode or Quasi-TEM mode

mode (Cannot support TEM (Cannot support TE or TM modes).
mode).

7) Copper losses The larger surface Two-wire transmission lines have

area of the waveguide smaller surface area & hence has
reduces the copper large copper losses.
loss.

Dielectric Less dielectric losses in

8) There are high dielectric losses.
losses waveguides.

Lower signal Significant signal attenuation

Signal
9) attenuation at high at high frequencies. Because of
attenuation
frequencies. dielectric and conductor losses.

Filter Waveguides act as a All frequencies pass through

10)
functionality HPF. transmission lines.
Waveguides

3
Chapter 7

S.No. Parameters Waveguide Transmission Lines

11) Impedance Wave impedance Characteristic impedance depends

(Characteristic on the physical parameters of
impedance) is a transmission lines.
function of frequency

12) Type of signal Electromagnetic signals The electrical signal is transmitted.

are transmitted

Table 7.1 Basic Comparisons Between Waveguides and Transmission Lines

GUIDING AND DISPERSION

Waveguide equation:
For electric field,
 
∇2Es − γ 2Es =0 ...(7.1)

( )
and γ 2 = jωµ σ + jω ∈ ...(7.2)

Grey Matter Alert!

The boundary conditions are:

y Electromagnetic waves do
not pass through conductors
Fig. 7.1 A Hollow Rectangular
but are rather reflected.
Waveguide Placed Along z-axis y Any electric field that
touches a conductor must be
y Consider a hollow rectangular waveguide perpendicular to it.
with dimensions a×b, placed along the z-axis y Any magnetic field close to a
direction. conductor must be parallel
We consider: to it.
a = (broader dimension)
b = (shorter dimension)
width
Aspect ratio =
height
a
Here, Aspect Ratio =
b
Waveguides

A standard rectangular waveguide has a ≥ 2b .

4
 Chapter 7
y If σ =0 (for a lossless dielectric medium)
where wave travels, then:
γ 2 = j2 ω2µ ∈

γ 2 = −ω2µ ∈ = −K2  K2 = ω2µ ∈ { } Rack Your Brain

 
0
∇2Es + K2Es = ...(7.3)
List some practical uses of
The above equation 7.3) is often called as
rectangular waveguides?
Helmholtz equation.

Wave number, K = ω µ ∈ (for free space) ...(7.4)

y For Magnetic Field:
 
∇2Hs + K2Hs =0 ...(7.5)
 
y The components of vectors Es and Hs will be
as follows:
 
Es (Exs ,E ys ,Ezs ) and Hs (Hxs ,Hys ,Hzs )

y These six equations will help in defining the

electric field and magnetic field properly.
Now, consider the wave is propagating in the
z-direction.
For z-component only:
The electric field will be:
∂ 2Ezs ∂ 2Ezs ∂ 2Ezs
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ K2 Ezs =
0
∂x ∂y ∂z Previous Years’ Question
(Partial differential equation)
Using separation of variables method: For a hollow waveguide, the axial
Ezs = X(x) Y(y) Z(z) ...(7.6) current must necessarily be:
a) Conduction current only.
∂ 2 XYZ ∂ 2 XYZ ∂ 2 XYZ
+ + + K2 XYZ =
0 b) Time-varying conduction
2 2 2
∂x ∂y ∂z current and displacement
Dividing both sides by XYZ, we get: current.
c) A combination of conduction
YZ ∂ 2 X XZ ∂ 2 Y XY ∂ 2z
+ + + K2 =
0 and displacement current.
XYZ ∂x2 XYZ ∂y2 XYZ ∂z2
d) Displacement current only.
1 ∂ 2 X 1 ∂ 2 Y 1 ∂ 2Z
+ + 0  ...(7.7)
+ K2 =
X ∂x2 Y ∂y2 Z ∂z2
Waveguides

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Chapter 7

−K2x − K2y + γ 2 =–K2

...(7.8)
Previous Years’ Question
where
−K2x , – K2y , γ 2 are separation constants.
Consider a standard rectangular
1 ∂ X 2
1 ∂ X 2 and a circular waveguide having
=−K2x ⇒ + K2x =0 the same dominant mode cut-
X ∂x 2 X ∂x2
off frequency. The ratio of the
∂2X areas of a circular waveguide to a
0
+ K2x X = ...(7.9)
∂x2 rectangular waveguide.
The equation 7.9) is a form of partial differentiation. 1.84
a) π b)
π
D2 + K2x =
0
0.69 1
c) d)
D = ±jKx π π
∴ X(x) = C1 cosKxx + C2 sinKxx ...(7.10)
y Similarly,

1 ∂2Y
= −K2y
Y ∂y2 Grey Matter Alert!

1 ∂2Y
+ K2y =
0 In the medical test
Y ∂y2
ultrasonography, the waveguide is
∂2Y put in contact with the specimen
+ y K2y =
0 or the specimen may be put inside
∂y2
the waveguide (as in a dielectric
∴ Y(y) = (C3 cosKyy + C4 sinKyy) constant measurement) where
...(7.11)
the waveguide ensures that
1 ∂ 2Z
Also, = γ2 the power of the testing wave
Z ∂z2
is conserved so that smaller
1 ∂ 2Z objects are tested, and the
− γ 2 =0
Z ∂z2 accuracy is enhanced.
∂ 2Z
− γ 2 Z =0
∂z2
y The above equation is in the form of:
D2 – γ2 = 0 (Complementary function)
D = ±γ
∴ Z(z) = (C5e–γz + C6e+γz) ...(7.12)
Substituting equations 7.10), 7.11) and 7.12), in
Waveguides

equation 7.6).

6
 Chapter 7
Ezs = (C1 cosKxx + C2 sinKyy) (C3 cosKyy + C4 sinKyy) (C5e–γz + C6eγz)
y If the wave is travelling in positive z-direction:
Ezs = (C1 cosKxx + C2 sinKxx) (C3 cosKyy + C4 sinKyy) (C5e–γz)
Ezs = (A cosKxx + B sinKxx) (C cosKyy + D sinKyy)e–γz ...(7.13)
y Similarly,
Hzs= (P cosKxx + Q sinKxx) (R cosKyy + S sinKyy)e–γz
Now calculating Exs, Eyz, Hxs, Hys
We will use the Maxwell’s equations.
y The Maxwell equation is given by:
 
∇ × Es = − jωµHs ...(7.14)
here, 's' denotes that the time factor is suppressed.
From equation 7.14)
ˆx
a ˆy
a ˆz
a
 ∂ ∂ ∂
ˆ x + Hysa
∇ × Es = − jωµ(Hxsa ˆ y + Hzsa
ˆz ) =
∂x ∂y ∂z
Exs E ys Ezs

Comparing x, y, z components on both sides in the above equation

 ∂E ∂E ys 
− jωµ
= Hxs  zs − 
 ∂y ∂z 
 ...(7.15)
 ∂E ∂E  Rack Your Brain
− jωµ Hys = −  zs − xs 
 ∂x ∂z 
...(7.16) What are acoustic waveguides?
 ∂E ys ∂E 
− jωµ
= Hzs  − xs  ...(7.17)
 ∂x ∂y 


y The Maxwell equation for H
 
∇ × Hs = (σ + jω∈)E
As σ = 0 (loss less dielectric)

∴ ∇ × Hs = jω∈ Exsaˆ x + E ysa ˆz 
ˆ y + Ezsa
 
ˆx
a ˆy
a ˆz
a
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
Waveguides

Hxs Hys Hzs

7
Chapter 7

y Comparing x, y, z components on both sides.

 ∂H ∂Hys 
jω∈
= Exs  zs −  ...(7.18)
 ∂y ∂z 


 ∂H ∂Hxs  ...(7.19)
jω∈ Eys = −  zs −
 ∂x ∂z 
 ∂Hys ∂H 
jω∈
= Ezs  − xs
 ...(7.20)
 ∂x ∂z 

y Now, to get the values, we substitute from

equation 7.18) and 7.16)

∂Hzs 1 ∂  ∂Ezs ∂Exs 

jω∈=
Exs − −
∂y jωµ ∂z  ∂x ∂z 
2 2
∂Hzs 1 ∂ Ezs 1 ∂ Exs
jω∈=
Exs − + ...(7.21)
∂y jωµ ∂x∂z jωµ ∂z2
y If the wave is propagating in z-direction,
Rack Your Brain
then it will have some peak value and gets
attenuated:
__________ acts as the equivalent
Ezs = Ez0 e–γz, Exs = Ex0e–γz
of cables for super high frequency
Here, Ez0 is the peak value at z = 0 and its (SHF) systems.
component will vary in the propagation direction
(x-direction also).
Exs = Ex0e–γz
∂Exs
∴ = −γ Ex0e−γz
∂z
∂ 2Exs
= γ 2 Ex0e−γz =
γ 2Exs
∂z2
Similarly, Ezs = Ez0e–γz
∂Ezs
= −γ Ez0e−γz = −γEzs
∂z
y Substituting the above values in equation
7.21), we get:
∂Hzs 1 ∂Ezs 1 2
jω∈=
Exs − ( −γ ) + γ Exs
∂y jωµ ∂x jωµ
Waveguides

8
 Chapter 7
y Rearranging the equation:
γ2 γ ∂Ezs ∂Hzs Previous Years’ Question
jω∈ Exs −= E +
jωµ xs jωµ ∂x ∂y
−ω2µ∈ Exs − γ 2Exs γ ∂Ezs ∂Hzs A rectangular-metal waveguide
= + filled with a dielectric material
jωµ jωµ ∂x ∂y
of relative permittivity ∈r = 4 has
 ∂E   ∂H  an inner dimension of 3cm × 1.2
(ω2µ∈ +γ 2 )Exs = −γ  zs  − jωµ  zs 
 ∂x cm. The cut-off frequency for the
   ∂y 
dominant mode is:
−γ  ∂Ezs  jωµ  ∂Hzs 
=Exs   − 2   ...(7.22) a) 2.5 GHz b) 12.5 GHz
h2  ∂x  h  ∂y  c) 10 GHz d) 5 GHz
where h2 = ω2μ∈ + γ2 = Kx2 + Ky2
h is a transverse propagation constant.
y Similarly, we get:
−γ  ∂Ezs  jωµ  ∂Hzs 
=E ys   + 2   ...(7.23)
h2  ∂y  h  ∂x 
−γ  ∂Hzs  jω∈  ∂Ezs 
=Hxs   − 2   ...(7.24)
h2  ∂x  h  ∂y  Grey Matter Alert!

−γ  ∂Hzs  jω∈  ∂Ezs 

=Hys   − 2   ...(7.25) Generally, the waveguides can be
h2  ∂y  h  ∂x  designed to carry waves over a wide
y Since we are getting different equations for portion of the electromagnetic
different types of fields, thus representing spectrum but are primarily used
them we use modes. in the microwave and optical
Any configuration of electric field and magnetic frequency ranges.
field that exists inside the waveguides must
be a solution to Maxwell’s equation.
The above different equations relating to
electric and magnetic fields indicate different
field configurations or field patterns.
Hence, the above equations must be a
solution to Maxwell’s equation.
y Besides this, the field must satisfy the
boundary conditions.
Et1 = Et2
But for the waveguide, medium-2 is a metal,
a perfect conductor, and Et2 = 0 in medium-2.
∴ Et1 = Et2 = 0
Waveguides

9
Chapter 7

Different field configurations satisfy these

requirements. Previous Years’ Question
y Accordingly, each such configuration is called
mode.
Assuming perfect conductors of
a transmission line, pure TEM
propagation is NOT possible in
which of the following?
a) Co-axial cable
b) Air-filled cylindrical
Fig. 7.2 Guiding through a Waveguide
waveguide
TYPES OF MODES c) Parallel twin-wire line in the
1) Transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM mode): air
y In this mode, the electric field, the magnetic d) Semi-infinite parallel plate
field and the direction of propagation are waveguide
perpendicular to each other.
y In the direction of wave propagation, the
electric field and magnetic field will not
exist.
i.e., Ezs= 0 and Hzs= 0.
If we substitute Ezs=0 and Hzs= 0 in
equations 7.22), 7.23), 7.24) and 7.25), we
get:
Exs = Eys = Hxs = Hys = 0 (All fields will
vanish)
That's why TEM does not exist.

2) Transverse electric mode (TEmn mode): Grey Matter Alert!

y In this mode, the electric field will exist in
the transverse (perpendicular) directions to A waveguide carries energy
the direction of propagation of wave only. to and from the antenna in
Here, the considered direction of propagation radar applications, where the
of the wave is z-direction. impedance must be matched for
Therefore, the electric field will exist in x efficient power transmission.
or y-directions and will be absent in the
z-direction.
Or, Ezs = 0, and Hzs ≠ 0.
y In other words, the electric field component
will not be present in the direction of wave
propagation, but the magnetic field will
Waveguides

exist in the wave propagation direction.

10
 Chapter 7
Rack Your Brain

Is it true that hybrid modes have

Fig. 7.3 Field Components
both electric and magnetic fields
y TE mode is also sometimes referred to components in the direction of
as H-mode because here in this mode the wave propagation?
the magnetic field's component is only
present.
3) Transverse magnetic mode (TMmn mode):
y In this mode, the magnetic field will
exist in the transverse (or perpendicular)
direction to the direction of propagation.
y The magnetic field will exist in x or Grey Matter Alert!
y-direction and will be absent in z-direction
i.e., Hzs = 0 but Ezs ≠ 0. By solving the Helmholtz equation
y In another way, the magnetic field and applying boundary conditions
component will not be present in the based on the geo-metrical shape
direction of the wave propagation, but the and materials, the propagation
electric field will be there in the direction modes are evaluated.
of wave propagation.

Grey Matter Alert!

By defining the region's

boundaries for infinitely long
Fig. 7.4 Field Components
uniform waveguides, the typical
y This mode is sometimes referred to approach enables us to assume
as E-mode because the electric field a propagating form for the wave,
component is present in the z-direction. i.e., every field component
has a known dependence on
Note:
the propagation direction (i.e.,
These arrows in figure 7.3) and figure 7.4) are
Waveguides

z-direction).
denoting only the presence of that component

11
Chapter 7

in a particular direction. It is not indicating the presence of components at

the same time in a specific direction.
Transverse magnetic mode:
y The condition for transverse-magnetic mode is
Hzs = 0 and Ezs ≠ 0
And we know that,
Ezs = (AcosKxx + BsinKxx)(CcosKyy + DsinKyy)e–γz ...(7.26)

Fig. 7.5 Boundary Conditions

y Applying Boundary conditions:

At x = 0 (y-z plane)
Etan1 = Etan2 Previous Years’ Question
Here, medium-1 is inside the waveguide and
medium-2 is the waveguide material. The first root of J1(x) = 0 and J1(x)
Medium-1 is lossless medium (σ = 0) whereas = 0 are 3.83 and 1.85 respectively.
medium-2 is a perfect conductor (σ = ∞). Which of the following gives
the cut-off wavelength of TM11
y If x = constant, then-
mode in a circular waveguide of
i) x will be normal component.
diameter D.
ii) y and z will be tangential components. a) λc ≈ 0.64D
y For medium-1 and medium-2 tangential b) λc ≈ 0.82D
components are: c) λc ≈ D
d) λc ≈ 1.2D
Ey1 = Ey2 and Ez1 = Ez2
Since, medium-2 is a perfect conductor,
Etan2(Ey2 and Ez2) and En2(Ex2) will be zero.
Therefore,
Ey2 = 0 = Ey1 and Ez2 = 0 = Ez1
Waveguides

As Ez1 inside the waveguide is zero.

12
 Chapter 7
y At x = 0, Ezs = 0
Now, substituting values in equation 7.13)
0 = (A cosKx × 0 + B sinKx× 0)(C cosKyy + D sinKyy)e–γz
0 = A(C cosKyy + D sinKyy)e–γz
To satisfy the equation, A must be zero i.e. A = 0.
Then, Ezs = B sinKxx(C cosKyy + D sinKyy)e–γz
y At y = 0 (x-z plane), here normal component will be y and tangential
component will be x and z i.e., Ex2 = 0 and Ez2 = 0
Substituting values in equation 7.13)
0 = B sinKxx [C cosKy × 0 + D sinKy × 0]e–γz
To satisfy, C = 0
∴ Ezs = B sinKxx D sinKyy
y At x = a, Ezs = 0
For any constant value of x, the tangential component will be zero.
Here, at x = a, the normal component will be x and the tangential component
will be y and z.
0 = B sin(Kx a) D sin(Ky y)e–γz
y For Kxa = mπ, the above equation will be Previous Years’ Question
satisfied.
mπ The longitudinal component of the
\ Kx = ...(7.27)
a magnetic field inside an air-filled
where m = number of half-cycle variations in rectangular waveguide made of
x-direction. a perfect electric conductor is
y At y = b, Ezs = 0 given by the following expression:
Hz (x, y, z, t) = 0.1 cos (25πx) cos
0 = B sin(Kxx) D sin(Kyy)e–γz (30.3πy) cos (12π × 109t – βz)
mπ (A/m).
Put, Kx = The cross-sectional dimensions
a
 mπ  of the waveguide are given as a =
0 = B sin  x  D sin(K yb)e−γz ...(7.28) 0.08 m and b = 0.033m.
 a 
The mode of propagation inside
here, Kyb = nπ the waveguide is:
a) TM12 b) TE21
nπ
\ Ky = ...(7.29) c) TM21 d) TE12
b
where n = number of half-cycle variations in
Waveguides

y-directions.

13
Chapter 7

Substitute equations 7.27) and 7.29) in 7.28).

 mπ   nπ  −γz
Ezs = E0 sin  x  sin  y e ...(7.30)
 a   b 
where E0 = Peak Amplitude of the electric field.
The combined values of B and D are constant.
Here, m and n cannot be zero.
y If m = 1 and n = 1 i.e., TM11 mode is the minimum mode that can exist in
TMmn mode.

Transverse electric mode (TEmn mode):

y The condition for transverse-electric mode is:
Ezs = 0 and Hzs ≠ 0
And we know that,
Hzs = (P cosKxx + Q sinKxx) (R cosKyy + S sinKyy)e–γz ...(7.31)
y Applying Boundary condition
At x = 0, the Ezs = 0 and Eys = 0
From equation 7.23), we get: Previous Years’ Question
∂Hzs
\ =0 In a rectangular waveguide:
∂x
a) TE and TEM modes can exist,
y At x = a, Ezs = 0 and Eys = 0
but TM mode cannot exist.
∂Hzs b) TE and TM modes can exist,
i.e. =0
∂x but TEM mode cannot exist
y At y = 0 and y = b (x-z plane) c) TM and TEM modes can exist,
but TE mode cannot exist
Exs = 0 and Ezs = 0
d) TE, TM, and TEM all modes
From equation 7.22), we get: can exist.
∂Hzs
∴ =0
∂y
∂Hzs
As =0
∂x
From equation 7.31)
∂Hzs
[ −PKx x sinKx + QKx cosKx x] R cosKy y + S sinKy y  e–γz
=
∂x
Waveguides

0 = Q Kx[R cosKyy + S sinKyy]e–γz ...(7.32)

14
 Chapter 7
here, Q = 0 to satisfy above equation.
The general equation is:
Hz = P cosKxx [R cosKyy + S sinKyy]e–γz ...(7.33)
y At y = 0

∂Hzs
=0
∂y
∂Hzs
=P cosKx x  − R Kx sinK y y + SK y cosK y y  e–γz
∂y  

0 = P cos Kxx S ky
Here, S = 0 must be there to satisfy the above equation.
Hzs = P cos(Kxx) R cos(Kyy)e–γz

∂Hzs
= − P sin(Kx x)Kx R cos(K y y) e−γz
∂x
∂Hzs
y At x = a, =0
∂x
Previous Years’ Question
0 = – P sin(Kx a) R cos(Ky y) e–γz

As P ≠ 0 and Kxa = mp In a rectangular cavity resonator

having width 'a', height 'b', and
mπ
\ Kx = length 'd' for d > a > b, then the
a
dominant mode is:
 mπ  a) TE101 b) TM101
Hzs = P cos  x  R cos(K y y) e−γz
c) TE110 d) TM110
 a 

∂Hzs
y At y = b, =0
∂y
∂Hzs  mπ 
= P cos  x  R sin(K y y)K ye−γz
∂y  a 
 mπ 
0 = −P cos  x  R sin(K yb)K ye−γz
 a 
and Kyb = nπ,
nπ
Ky =
b
 mπx   nπ  −γz
Hence, Hzs = H0 cos   cos  y e
Waveguides

 a   b 

15
Chapter 7

here, H0 = Peak amplitude of the magnetic field

m & n ≠ 0 simultaneously for this mode to exist.

Example 1:
What will happen if m and n are zero?
Sol:
If both m and n are zero then, Hzs = H0
i.e., peak amplitude or it will have no frequency
and we know that waveguides act as HPF and
it passes the frequencies higher than cut-off
frequency.
TE10 and TE01 will be the minimum mode that can
exist in TEmn mode.

Previous Years’ Question

DISPERSION RELATION IN THE WAVEGUIDE
(WAVEGUIDE PARAMETER)
y The transverse propagation constant is given A hollow cubic cavity resonator has
by: a dominant resonant frequency of
10 GHz. The length of each side is:
h2 = γ 2 + ω2µ∈= K2x + K2y
a) 3 cm b) 2 cm
=
γ2
K2x + K2y − ω µ∈
2
...(7.34) 3 3
c) cm d) cm
y We know that, 2 2

γ = α + jβ
and from equation 7.34)
2 2
2  mπ   nπ  2
=γ   +  − ω µ∈
 a   b 
y At cut-off frequency, ω = ωc, γ = 0

2 2
 mπ   nπ  2
=0   +  − ωc µ∈
 a   b 
2 2
 mπ   nπ 
ωc2µ∈
=   +  ...(7.35)
 a   b 
2 2
 mπ   nπ 
(2πf=
c
)2 µ∈   + 
 a   b 
Waveguides

16
 Chapter 7
1  m 
2 2
n
=fc2   +   
4µ∈  a  b 
2 2 Previous Years’ Question
m n 1
=fc   + 
a
2 µ∈   b For a rectangular waveguide of
2 2 interior dimensions, a×b(a>b).
vp m n  1 
or fc The cut-off frequency for the TE11
=
2
  +   vp =  ...(7.36)
a b  µ∈  mode is the arithmetic mean of
the cut-off frequency for TE10
where vp = phase velocity
mode and TE20 mode.
y For air-filled waveguide, the phase velocity
If a = 5 cm , then the value of
vp = c = 3 × 108 m/sec
b(in cm) is ______
y Cut-off frequency:
The minimum frequency above which wave
propagates and below which wave attenuates.
2 2
c m n
=fc   +   ...(7.37)
2 2 b

y Cut-off wavelength:
Maximum wavelength above which wave will
attenuate and below which wave propagates.
Therefore, the cut-off wavelength will be-

vp vp
λc= =
fc vp 2 2
m n
  + 
2 a b
2
λc =
m
2
n
2
Previous Years’ Question
  + 
a
  b
The dominant mode in a waveguide
Dominant mode: is characterized by:
y The mode that gives the minimum cut-off a) Zero attenuation.
frequency and maximum cut-off wavelength. b) Shortest frequency.
y Out of TEmn modes, only TE00 mode does not c) Longest cut-off frequency.
exist but TE10 and TE01 modes exist whereas d) Infinite transmission.
only TM11 mode exists out of TMmn modes.
Waveguides

17
Chapter 7

Thus, out of all modes, the mode which satisfies

the condition for dominant mode can be analyzed.
Only TE10 mode satisfies the necessary condition.
y Cut-off frequency for TE10 mode will be as
follows:
2 2
vp m n
=
(fc )TE   + 
10 2 a b

vp 2
 1 Previous Years’ Question
=   +0
2 a
Evanescent mode attenuation in
vp a waveguide depends upon the:
\ ( fc )TE 10
=
2a
...(7.38)
A) Standing wave in the guide.
y Cut-off frequency for TE01 mode: B) Operated frequency.
m=0&n=1 C) Conductivity of the guide
walls.
2
vp  1 D) Conductivity of the dielectric
( f=
c )TE
2
0+ 
filling the waveguide.
01
b
vp
( fc )TE
01
=
2b
...(7.39)

y For a standard rectangular waveguide, a ≥ 2b

Therefore, if a ≥ 2b, then out of TE01 and TE10
mode, the dominated mode will be TE10 mode as
it will give the minimum cut-off frequency.
Generally, TE10 mode is the dominant mode.
Note:
Always select the broader dimension as a for
solving the question, because of this assumption
a ≥ 2b condition will be satisfied & by default TE10
will become the dominant mode.

y The cut-off wavelength for TE10 mode is given

as:
2
λc =
2 2
m n
  +  
a b
Waveguides

18
 Chapter 7
2
( λc =
)TE = 2a ...(7.40)
10 2
 1
  +0
a
2 2
 mπ   nπ  2
=γ   +  − ω µ∈
 a   b 
y And we know that, from the equation 7.35)
2 2
 mπ   nπ 
ωc2µ∈ 
=  + 
 a   b 

∴ γ= ωc2µ∈ −ω2µ∈ = α + jβ ...(7.41)

where α = signal attenuation and β = phase

constant

g a b Wave propagation

}
Non-propagating
w = wc 0 0 0
mode Evanescent
Non-propagating Mode
w < wc Real quantity a¹ 0 b= 0
mode

w > wc Imaginary quantity a= 0 b¹ 0 Propagating mode

Table 7.2 Wave Propagation

Previous Years’ Question
Guided phase constant (βg):
As we know that:
The degenerate modes in a
2π waveguide are characterized by:
β=
λ a) Different cut-off frequencies
Phase shift and different field distribution.
y For phase constant = b) Same cut-off frequencies but
Unit distance
different field distributions
y If a wave travels in a waveguide (i.e., guided
c) Different cut-off frequencies
medium), then b will be referred to as guided
but same field distributions.
phase constant.
d) Same cut-off frequencies and
whereas the phase constant outside the
same field distributions.
waveguide is the constant of a plane EM wave in
Waveguides

free space & denoted by phase constant (β).

19
Chapter 7

y For the guided phase constant:

γ = αg + jβg
Here, wave is inside the waveguide i.e., guided
medium

Also, γ = jβg = ωc2µ∈ −ω2µ∈

Since propagating mode (from Table-7.2)
αg = 0 and βg ≠ 0

Thus, jβg= (−1) ω2µ∈ −ωc2µ∈

y On comparing both sides:

 ω2µ∈ 
βg = ω2µ∈  1 − c2 
 ω µ∈ 


 ω2  Previous Years’ Question

βg = ω µ∈ 1 −  c 
 ω 
  Consider an air-filled rectangular
f 
2 waveguide with dimensions a
βg = ω µ∈ 1 −  c  = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm.
f
  At 10 GHz operating frequency,
2 the value of the propagation
f 
or βg =β 1 −  c  ...(7.42) constants (per meter) of the
f
  corresponding propagation mode
where βg = phase constant for guided medium is _____
and β = phase constant in the free space of plane a) TE10 b) TE01
EM wave. c) TM10 d) TM01

Guided wavelength (λg):

y As we know that-
2π
λg =
βg

2π
λg =
2
f 
β 1−  c 
f 
 
λ
λg = ...(7.43)
2
f 
Waveguides

1−  c 
f 
 

20
 Chapter 7
where λg = guided wavelength and λ = wavelength
of plane EM wave.
From equation 7.43)
λ
λg =
2
 λ 
1−  
λ
 c 
λ2
λ2g = 2
 λ 
1−  
λ
 c 
λ2 λ2
1− =
λc2 λ2g
1 1 1
2
− =
λ λc2 λ2g
1 1 1
or = 2 2
+ 2 ...(7.44)
λ λc λ g

Guided phase velocity (vPZ): Previous Years’ Question

y For the plane waves,
ω
vp = Consider an air-filled rectangular
β
waveguide with dimensions a =
y For inside the waveguide, the guided phase 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm. The
velocity (vPZ) is increasing order of the cut-off
ω frequencies for different mode is:
vpz = a) TE10 < TE20 < TE01 < TE11
2
f  b) TE01 < TE10 < TE11 < TE20
β 1−  c 
f
  c) TE20 < TE11 < TE10 < TE01
d) TE10 < TE11 < TE20 < TE01
vp
vpz = ...(7.45)
2
f 
1−  c 
f
 

Guided group velocity (vg):

y As we know,
∂ω
vg =
∂βg
Waveguides

21
Chapter 7

2
f 
βg = β 1 −  c  = ω2µ∈ −ωc2µ∈ Previous Years’ Question
f 
 
∂βg 1
= × 2ω (µ∈) The standard air-filled rectangular
∂ω 2 ω µ∈ −ωc2µ∈
2
waveguide of dimensions a = 2.29
cm for b = 1.02 cm is designed for
∂βg 1
= × ω (µ∈) radar applications.
∂ω 2
It is desired that these waveguides
ω 
ω µ∈ 1 −  c  operate only in the dominant TE10
 ω
 
mode but not higher than 95% of
∂βg µ∈ the next higher cut-off frequency.
= The range of the allowable
∂ω 2
f  operating frequency 'f' is:
1−  c 
f a) 8.19 GHz ≤ f ≤ 13.1 GHz
 
b) 8.19 GHz ≤ f ≤ 12.45 GHz
2
∂ω f  c) 6.55 GHz ≤ f ≤ 13.1 GHz
=
vg = vp 1 −  c 
∂βz f  d) 1.64 GHz ≤ f ≤ 0.24 GHz
1
Since, vp =
µ∈
y The phase velocity for guided medium:

vp
vpz =
2
f 
1− c 
f 
and vp2 = vpzvg

vp2 = vpz v g ...(7.46)

here, vp = phase velocity of plane EM wave,

vpz = Guided phase velocity
and vg = Guided group velocity

Example 2:
A K-band waveguide with the dimensions of 1.073
cm × 0.75 cm is filled by a dielectric medium with
∈r = 6.91. If it operates in the dominant mode i.e.
TE10 at 6 GHz.
Waveguides

22
 Chapter 7
Find the following:
i) Cut-off frequency. Previous Years’ Question
ii) Phase velocity.
iii) Guided wavelength
A 100 m section of an air-filled
Sol: rectangular waveguide operating
The given dimensions are 1.073 cm × 0.75 cm in the TE10 mode has a cross-
For dominant mode i.e. TE10 mode, a ≥ 2b sectional dimension of 1.071 cm ×
∴ Let a = 1.073 cm 0.5 cm. The pulse carrier of 21 GHz
and 28 GHz are simultaneously
b = 0.75 cm
launched at one end of the
i) The cut-off frequency (fc) will be: waveguide section. What is the
vp time delay difference between
c
=
(fc )TE = the two pulses at the other end
10 2a ∈r (2a) of the waveguide?

3 × 1010 3 × 1010
(fc )TE = =
10
6.91(2 × 1.073) (2.628)(2.146)

= 0.532 × 1010 = 5.320 GHz

ii) The guided phase velocity is given as:
vp c
=vpz =
2 2
 fc  f 
1−   ∈r 1−  c 
f  f
   
Previous Years’ Question
3 × 108 / 6.91
=
2
 5.320  If v is the velocity of propagation
1−   in an unbounded medium,
 6 
vp and vg are the phase and
1.141 × 108 1.141 × 108 groups velocities in a guide
= =
1 − 0.786 0.214 filled with a medium, having the
same permittivity as that of the
1.141 × 108
=
v pz
= 2.469 × 108 m/s unbounded medium, then v, vp
0.462 and vg are related as:
iii) The guided wavelength for guided medium: a) vp v = v2
b) vp v = v2
λ c) vp vg = v2
λg =
2 d) (v – vp) (v – vg) = v2
f 
Waveguides

1−  c 
f
 

23
Chapter 7

vp /f c
= =
2 2
 5.320   fc 
1−   f ∈r 1 −  
 6   
f 
3 × 1010
=
2
9  5.320 
6.91 × 6 × 10 1−  
 6 
3 × 1010
λg =
(2.628) × (6 × 109 )(0.462)
3 × 1010
= = 4.11cm
7.284 × 109

Example 3: Previous Years’ Question

A 2.2 cm × 3.2 cm waveguide is filled with a
dielectric material with ∈r = 4. If the waveguide The dimension equation of a
operates at 20 GHz with TM11 mode, then deter- waveguide, which relates to
mine: wave-number to the frequency ω
i) Cut-off frequency. is:
ii) Phase constant. 1
K(ω=
) ω2 − ω02
iii) Phase velocity. c
Sol: Where the speed of light c = 3×108
The dimensions given are: m/s and ω0 is a constant.
If the group velocity is 2 × 108
Let a = 3.2 cm, b = 2.2 cm
m/s, then the phase velocity will
and operating frequency (f) = 10 GHz be:
i) The cut-off frequency is given by: a) 1.5×108 m/s
b) 3×108 m/s
2 2
c m n c) 4.5×108 m/s
=
(fc )TM   + 
11
2 ∈r a b d) 2×108 m/s

2 2
3 × 1010  1   1 
=   + 
2 4  3.2   2.2 
0.75 × 1010 (0.0976) + (0.2066)
=
= 0.754 × 1010(0.5515) = 4.136 GHz
ii) The phase constant for guided medium βg is
Waveguides

given as:

24
 Chapter 7
2 2
f  ω f 
βg =β 1 −  c  = 1−  c 
f vp f
   
2
2πf ∈r  4.136 
= 1−  
c  20 
2
2π(20 × 109 ) 4  4.136 

= 1−  
3 × 108  20 

= 837.7580 1 − 0.0427
= 837.7580(0.9784)
βg = 819.66 rad/m
Previous Years’ Question
iii) The guided phase velocity is given by:
vp An air-filled rectangular waveguide
vpz =
2 has inner dimensions of 3cm ×
 fc 
1−  
f  2cm. The wave impedance of the
  TE20 mode of propagation in the
c 3 × 108 waveguide at a frequency of 30
= = GHz is (free space impedance η0
2 2
f   4.136  = 377Ω) is:
∈r 1 −  c  4 1−  
f   20  a) 308 Ω b) 461 Ω
 
c) 355 Ω d) 400 Ω
3 × 108

= = 1.533 × 108 m/s
2(0.9784)

Intrinsic impedance for TEmn mode:

y The intrinsic impedance is denoted by (η):
Ex −E y
or ηTE =
Hy
=
Hx
{for TEmn mode}
The ratio of electric field and magnetic field gives
intrinsic impedance:
Here Ezs = 0, Hzs ≠ 0
y As we know,
 mπx   nπy  −γz
Hzs = H0 cos   cos  e
 a   b 
γ ∂Ezs jωµ ∂Hzs
And Exs =
− 2 − 2
h ∂x h ∂y
Waveguides

Put Ezs = 0

25
Chapter 7

Now, to get the value of Hys, we know that-

−γ ∂Hzs jω∈ ∂Ezs
=
Hys − 2
h2 ∂y h ∂x

−γ ∂   mπx   nπy  −γz 

Hys = H0 cos   cos  e 
h2 ∂y   a   b  
γ  nπ   mπx   nπy  −γz
Hys = H0   cos   sin  e
h2
 b   a   b 
y The intrinsic impedance ηTE is given by:
Exs jωµ
ηTE= =
Hys h2 Previous Years’ Question
jωµ  nπ   mπx   nπy  −γz
2  b  0
H cos   sin  e
h    a   b  A rectangular hollow metal
= waveguide internal cross-
γ  nπ   mπx   nπy  −γz
H0   cos   sin  e sections of 7.366 cm × 3.55 cm
 b   a   b 
2
h
carries a 3 GHz signal in the TE10
jωµ ωµ ωµ mode. Calculate the maximum
= = =
jβg βg 2
power handling capability of
f 
β 1−  c  the waveguide assuming the
f
 
maximum permissible electric
ωµ ωµ µ field inside the waveguide to be
where = = = η
β ω µ∈ ∈ 30kV/cm.

ωµ
Therefore, = η = intrinsic Impedance for
β
lossless medium.
η
Thus, ηTE = ...(7.47)
2
f 
1−  c 
f
 

Intrinsic impedance for TMmn mode:

y The intrinsic impedance is denoted by ηTM for
this mode.
y In TMmn mode, Ezs ≠ 0 and Hzs = 0.

E
∴ ηTM = xs
Hys
Waveguides

26
 Chapter 7
As we know,
 mπ   nπy  −γz
Ezs = E0 sin  x  sin  e
 a   b 
−γ ∂Ezs jωµ ∂Hzs
=
Exs − 2
h2 ∂x h ∂y
here, Hzs = 0,
−γ ∂
Exs = Ezs 
h2 ∂x
γ  mπ   mπx   nπy  −γz
= − E0   cos   sin  e Previous Years’ Question
 a   a   b 
2
h
−γ ∂Hzs jω∈ ∂Ezs The cut-off frequency of the
=
Hys − 2
h2 ∂y h ∂x TE01 mode of an air-filled
rectangular waveguide having
− jω∈ ∂
Hys = (Ezs ) inner dimensions a cm × b cm
h2 ∂x (a > b) is twice that of the dominant
− jω∈  mπ   mπx   nπy  −γz TE10 mode. When the waveguide
= E0   cos   sin  e
h2
 a   a   b  is operated at a frequency that
Therefore, is 25% higher than the cut-off
frequency of the dominant mode,
Exs γ jβg the guide wavelength is found to
ηTM = = =
Hys jω∈ jω∈ be 4 cm. The value of b (in cm,
correct to two decimal places
2
f  is _____.)
β 1−  c 
f
 
=
ω∈
2
ω µ∈ f 
=
ηTM 1−  c 
ω∈ f
 
Rack Your Brain
2 2
µ f  f 
ηTM = 1−  c  =η 1−  c  Why circular waveguides are not
∈    
f  f  used over rectangular waveguides?
Hence,

2
f 
ηTM =η 1−  c
f  ...(7.48)
 
Waveguides

27
Chapter 7

where η = intrinsic impedance for lossless medium

inside the waveguide.
Relationship between ηTE and ηTM:
Rack Your Brain

2 Which mode in a circular

η f 
=
ηTE ×ηTM ×η 1−  c  waveguide has an attenuation
2 f
 fc    effect decreasing with an increase
1−  
f  in frequency?
 
η= ηTE ηTM ...(7.49)

Fig. 7.6 Intrinsic Impedance vs Frequency

y For

=f 0, ηTM
= 0
 Previous Years’ Question
f > fc , ηTM increases
f < f , ηTM decreases
 c
The phase velocity of
y For air filled waveguides: electromagnetic wave
η = η0 = 120π propagation in a hollow metallic
rectangular waveguide in the TE10
y For de-ionized or dielectric filled waveguide:
mode is:
a) Less than the velocity of light
µ µ
=
η = 120π r in a free space.
∈ ∈r
b) Equal to the velocity of the
light in a free space.
POWER FLOW IN THE WAVEGUIDE c) Equal to its group velocity.
y The poynting vector is used to evaluate the d) Greater than the velocity of
power flow in the waveguide:
 the light in a free space.
Waveguides

The average poynting vector (Pavg ) is given by:

28
 Chapter 7
 1  
=
(Pavg ) Re Es × H*s  Grey Matter Alert!
2
Since the wave is travelling in the z-direction:
TM01, TM02, TM11, TM12 are the
Es = (Exs, Eys), Hs = (Hys, Hxs)
possible TM modes in a circular
 1
=Pavg Re Exsa ˆy 
ˆ x + E ysa waveguides.
2  
 1
P= Re Exsa ˆ y  × H∗xsa
ˆ x + E ysa ˆy 
ˆ x + H∗ysa
avg
2    
1
= Re ExsH∗ysa ˆ z )
ˆz + E ysH∗xs ( − a
2  
1
= Re ExsH∗ysa
ˆz − E ysH∗xs  a
ˆ
2   z

1  E∗xs E∗ys 
= Re Exs + E ys aˆ
2  ηTE/TM ηTE/TM  z
 
 1  |E | +|E | 
2 2
 Exs −E ys 
xs ys
Pavg = Re  aˆ  =
η = 
2  ηTE/TM  z 
Hys Hxs 

 
∴ Time average poynting vector will be:

1  |Exs | +|E ys | 
2 2

Pavg =  ˆ
a ...(7.50)
2  ηTE/TM  z
 
y For TE10 mode (Ezs = 0, Hzs ≠ 0)
 mπx   nπy  − jβgz
Hzs = H0 cos   cos  e
 a   b 
Rack Your Brain
 πx  − jβgz  m 1=
Hzs = H0 cos  e = and n 0
 a 
Why is TM01 mode preferred to the
−γ ∂Ezs jωµ ∂Hzs TE01 mode in a circular waveguide?
=
Exs − 2
h2 ∂x h ∂y
− jωµ ∂Hzs
∴ Exs =
h2 ∂y
− jωµ ∂   πx  − jβgz 
Exs = H0 cos   e 
h ∂y 
2
 a  

∴ Exs = 0
Waveguides

29
Chapter 7

−γ ∂Ezs jωµ ∂Hzs

And
= E ys + 2
h2 ∂y h ∂x
jωµ ∂Hzs
E ys =
h2 ∂x
jωµ   π   πx  − jβgz 
E ys = 2 H0   sin  e 
h   a   a  
y Substitute the values in equations 7.50):
   ωµ  
2
1 0 +   π   πx 
=Pavg 2
H sin    
  h 0 a 
2ηTE     a  
10  
2
 ω2µ2H0  π  2  πx 
Pavg = 4   sin   a ˆz ...(7.51)
2h ηTE10  a   a 

Since, m = 1 and n = 0
2 2
 mπ 
2  nπ 
h =
  + K2x K2y
 =+
 a   b 
2
π Grey Matter Alert!
h2 =  
a
 ω2µ2H02  πx  Circular waveguides are used as
∴ Pavg = sin2   a ˆ attenuators and phase-shifters
2
2h ηTE  a  z
10

 
y Power,
= P ∫s
Pavg ⋅ dS

a b

=
=
∫ ∫P
x 0=
y 0
avg z
ˆ ⋅ dx dy a
a ˆz

a b
ω2µ2H02  πx 
P=
=
∫ ∫
x 0=
y 0
2
2h ηTE
sin2   dx dy
 a 
10

a
π 
Here, ∫ sin
2
y  x  dx
n= 0 a 
 2πx 
a 1 − cos   dx  a
 a  a 1  2πx  a  a
= ∫
x =0
2
= − sin 

 2 2  a

 2π

0 2

=

ω2µ2H2  a 
∴ P = 2 0   (b)
2h ηTE  2 
Waveguides

10

30
 Chapter 7
ω2µ2 H02  ab  ω2µ2 H02  ab 
=P =    
2h2 ηTE  2  π
2
 2 
10
2   ηTE
a 10

y Rearranging the above equation, we get:

 ωµa 
2  ab 
P= H0   
 π   4ηTE 
 10 
E20
P= ab ...(7.52)
4ηTE
10

y As we know, plane wave power is given by:

E20
=
P × Area
2η
ωµaH0
where E0 = = Peak value of an electric field.
π
y For dominant mode, the power will be:
E02
P= ab
4ηTE
10

Example 4:
Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide transporting energy in the
dominant mode at the rate of 2mW. It has cross-sectional dimensions of
a = 4cm and b = 2cm.
If the frequency of operation is 10GHz, then determine the peak value of an
electric field in the given waveguide.
Sol:
Given dimensions are:
a = 4 cm
b = 2 cm
Power, P = 2 mW = 2×10–3W
Frequency, f = 10 GHz
Power for dominant mode:
E02
P= ab
4ηTE
10

4PηTE
E0 = 10

ab
Waveguides

31
Chapter 7

c 3 × 1010
As, cut-off frequency is =
fc = = 3.75 GHz
2a 2×4
120π
ηTE =
10 2
 fc 
1−  
f 
 
120π
=
2
 3.75 
1−  
 10 
ηTE= 406.66 Ω
10

4 × 2 × 10−3 × 406.66
∴ E0 =
84 × 2 × 10−4

E0 = 63.77 V/m

CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
y Difference between rectangular and circular waveguides are-
i) Rectangular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube of rectangular
cross-section, whereas the circular waveguide is a hollow metallic
tube of circular cross-section.
ii) Rectangular waveguides are generally used in microwave application
because of their small size and circular waveguide are used in
rotational coupling.
iii) The dominant mode of rectangular waveguide is TE10, while circular
waveguide is TE11.
But the hollow metallic tube is made up of brass of copper in both
waveguides.

Fig. 7.7 Circular Waveguide Coordinates

Solution of the wave equation in cylindrical coordinate:

y The electric field and magnetic field wave equations are given by:
 
Waveguides

∇2E = γ 2E

32
 Chapter 7
 
∇2H =γ 2H

when γ = jωµ(σ + jω∈) =α + jβ

y The circular or cylindrical components of an electric field or magnetic

fields satisfy the complex scalar wave equations or Helmholtz equation.
∇2ψ = γ2ψ
y The scalar Helmholtz equation in cylindrical coordinates is given by:
1 ∂  r∂ψ  1  ∂2ψ  ∂2ψ
  + 2  2  + = γ 2ψ
r ∂r  ∂r  r  ∂f  ∂z 2

y Using method of separation of variable (R, f, Z)

ψ = R(r) φ(φ) Z(z)

1  ∂ rR (r ) f ( f ) Z ( z )  1 ∂ R (r ) f ( f ) Z ( z ) ∂ R (r ) f ( f ) Z ( z )
2 2
 + + = γ 2R (r ) f ( f ) Z ( z )
r  ∂r ∂r  r2 ∂f 2
∂ z2
 
y In the above equation, divide by ψ on both sides.
1 ∂  r∂R  1 ∂ 2 f 1 ∂ 2Z
 + 2 + γ 2
= ...(7.53)
Rr ∂r  ∂r  r f ∂f2 Z ∂z2

1 ∂ 2Z
y Let = γ 2g
Z ∂z2

∂ 2Z
2
= γ 2g Z
∂z
∂ 2Z
2
− γ 2g Z =0
∂z

(D2–γg2)Z = 0 (Auxiliary equation)

D = ±γg
−γ g z +γ g z
=Z Ae + Be
where γg = propagation constant in the waveguide.
y Now, substituting values in equation 7.53), we get:

1 ∂  r∂R 
  +
1 ∂2f
rR ∂r  ∂r  r2 f ∂f2
+ γ 2g − γ 2 =0 ( )
y Multiplication of r2 on both sides of the above equation.
r ∂  r∂R  1 ∂ 2 f
 +
R ∂r  dr  f ∂f2
+ γ 2g − γ 2 r2 =0( )
Waveguides

33
Chapter 7

1 ∂2f
Let = −n2
f ∂f2

∂2f
2
+ n2 f =0
∂f
(D2 + n2)φ = 0
D = ±nj
and φ = C sin(nφ) + D cos(nφ)
y Now, substituting values in above equation:
r ∂  r∂R  2 2 2 2
  − n + ( γ g − γ )r =0
R r  ∂r 
y Now, multiplying by R on both sides, we get:

r
∂  r∂R 

∂r  ∂r 
2
( 2
) 2 2
 − n R + γ g − γ r R =0

∂  r∂R 
r 
2 2 2
 + (Kcr − n )R =
0 ...(7.54)
∂r  ∂r 
y This is Bessel equation of order 'n' where Kc2 = γg2 – γ2 is a characteristic
equation of Bessel equation.
y Solution of Bessel equation 7.54) is given by:
R = P Jn(Kcr) + Q Nn(Kcr) ...(7.55)
where Jn(Kcr) = Bessel’s function of the first kind, which represents standing
wave of cos (Kcr) for r < a.
Nn(Kcr) = Bessel’s function of second kind which represents standing wave
of sin(Kcr) for r > a.
a = radius of the cylinder

Fig. 7.8 Bessel’s Function

Conclusion:
when r = 0, Nn(0) = –∞
Waveguides

Jn(0) = 1 (Maximum value)

34
 Chapter 7
The term Nn(Kcr) is making whole equation 7.55) value as infinity (–∞)
Thus, we will neglect the Nn(Kcr).
y Total solution of Helmholtz equation:
ψ P Jn (Kcr ) + QNn (Kcr )  C cos (nf ) + D sin (nf )  e g + e g 
γ −γ
=
 
At r = 0, Nn → ∞, Thus,
ψ→∞
Thus, to makes it finite/proper, we have to take the constant Q → 0
−γ g z
=ψ P Jn (Kcr) C cos(nf) + D sin(nf) e
Here, we are considering +z direction.
y Assuming lossless conditions:
For lossless medium, α = 0
∴ γg = +jβg
 By quadrature components,
  D 
C cos (nf ) + D sin (n=
f) C2 + D2 cos  nf − tan−1   
  C 
  D   − jβ z Rack Your Brain
=ψ P Jn (Kcr ) C2 + D2 cos nf − tan−1    e g
  C 
Are there any elliptically shaped
− jβg z
ψ = ψ0 Jn (Kcr) cos(nf) e ...(7.56) waveguides?
Here, neglecting phase of cos- terms.
D
i.e., tan−1   (considering it very small)
C

∴ ψ
= 0
P C2 + D2
y Also,
Kc2 = γg2 – γ2
Kc2 = (jβg)2 –(jβ)2
Kc2 = –βg2 + β2

( )
2
Kc2 = −β2g + ω µ∈

Kc2 = −β2g + ω2µ∈ ...(7.57)

TE modes in circular waveguide:

y Considering the direction of wave propagation is z-direction in the TE
mode,
Waveguides

35
Chapter 7

Ez = 0 and Hz ≠ 0
y The magnetic field in this mode will be:
Hzs H0 Jn (Kcr ) cos (nf ) e
− jβg z
=

y Applying the boundary conditions:

The tangential components of the electric field
must be zero at the inner surface of the circular
waveguide at r = a.
y As we know, the waveguide boundary is made
up of metal and the electric field at metal
(perfect conductor) is zero.
y To determine the values of constants, we now
apply boundary conditions.
y At r = a (Boundary of circular waveguide) Grey Matter Alert!
Eφ = 0 is the tangential component.
The dominant mode for a circular
waveguide is defined as the
lowest order mode having the
lowest root value.

Fig. 7.9 Circular Waveguide

y The boundary and the electric field Eφ

components are tangential to each other.
y As we know that-
jωµ ∂Hzs
Ef = 2
Kc ∂r
− jωµ ∂Hzs
Er =
Kc2r ∂f
∂Hzs
y If Eφ = 0, then =0
∂r
∂Hzs − jβ z
=
∴ H0 J'n (Kca) cos(nf) e g
∂r
∂
where J'n (Kca) = J (K a)
∂r n c
Waveguides

y Hence, to satisfy the above equation i.e.

36
 Chapter 7
∂Hzs
=0
∂r
 we have to make J'n(Kca) = 0
y To change this Bessel function such that its value becomes zero.
pth order of J'n(Kca) for TEnp modes.
Let Kca = X'np

p n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4

1 3.832 1.841 3.054 4.201 5.317

2 7.016 5.331 6.706 8.015 12.682

3 10.173 8.536 9.969 11.346

4 13.324 11.706 13.170

Table 7.3 pth Root of nth Order Bessel Harmonics

where X'np is a constant value

n = Number of input/feeds in φ direction
(0 < φ < π)
p = Number of inputs feed points in radial directions.
Waveguide parameters
For TEnp mode:
As we know that:
Kc2 = –βg2 + ω2μ∈
At ω = ωc, βg = 0
Kc2 = ωc2 μ∈
X 'np
= (2πfc ) µ∈ { X'np = Kca}
a

X 'np X 'np vp
fc = or fc = ...(7.58)
2πa µ∈ 2πa

Equation 7.58) gives the formula for cut-off frequencies.

For air-filled waveguide:
vp = c
X 'np c
fc =
2πa
Waveguides

37
Chapter 7

X 'np (3 × 1010 )
fc =
2πa cm
{Here, 'a' is in cm and is a fixed quantity as it is
a dimension}
y The minimum value of fc denotes the dominant
mode.
y From table 7.3), at n = 1 and p = 1, we are
getting a minimum value of X'np
∴ TE11 is a dominant mode.
y The cut-off frequency at (TE11) for circular
waveguide:
1.841 × 3 × 1010 0.879 × 108
=(fc )TE = Hz
11 2π(a) a

8.79
= GHz {a is in cm}
(a)
Rack Your Brain
vp 2πa
y Cut-off wavelength, λc= = ...(7.59)
fc X 'np Which is the dominant mode
For air-filled & dominant mode TE11 out of TE11 or TM01 in a circular
2π(a) waveguide?
λc =
1.841
λc = 3.41a
ω
y Phase velocity, vpz =
βg
vp
vpz = ...(7.60)
2
f 
1− c 
f 
y The guided wavelength (λg):
2π λ
λ g= = ...(7.61)
βg 2
 λ 
1−  
λ 
 c
y The intrinsic impedance (ηTE):
η
ηTE = ...(7.62)
2
f 
Waveguides

1−  c 
f
 

38
 Chapter 7
TM mode in circular waveguide:
For TM mode we know that:
Ezs ≠ 0 and Hzs = 0
From equation 7.56),
− jβg z
=E E0Jn (Kcr) cos (nf)e
y At Boundary conditions-
when r = a, Ezs = 0
− jβg z
∴ E0 Jn (Kca) cos (nf) e =
0

Hence, Jn(Kca) = 0 will be zero if its argument will be zero.

Let argument of Jn(Kca) ⇒ Xnp = Kca

p n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3

1 2.405 3.832 5.136 6.380

2 5.520 7.106 8.417 9.761

3 8.645 10.173 11.620 13.015

4 11.792 13.324 14.796

Table 7.4 pth Root of nth Order Bessel Harmonics

y From table 7.4), we can conclude that if n = 0 and p = 1 will give the
minimum value of cut-off frequency.
∴ The cut-off frequency for TMnp mode is:
Xnp vp
(fc )TM = ...(7.63)
np 2πa
y The minimum mode in TMnp is TM01.
y Intrinsic impedance for TM mode will be:
2
f 
ηTM =η 1−  c
f  ...(7.64)
 
Degenerate mode:
y The modes having the same cut-off frequencies.
y When X'np = Xnp, then we will get the same cut-off frequency in circular
waveguides.
From Table 7.3) and Table ( 7.4),
y We can conclude that some modes of TEnp have the same cut-off
Waveguides

frequency.

39
Chapter 7

or we can conclude that:

TE0p = TM1p
where p = 1, 2, 3, ....
e.g. TE01 = TM10 

TE02 = TM20  Degenerate modes
TE03 = TM30 

Evanescent mode:
y The mode that will not propagate in the waveguide or in other words,
the mode will not be supported by the waveguide.
y From table 7.4), we can observe that p = 0 doesn’t exist.
Or general way, the evanescent mode can be determined by:
TEn0 and TMn0
where n = 0, 1, 2, ....

Example 5:
A TE11 mode is propagating through a CWG. The radius of the guide is 3 cm,
and the guide contains an air dielectric.
i) Determine the cut-off frequency.
ii) The wavelength in the guide for an operating frequency of 3 GHz.
iii) Determine the wave impedance in the guide.
Sol:
Given that TE11 is the dominant mode, and dimension 'a' = 3 cm, ∈r = 1 (air)
A) The cut-off frequency will be:
1.84 3 × 108
( fc =
)TE11 ×
2π 3 × 10−2
1.84
= × 1010
2π
= 0.29 × 1010
( fc =
)TE 2.92 × 109 Hz
11

( fc )TE = 2.92 GHz

11

B) The guided wavelength (λg) is given as:

 3 × 108 
 9 
=λg =
λ  3 × 10 
2 2
 fc   2.92 × 109 
1−  1− 
f  3 × 10 
9
Waveguides

40
 Chapter 7
0.1
λg =
1 − 0.947
0.1 0.1
= λg =
0.0526 0.229
lg = 0.4359
lg = 43.5 cm
C) The wave impedance is given by:
η
ηTE = 2
f 
1− c 
f
120π
=
2
 2.92 × 109 
1− 
 3 × 10 
9

120π
=
1 − 0.947
120π
=
0.0526
120π
=
0.229
hTE = 1643.41 W

Example 6:
Consider an air-filled circular waveguide having a radius of 2 cm and it has
to carry energy at a frequency of 10GHz. Find all the TEnp or TMnp for which
energy transmission is possible.
Sol:
In a circular waveguide, the condition for wave propagation is:
f > fc
X 'np vp
For TEnp mode, f >
2πa
 For air-filled
vp = c
X 'np c
f>
2πa
X 'np × 3 × 1010
f>
2π × 2
If the X’np < 4.188 then those modes will propagate in this given circular
Waveguides

waveguide.

41
Chapter 7

From table 7.3)

TE01, TE21, and TE11 are the modes that satisfy the X'np < 4.188 conditions.
Hence, they will propagate in circular waveguide (CWG).

y For TMnp mode:

Condition is Xnp < 4.188

From table 7.4)

TM01 and TM11 modes satisfy the necessary condition.
Hence, overall TE01, TE21, TE11, TM01, and TM11 will propagate, and the energy
transmission is possible in these modes only.

Example 7:
An air-filled circular waveguide is designed to operate at a frequency of
6GHz and has dimensions such that fc = 0.8f, for the dominant mode.
Determine:
i) The diameter of the guide.
ii) The waveguide wavelength & phase velocity in the guide.
Sol:
i) The given cut-off frequency:
1.841 × c
(fc )TE =
11 2πa
1.841 × 3 × 1010
Diameter, d
= = 3.66 cm
π × 0.8 × 6 × 103
ii) The guided wavelength is given by:
3 × 108
λ 6 × 109
=λg =
2
 fc  1 − (0.8)2
1−  
f 
 
λg = 8.33 cm
The phase velocity in the waveguide (vpz):
vp 3 × 108
=vpz =
2
 fc  1 − (0.8)2
1−  
f 
 
vp = 5 × 108 m/s
Waveguides

42
 Chapter 7
Example 8:
An air-filled circular waveguide of 3 cm inside radius is operated in the TE01
mode. Evaluate:
i) The cut-off frequency.
ii) If the guide is to be filled with a dielectric material of ∈r = 2.5, then up
to what value its radius must be changed in order to maintain the cut-off
frequency at its original value?
Sol:
i) The cut-off frequency (fc) for TE01 mode:
X'np × c
(f )c TE
01
=
2πa
X'01 × 3 × 1010
=
2π × 3
3.832 × 3 × 1010
=
6π
( f=
c )TE01
6.098 × 109 Hz

( fc )TE01
= 6.09GHz

ii) The radius must be:

X'np × Vp
(f )c TE
01
=
2πa
3.832 × c
6.09 × 109 =
2π × a
3.832 × 3 × 108 1
=a ×
6.09 × 10 2.5 2π
9

a = 1.9 cm

Example 9:
An EM wave is propagating in TE11 mode through a circular waveguide.
The diameter of the guide is 10 cm and the guide is air-filled. Find:
i) Cut-off frequency.
ii) Guided wavelength λg at 3 GHz.
iii) Wave impedance in the guide.
Waveguides

43
Chapter 7

Sol:
i) The cut-off frequency at TE11 mode is given by:
 8.79  8.79
=fc  =  GHz = GHz 0.879 GHz.
 a  10

ii) The guided wavelength at 3GHz.

 3 × 1010 
 
9 
=λg =
λ  3 × 10 
2 2
f   0.879 
1 −  c  1−  
f  3 

lg = 10.459 cm
iii) The wave impedance is given by:
η 377
=
ηTE =
11 2 2
 fc   0.879 
1 −   1−  
f  3 

= 394.305 W
Waveguides

44
 Chapter 7
Chapter Summary

y A waveguide is a hollow metallic tube structure that is used to carry microwave

energy from one place to another.
y In TEM mode, the electric field, the magnetic field and the direction of
propagation are perpendicular to each other.
y In TE mode, the electric field will exist in the transverse (perpendicular)
directions to the direction of propagation of wave only.
y In TM mode, the magnetic field will exist in the transverse direction to the
direction of propagation.
y The transverse propagation constant is given by:
h2 = γ 2 + ω2µ∈= K2x + K2y

γ2
= K2x + K2y − ω2µ∈ and we know that γ = α + jβ

y Cut-off frequency: The minimum frequency above which wave propagates and
below which the wave attenuates:
2 2
c m n
=fc   + 
2 2 b
y Cut-off wavelength: Maximum wavelength above which wave will attenuate
and below which the wave propagates:
2
λc =
2 2
m n
  +  
a b

y Dominant mode: The mode that gives the minimum cut-off frequency and
maximum cut-off wavelength. In a rectangular waveguide, TE01 is the dominant
mode and in a circular waveguide TE11 is the dominant mode.
y Guided phase constant (βg): If a wave travels in a waveguide (i.e., in guided
medium) will be referred to as guided phase constant:
2
f 
βg =β 1 −  c 
f
 
1 1 1
y Guided wavelength (λg) is given by = 2 2
+ 2
λ λc λ g
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Chapter 7

vp
y Guided phase velocity (vpz) is given by: vpz =
2
f 
1−  c 
f
 
2
∂ω f 
y Guided group velocity (vg) is given by: =
vg = vp 1 −  c 
∂βz f 
 
y Relation between vp and vg is given by:
vp = vpz v g

where vp = phase velocity of plane EM wave in free space

vpz = Guided phase velocity
vg = Guided group velocity
η
y Intrinsic Impedance for TEmn mode: ηTE = 0 ( h0 = 120π = 377Ω)
2
 fc 
1−  
f 
 
2
f 
y Intrinsic Impedance for TMmn mode: ηTM =η0 1−  c 
f
 
y Relationship between ηTE and ηTM is given as- η = ηTE ηTM

y The circular waveguide (CGW) is a hollow metallic tube of circular cross-section

y Cut-off frequency

( fc )TE11 = 8.79
a
GHz {where 'a' is in cm}
vp 2πa
y In the circular waveguide, the cut-off wavelength, λc= =
fc X 'np

y In the circular waveguide, for air-filled & dominant mode TE11:

2π(a)
λc = or λc = 3.41a
1.841
ω vp
y In the circular waveguide, the phase velocity, vpz = or vpz =
βg 2
f 
1−  c 
f
 
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 Chapter 7
2π λ
y The guided wavelength λ g= =
βg 2
 λ 
1−  
λ
 c 
η0
y The intrinsic impedance ηTE =
2
f 
1−  c 
f
 

2
f 
y Intrinsic impedance for TM mode will be, ηTM =η0 1 −  c 
f 
 
y Degenerate mode: The modes having the same cut-off frequencies.
e.g. TE01 = TM10 

TE02 = TM20  Degenerate modes for circular waveguide
TE03 = TM30 

y Evanescent mode: The mode that will not propagate in the waveguide or in
other words, the mode will not be supported by the waveguide. And it can be
determined by-
TEn0 and TMn0 where n = 0, 1, 2, ....

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Chapter 7

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q1 A 6.7 cm × 4.9 cm air-filled waveguide is considered. What modes are possible

if the operating frequency of 6 GHz is to be propagated down the waveguide?
a) TE01 b) TE20 c) TE10 d) TE02

Q2 If a tunnel is modelled as an air-filled rectangular metallic waveguide with

dimensions 'a' = 6.4m and 'b' = 12.8m. Then, the tunnel will pass:
a) a 8.75 MHz broadcast signal b) a 125 MHz FM broadcast signal
c) a 25 MHz broadcast signal d) None of the above

Q3 The rectangular waveguide is operating at 5GHz cut-off frequency with TE10

mode and at 12 GHz with TE01 mode.
What will be the cut-off frequency for the TE11 mode if the waveguide is
filled with a lossless material having ∈r = 2.25 and μr = 1 is:
a) 7.23 GHz b) 8.66 GHz c) 16.23 GHz d) 17.32 GHz

Q4 A rectangular waveguide (air-filled) is 150m in length and is terminated by

the metal plate at the one end.
Assume that if a short part of a frequency 7.2 GHz is introduced at the input
end. Then the time taken by the pulse to return back to the input end will be:
(Let the cut-off frequency is 6.5 GHz)
a) 1.29 μsec b) 2.325 μsec c) 4.29 μsec d) 1.13 μsec
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48
 Chapter 7
Q5 Calculate the dimensions of an air-filled rectangular waveguide for which
the cut-off frequencies for TM11 and TE03 modes are both equal to 12 GHz. At
8GHz, determine the type of mode that will propagate in the waveguide from
the following:
a) Dominant mode will propagate.
b) Evanescent mode in the waveguide.
c) Degenerate mode
d) None of the above.

Q6 An air-filled rectangular waveguide operates at 40 GHz. If the cut-off

frequency of the TE12 mode is 25 GHz. Calculate the phase constant, phase
velocity, and intrinsic impedance of this mode:
a) 654.49 rad/m, 3.84×108 m/s, 483.9 Ω
b) 3.841 rad/m, 3.84×108 m/s, 400 Ω
c) 483.49 rad/m, 3.84×108 m/s, 493.8 Ω
d) 600 rad/m, 3.84×108 m/s, 243 Ω

Q7 If the rectangular waveguide (air-filled) is required to be constructed to

operate at 4 GHz in the dominant mode. Determine the waveguide dimensions
'a' and 'b' such that the operating frequency must be 12% higher than the
cut-off frequency for the dominant mode (TE10) and 15% below the cut-off
frequency of the next higher mode?
a) a = 4.2 cm; b = 3.187 cm b) a = 3.4 cm; b = 3.187 cm
c) a = 8.4 cm; b = 6.375 cm d) a = 4.2 cm; b = 6.375 cm

Q8 For an air-filled rectangular waveguide, a TEmode operating at 6 GHz has

 2πx   πy 
=E y 5 sin   cos   sin( ωt − 12z)V/m
 a   b 
The mode of operation and intrinsic impedance are respectively:
a) TE12, 3978.4 Ω b) TE21, 3816 Ω
c) TE22, 2778.16 Ω d) TE21, 3978.4 Ω
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Chapter 7

Q9 The rectangular waveguide with dimensions 'a' and 'b' as 2.286 cm and 1.016
cm, respectively. Also the y-component of the electric field for the TE mode
is given by:

=
 3πx 
E y sin 
 a
 3πy 
 cos 
  b 
10
(
 sin 10π × 10 t − β z Vm
−1
)
The propagation constant is:
a) j400.7 m–1 b) j800.14 m–1
c) j407.7 m–1 d) j419.17 m–1

Q10 A rectangular waveguide (1 cm × 3 cm) is filled with air is operating in the TE12
mode at a frequency higher than 20% of the cut-off frequency:
The phase and group velocities are respectively:
a) 5 × 108 m/s, 2 × 108 m/s b) 5.42 × 108 m/s, 1.66 × 108 m/s
8 8
c) 6.24 × 10 m/s, 1.66 × 10 m/s d) 5.13 × 108 m/s, 1.42 × 108 m/s

Q11 A microwave transmitter antenna is connected by an air-filled waveguide of

2.5 cm × 1 cm dimensions. The ratio of group velocity to the medium velocity
for transmission at 11 GHz is:
a) 0.838 b) 1.2 c) 0.712 d) 0.938

Q12 The rectangular waveguide with a cross-section as shown in the given figure
has a discontinuous dielectric medium. The standing wave ratio if the guide
operates at 8 GHz in the dominant mode:

a) 2.566 b) 1.56 c) 1.93 d) 4.13

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 Chapter 7
Q13 The cut-off frequency of a certain TEmn mode is 16 GHz in a rectangular
waveguide filled with polyethylene (∈r = 2.25∈0) and is operating at 24 GHz.
The group velocity and intrinsic impedance of the mode are:
a) 1.49 × 108 m/s; 337.2 Ω b) 1.23 × 106 m/s; 2.31 Ω
c) 1.49 × 108 c/s; 1.377 Ω d) 1.31 × 106 m/s; 337 Ω

Q14 The ratio of area of circular waveguide to standard rectangular waveguide

having same dominant mode cut-off frequency is:
a) 0.3183 b) 2.1581 c) 0.2196 d) 3.14

Q15 For TM01 mode of propagation in a circular waveguide with X01 = 2.405, with
the inner diameter of the circular waveguide being equal to 20 mm. Find the
cut off frequency for this mode of propagation?
a) 4.593 GHz b) 5.741 GHz c) 5.021 GHz d) 3.167 GHz

Answer key:
Q1 a), b) and c) Q2 b) and c) Q3 b)
Q4 a) Q5 a) Q6 a)
Q7 a) Q8 d) Q9 a)
Q10 a) Q11 a) Q12 b)
Q13 a) Q14 b) Q15 b)
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