Module 11. Assignment 1.

1.
I. Bathing/showering. Provide complete bathing care. Retain as much of client’s earlier
bathing rituals as is reasonable. Use client behavior as a guide.
II. Eating. Ask for food preferences. Fully set up meal before serving. Provide adaptive
equipment as needed. Monitor closely and be ready to provide feeding assistance. Offer
liquids on a regular schedule. Allow plenty of time to finish eating.
III. Dressing. Limit choices, select clothes and set them out. Choose comfortable clothing
that is easy to wash. Use simple, one-step commands and gestures. Encourage as much
independence as possible.
IV.
2.
a) It's not surprising that his observations of student behaviour as a high school principal in
his younger years would colour his current views on the subject, as it's not uncommon
for people to be shaped by their earlier experiences. His prior experience as a school
principal has coloured his outlook and decision-making in the present. Mr. Heron may
have trouble recalling recent events, but he does recall the train he once rode.
b) I'll ask him to calm down by speaking in a hushed tone, and then I'll help him make his
way back to his room. After that, I will question him about his thoughts, and I will try to
reassure him that it is completely normal to experience difficulties of this nature. In
addition to that, in order to divert his attention elsewhere, I will encourage him to
participate in an activity that he enjoys alongside me.
3. Depression is a mood disorder; dementias like Alzheimer’s disease, can have similar symptoms
but they are different illnesses and have different treatment plans.
4.
 Mild Stage. Client with mild dementia may require very little assistance, if any at all,
with the fundamental activities that make up daily life.
 Moderate Stage. Even though there is no clear line between mild and moderate
dementia, PSW will notice that as dementia gets worse, clients will need more help with
ADLs, especially instrumental ADLs. Depending on the person's physical abilities and the
type of dementia, this stage can be different, but some people may still be able to walk,
change positions, get out of bed, and do other basic ADLs on their own. Some people,
especially those with physical problems, may need more help.
 Severe Stage. When a person has severe dementia, it's likely that a family member or
carer has taken over all of the more complicated instrumental ADLs. Depending on how
well a person can move, even the most basic ADLs will require a lot of help. A person
with severe dementia may still be able to walk on their own and may be able to move
around in bed and get out of bed on their own or almost on their own. Anything that
requires planning, sequencing, or judgement will be very hard to do at this stage, so the
person will need help getting dressed, taking a bath, making a meal, grooming
themselves, and going to the bathroom. If you have trouble moving around, you will
need help with all ADLs.
5.
 a) Keep walkways and rooms well-lit. Create an even level by adding extra lights in entries,
outside landings, and areas between rooms, stairways and bathrooms. Use night lights
in hallways, bedrooms and bathrooms.
b) Avoid injury in the bathroom. Install grab bars for the shower, tub and toilet to provide
additional support. Apply textured stickers to slippery surfaces to prevent falls. Consider
installing a walk-in shower.
c) Be prepared for emergencies. Keep a list of emergency phone numbers and addresses
for local police and fire departments, hospitals and poison control helplines.
d) Evaluate your environment. Monitor garages, work rooms, basements and outside
areas, where there are more likely to be tools, chemicals, cleaning supplies and other
potentially hazardous items.
e) Avoid safety hazards in the kitchen. Use appliances that have an automatic shut-off
feature. Prevent unsafe stove usage by applying stove knob covers, removing knobs or
turning off the gas when the stove is not in use. Disconnect the garbage disposal.
Discard toxic plants and decorative fruits that may be mistaken for real food. Remove
vitamins, prescription drugs, sugar substitutes and seasonings from the kitchen table
and counters.
6.
I. Dementia is a general term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving and other
thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is the
most common cause of dementia.
II. Multi-infarct dementia is a loss of memory, thinking, judgment, or other mental skills
caused by a series of strokes.
III. Multi-infarct dementia is characterised by a combination of symptoms, including
confusion, short-term memory loss, loss of bladder or bowel control, and difficulty
following instructions. Due to her early status, she is generally at ease. But she risks
endangering her health by failing to adhere to her treatment plan and maintain an
appropriate diet.
IV. It's crucial that I pay attention to her when she's talking to me so that she feels like she
can express herself freely. Even though Ms. Green is likely to forget, it is still beneficial
to inform her that her daughter visits frequently. Nonetheless, I would reassure her and
also let her know that I haven't seen her daughter recently. Everything can be said softly
and in a way that Mrs. Green will understand.
V. Communication is much more helpful for Ms. Green than saying "I don't know," so try to
use comforting words instead.
7. Those with cognitive impairments struggle to think rationally or efficiently. They are therefore
unable to dress in an appealing manner. Visitors or anyone else shouldn't be inconvenienced
because they can't perform their usual duties. The wearing of proper attire is vital, but it should
be normalised. There's no reason to be concerned about the way someone with a cognitive
impairment dresses, and even if they do have an impairment, they still deserve to put their best
foot forward.
8. Depression , Isolation , Mood swings
9. Disagree. Suicide can affect anyone, regardless of age. Although a younger person might face
different difficulties than an older person, the danger is still present. Among the many factors
 that could contribute to a decline in health and a sense of isolation in later life as the prime
motivators for such an act.
10.
I. Affective disorders, also known as mood disorders, are mental disorders that primarily
affect a person's emotional state. They impact the way they think, feel, and go about
daily life.
Depression is a medical term that describes ongoing feelings of extreme sadness
and hopelessness. It’s more than simply feeling down for a day or two.
II. An anxiety disorder is a type of mental health condition. If you have an anxiety disorder,
you may respond to certain things and situations with fear and dread. You may also
experience physical signs of anxiety, such as a pounding heart and sweating. It is a type
of mental illness characterised by strong feelings of worry, anxiety, or fear that
interfere with daily activities.
Panic disorder. Phobias are an intense fear of certain situations or objects. Some
of these fears may make sense, such as a fear of snakes. But often, the level of
fear doesn’t match the situation.

Module 11. Assignment II.

1.
2.
 Any symptom that gets worse, such as headaches, nausea, or fatigue
 Frequent vomiting
 Drastic changes in behavior, such as anger or confusion
 Pupils that are bigger than normal (dilated) or different sizes
 Trouble walking or speaking
 Problems breathing
 Drainage of bloody or clear fluids from the ears or nose
 Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
 Loss of consciousness
 Seizures
3.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries. A mild TBI can, but doesn’t always include, the following
physical, sensory, and cognitive symptoms:
 Loss of consciousness for a few seconds to a few minutes
 No loss of consciousness, but a state of being dazed, confused or disoriented
 Headache
 Nausea or vomiting
 Fatigue or drowsiness
 Problems with speech
 Difficulty sleeping
 Sleeping more than usual
 Dizziness or a loss of balance
 Blurred vision, ringing in the ears, changes in the sense of taste or smell
 Memory or concentration problems
  Mood changes or mood swings
 Feeling depressed or anxious

Moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries can include any of the signs and symptoms of
mild injury, as well as the following symptoms:

 Loss of consciousness from several minutes to hours

 Persistent headache or headache that worsens
 Repeated vomiting or nausea
 Convulsions or seizures
 Dilation of one or both pupils of the eyes
 Clear fluids draining from the nose or ears
 Inability to awaken from sleep
 Weakness or numbness in fingers and toes
 Loss of coordination
 Profound confusion
 Agitation, combativeness, or other unusual behavior
 Slurred speech

Mild TBIs

 Mild TBIs occur more often than moderate or severe TBIs. This type of injury is often
characterized by a brief loss of consciousness that only lasts several seconds or minutes.
However, it’s important to note that you may still have a mild TBI even if you never lose
consciousness.

 Mild TBI victims often experience memory loss that lasts for less than an hour. They can also
experience dizziness, confusion, nausea, headaches, and many other physical symptoms.

 Diagnosing a mild TBI is not easy. Mild TBIs are not visible on imaging tests, so doctors must
diagnose patients based on the symptoms they report.

Moderate TBIs

 A blow to the head or violent shaking can cause a moderate TBI. If you sustain a moderate TBI,
you will lose consciousness. The loss of consciousness may last for as little as a few minutes or as
long as a few hours. In addition, moderate TBI victims can experience memory loss, confusion,
and other physical, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms for days or weeks. Unfortunately, some
moderate TBI victims will experience these symptoms for the rest of their lives.
  Imaging tests are used to diagnose moderate TBIs. These tests allow doctors to assess the
location and extent of the damage.

Severe TBIs

 The most serious brain injury is a severe TBI, which often occurs as a result of an overwhelming
blow or foreign object that penetrates the skull. Severe TBI victims lose consciousness for over
24 hours and may spend days, weeks, or even months in a coma.

 Sadly, many severe TBIs are fatal. Non-fatal severe TBIs can lead to permanent cognitive,
behavior, and physical changes. Even after months of rehabilitation, victims will never return to
their pre-injury condition. For this reason, a severe TBI impacts every aspect of the victim’s life.
4.
Impaired physical abilities (weakness, tremor, spasticity) (ii) Impaired
ability to think and learn ( forgetful , poor attention) (iii) Altered behaviour
and personality (short tempered, lethargic, flat or depressed) (v) Impaired
ability to communicate (slow or slurred speech , difficulty following
conversation)

Limitations in physical functioning (weakness, tremor, spasticity); (ii)

cognitive skills (i.e., being easily distracted, forgetful, and unable to focus) (iii) Modified
behaviour
and character (e.g., lack of emotion, lack of interest, lack of motivation) (v) Deficient
language skills (difficulty following directions, speaking slowly or slurring one's words), cognitive
skills (problems with planning and
conversation)
5. After a brain injury, it can be challenging to maintain or build relationships. This is because of
stress for all parties involved, changes to responsibilities and roles, and communication issues. It
can also happen because of the behavioural, physical and cognitive changes you experience.
6. PROBLEMS THAT COULD BE FACED  Dizziness  Double vision  Focusing problems 
Headaches  Problems with walking and stride POSITIVE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES  Range of
Movement.  Strength and Conditioning  Endurance Training.  Balance and Postural Control
Training. Co-ordination and Agility Training.  Use of Equipment and Supportive Devices.  Falls
Prevention.  Sensory Stimulation
7. PSWs help you achieve rehabilitation goals by providing care for day-to-day needs, including:
Providing supervision to ensure your safety . Offering emotional support and companionship.
Contributing encouragement in your rehabilitation program

Module 12.

1. The amount of haemoglobin that is currently bound to oxygen in comparison to the amount of
haemoglobin that is unbound is referred to as oxygen saturation.
2. .
a. Anemia. Lack of sufficient numbers of healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the
body's tissues, is known as anaemia. Having anaemia, or low haemoglobin levels, can
cause you to constantly feel exhausted.
b. Emphysema is a lung disease that leads to difficulty breathing. When a person has
emphysema, their lung air sacs (alveoli) become damaged. Due to gradual weakening
and eventual rupturing of the air sacs' inner walls, fewer, larger air spaces are formed
over time. As a result, less oxygen will be able to enter your bloodstream from the lungs.
3. Oxygen therapy is defined as the therapeutic use of oxygen and consists of administering oxygen
at concentrations greater than those found in room air in order to treat or prevent hypoxia.
Oxygen therapy is used to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood when people can't get
enough oxygen from breathing in room air. Only about 27% of the air around us is oxygen, so
giving a higher concentration of oxygen makes the blood oxygen level rise faster. Depending on
how it is given, the amount of oxygen can be controlled. For example, a nasal tube will give you
less oxygen than a special face mask that fits tightly. Here is a link to information about oxygen
therapy.
4. To lower the risk of infection for patients, all possible sources of respiratory pathogens must be
removed. Oxygen humidifiers are often used in hospitals because the oxygen used is a dry,
irritating gas that can cause lesions of the respiratory mucosa if it is not properly hydrated.
5. I will discuss the guidelines for safe behaviour with the client and his family, and I will also let my
supervisor know about the present situation. I'm going to make it my task to inform him about
the immediate dangers of smoking with oxygen cylinders in the house to the greatest extent
that I possibly can.
6.
a. EXPLOSION.
b. Injury
c. ACTIONS. They should be informed that if they choose to smoke, they should do so at a
distance of at least 10 feet from the oxygen; however, going outside would be an even
better option. (ii) They are responsible for reporting their findings to the supervisor.
Smoking cigarettes is the primary factor responsible for the client's condition, which can
be deduced from the fact that the client has emphysema. It is inappropriate for him to
smoke, and he should not be exposed to secondhand smoke either. It is in the client's
best interest to avoid exposing him to cigarette smoke, particularly while he is receiving
oxygen therapy.
7. The provision of family support by the PSW is an essential component of the treatment. The role
of the psw includes ensuring the patient's safety while using the equipment, assisting the
patient in maintaining their composure, and remaining present with the patient.
8. Give her some nasal prongs; these two prongs will have a slight curve to them, and they should
be placed in the nostrils (nares) so that the prongs point downward in order to prevent any
irritation from occurring. If you attach one or more pieces of extension tubing to the cannula,
you will be able to give the patient more freedom to move around.
9. . When you use a nasal cannula, the tubing may irritate the area under your nostrils as well as
the area around your ears. To keep your skin from getting sore, tuck some gauze under the
tubing. Apply a lotion that is based on water to the areas that have been rubbed. Do not
 consume alcohol or take any drugs that have a calming effect on you because doing so will slow
down your breathing.
 Petroleum based products - water based products
 Aerosol spray - water spray
10. Tracheostomy, Endotracheal tube (ETT) insertion (intubation), Supraglottic airway (e.g. laryngeal
mask airway [LMA], i-Gel)
11. .
 Breathing exercises. Exercises that focus on the breath Breathing under control is one of
the most straightforward methods that nurses can use to assist patients in coping with
their anxiety.
 guided Imagery. guided Visualization The results of utilising this strategy are comparable
to those of performing breathing exercises.

12. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Pulmonary fibrosis Pneumonia. Covid-19
13. Oxygen is considered a drug because it must be prescribed by a doctor and is therefore not
allowed to be administered by a personal support worker; however, personal support workers
are allowed to help clients with their therapy. In the event that the PSW has any inquiries or
worries, they are required to report them immediately to their supervisor.