Chapter 5

Control Structures

Dr. Niroj Kumar Pani

[email protected]

Department of Computer Science Engineering & Applications

Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology
Sarang, Odisha
Chapter Outline…
◼ Introduction

◼ Decision Control Structure

➢ The if Statement
➢ The switch Statement (Multi Way Decision)
➢ Assignments - I

◼ Loop Control Structure

➢ Introduction
➢ The while Loop / Statement
➢ The do-while Loop / Statement
➢ The for Loop / Statement
➢ Nesting of Loops

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.2

◼ Jump Control Structure (Unconditional Jump)
➢ Introduction
➢ The continue Statement
➢ The break, return, and exit() Statements
➢ The goto Statement
➢ Assignments - II

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.3

Introduction
◼ Control structures defines the order in which the statements in a program are
executed.
◼ There are four types of control structures in C:
1. Sequence control structure:
➢ Control flows in a straight line.
➢ All the statements in the program are executed one after another,
starting from the 1st statement to the last statement.
➢ All the programs that we have done so far, fall into this category.

2. Selection / Decision / Branch control structure:

➢ A condition is examined.
➢ A statement (or a group of statements) is executed if the
condition is true and another statement (or group of statements)
is executed if the condition becomes false.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.4

 ➢ Implemented though the following statements / constructs:
▪ if statement. It has four different forms:
− Simple if statement
− if...else statement
− Nested if...else statement
− else if ladder
▪ switch statement

3. Loop / Repetition / Iteration control structure:

➢ A condition is examined.
➢ A statement (or a group of statements) is repeatedly executed till
the condition is true.
➢ Implemented though the following statements / constructs:
▪ while statement.
▪ do...while statement
▪ for statement

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.5

4. Jump control structure (Unconditional jump):
➢ We jump from one statement to another unconditionally.
➢ Implemented though the following statements / constructs:
▪ continue statement
▪ break statement
▪ return statement
▪ exit() statement
▪ goto statement.

In the following sections, we shall discuss each of the control structures (except the
sequence control structure) in detail.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.6

Selection / Decision / Branch
Control Structure
The if Statement
Simple if (One-way decision)

◼ Syntax:

Here,
if(expression)
— expression corresponds to a C expression, that
{
is evaluable to either true (non-zero) or false (zero).
if block statement(s);
— statement(s) corresponds to a set of
}
statements (0, 1, or more no. of statements).

◼ Control Flow:
➢ The expression is evaluated 1st .
➢ If it is true (non-zero), the set of statements within the if block is executed
(sequentially). The control is then transferred to statement immediately
after the if block .
➢ If it is false (zero), the set of statements within the if block are skipped
and the control is directly transferred to the statement immediately after
the if block .
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.8
◼ Programming Example:

/* PR5_1.c: Input four integers a, b, c, d and print the value of (a+b)/(c-d) if (c-d) ≠0 */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int a, b, c, d;
float result;
printf("Enter four integers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d %d", &a, &b, &c, &d);

if((c-d)!=0)
{
result = (float)(a+b)/(c-d);
printf("The value of (a+b)/(c-d) is: %f", result);
} Output
getch(); Run 1:
} Enter four integers: 12 3 8 3
The value of (a+b)/(c-d) is: 3.000000
Run 2:
Enter four integers: 12 3 8 8

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.9

◼ Notes:
1. When the if block contains just a single statement then the curly braces
become optional. i.e.,

if(expression)
{ if(expression)
statement 1; is same as statement 1;
} statement 2;
statement 2;

However, this programming style should be avoided.

2. Never put a semicolon (;) after the if clause , because it will be same as
writing no statements within the if block.

if(expression);
if(expression)
{
; /*A blank statement*/
statement 1; is same as statement 1;
}
statement 2;
statement 2;

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.10

3. Suppose, in the expression your intension is to write x == 0, but by
mistake you have written x = 0. i.e.,

if(x==0) if(x=0)
{ {
is by mistake
statement 1; statement 1;
written as
statement 2; statement 2;
} }

Then what will happen?

In this case, the statements within the if block are never executed, no
matter whether x is equals to zero or not. Because, in C, 0 is always
false. When we write x=0, x becomes false i.e., the total expression
becomes false.
So, be careful while writing x==0.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.11

The if...else Statement (Two-way decision)

◼ The simple if statement does nothing when the expression becomes false. If
we want to execute one set of statements when the condition (expression)
becomes true and some other set of statements when the condition
(expression) becomes false , then we should use the if...else statement.

◼ Syntax:

if(expression)
{
if block statement(s);
}
else
{
else block statement(s);
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.12

◼ Control Flow:
➢ The expression is evaluated 1st .
➢ If it is true (non-zero), the set of statements within the if block is executed
(sequentially). If it is false (zero), the set of statements within the else
block is executed (sequentially).
➢ After the execution of the set of statements either in the if block or in the
else block, the control is transferred to the statement immediately after
the if...else construct (i.e., after the closing curly brace of the else block ).
◼ Notes:
1. When the else block contains just a single statement then the curly braces
becomes optional. i.e.,

else
{ else
statement 1; is same as statement 1;
} statement 2;
statement 2;

However, this programming style should be avoided.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.13
◼ Programming Example 1:

/* PR5_2.c: The same program as in PR5_1, but in this case, it will print “(c-d) = 0, The
result is undetermined.”, if (c-d) becomes equal to 0 */ Output
# include <stdio.h> Run 1:
# include <conio.h> Enter four integers: 12 3 8 3
The value of (a+b)/(c-d) is: 3.000000
void main()
{ Run 2:
int a, b, c, d; Enter four integers: 12 3 8 8
float result; (c-d) = 0, The result is undetermined.

printf("Enter four integers: ");

scanf("%d %d %d %d", &a, &b, &c, &d);
if((c-d)!=0)
{
result = (float)(a+b)/(c-d);
printf("The value of (a+b)/(c-d) is: %f", result);
}
else
{
printf("(c-d) = 0, The result is undetermined.");
}
getch();
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.14

◼ Programming Example 2:

/* PR5_3.c: Program to enter an integer and check whether it is even or odd*/

Output
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h> Run 1:
Enter an integer: 12
void main() 12 is an even integer.
{
int a; Run 2:
printf("Enter an integer: "); Enter an integer: 5
scanf("%d", &a); 5 is an even integer.
if(a%2 == 0)
{
printf("\n%d is an even integer.", a);
}
else
{
printf("\n%d is an odd integer.", a);
}

getch();
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.15

The Nested if...else Statement (Multi way decision)

◼ When we put an entire if statement or an entire if...else statement within

the if block or the else block or both of another if...else statement, then the
construct is called nested if...else.

◼ Syntaxes:
if(expression1)
if(expression1) {
{ if(expression2)
statement(s); {
if(expression2) statement(s);
{ }
statement(s); }
} else
else {
{ if(expression3)
statement(s); {
} statement(s);
statement(s); }
} else
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.16
◼ Programming Example:

/* PR5_4.c: Program to find the largest among three integers*/

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int a, b, c, largest;
printf("Enter three integers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
if(a>b)
{
if (a>c)
largest = a;
else
largest = c;
}
else
{
if (c>b)
largest = c;
else
largest = b;
} [Cont.]
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.17
 printf("\nThe largest number is: %d", largest); Output
getch();
} Enter three integers: 12 15 2
The largest number is: 15

◼ Notes:
1. Dangling Else Problem: While nesting, care should be exercised to
match every else statement with an if statement. When an else
statement has no matching if, then that else is called dangling else.

if()
if()
if()
else
else
else
else /* The dangling else*/

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.18

2. How to know which else belongs to (matches to) which if?:
The answer is simple. An else is always matched with the nearest
unmatched if.

1 if()
2 if()
3 if()
4 else /*Belongs to the if() in line no. 3*/
5 else /*Belongs to the if() in line no. 2*/
6 else /*Belongs to the if() in line no. 1*/
7 if()
8 else /*Belongs to the if() in line no. 7*/
9 if()
10 else /*Belongs to the if() in line no. 9*/
11 else /*Dangling else*/

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.19

3. Try to avoid nested if...else statements unless until it is highly
required. There are two reasons for it:
i. Nested if...else statements are complex to understand and
handle.
ii. Almost all the programs that requires nested if...else
construct, can also be easily done with the else if ladder.

We will discuss the else if ladder next. We will see that the program
(PR5_4.c) that we have done by using the if...else construct, can be
done very easily with the else if ladder .

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.20

The else if Ladder (Multi-way decision)

◼ The else if ladder does the same thing as that of the nested if...else
construct (both are meant for multi way decision making), but in a simpler manner.

◼ Syntax:

if(expression1)
{
statement(s);
}
else if(expression2)
{
statement(s); The total structure contains only
}
else if(expression3) one if at the beginning, and only
{ one else at the end.
statement(s);
}
else
{
statement(s);
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.21

◼ Control Flow:
➢ The expressions are evaluated from the top (of the ladder),
downwards.
➢ As soon as an expression is found to be true, the block of statements
associated with that expression is executed (no other statement block is
executed).
➢ If all the expressions are evaluated to be false, then the final else
statement is executed.
➢ After the execution of any one block of statements present in the ladder
(either the if block, or any one of the else if blocks, or the final else
block), the control is transferred to the statement immediately after
else if ladder (skipping the rest of the ladder).

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.22

◼ Programming Example 1:

/* PR5_5.c: The same program as that of PR5_4.c (Program to find the highest among
three integers), using else if ladder*/
Output
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h> Enter three integers: 12 15 2
The greatest number is: 15
void main()
{
int a, b, c, greatest;
printf("Enter three integers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

if(a>b && a>c)

greatest = a;
else if(b>a && b>c)
greatest = b;
else
greatest = c;

printf("\nThe greatest number is: %d", greatest);

getch();
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.23

◼ Programming Example 2:
An electric power distribution company charges its domestic consumers as follows:
Consumption Units Rate of Charge
0 - 200 Rs. 0.50 per unit
201 - 400 Rs. 100 plus Rs.0.65 per unit excess of 200
401 - 600 Rs. 230 plus Rs.0.80 per unit excess of 400
601 and above Rs. 390 plus Rs.1.00 per unit excess of 600
Write a program that reads the customer number and power consumed and prints the amount to
be paid by the customer.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.24

/* PR5_6.c: Electricity Bill Estimation */ Output

# include <stdio.h> Enter CUSTOMER NO. & UNITS consumed: 11 340

# include <conio.h> Customer No: 11, Charges = 358.00

void main()
{
int units, custNo;
float chrges;

printf("Enter CUSTOMER NO. & UNITS consumed: ");

scanf("%d %d", &custNo, &units);

if (units <= 200)

chrges = 0.5 * units;
else if (units <= 400)
chrges = 100 + 0.65 * (units - 200);
else if (units <= 600)
chrges = 230 + 0.8 * (units - 400);
else
chrges = 390 + (units - 600);

printf("\nCustomer No: %d, Charges = %.2f\n", custNo, chrges);

getch();
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.25

[NOTE]: if...else Vs. The Conditional Operator (? :)

◼ We have studied the conditional operator (? : ) in the chapter “Operators and

Expressions”. The working of conditional operator is exactly same as that of
the if...else construct. i.e.,

(expression1) ? (expression2) : (expression3);

is same as

if (expression1)
{
expression2;
}
else
{
expression3;
}

Then what is the need of the if...else statements?

◼ The limitation of the conditional operator is that, after the ? or after the : only
one C statement can be written.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.26

The switch Statement (Multi Way Decision)
◼ It is rather called the switch-case-break construct.

◼ Syntax:
Here,
switch(expression)
{ — expression corresponds to either an
case constant1: integer/character constant like 1, 2, 3, ‘a’,
statement(s); ‘b’, ‘c’ etc., or any C expression that is
break; evaluable to an integer/character value.
case constant2: — constant1, constant2,... are
statement(s); integer/character constants like 1, 2, 3, ‘a’,
break; ‘b’, ‘c’ etc. Each of these constants should be
unique within a switch-case construct.
...
... — The break statements are optional.
— The default level is optional. There can
default: be at most one default level.
statement(s);
— The default level may be placed any
}
where but usually placed at the end.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.27

◼ Control Flow:
➢ The expression is evaluated 1st.

➢ Its value is then matched, one by one, in order, against constant1,

constant2,...that follow the case levels. When a match is found, the
program executes the set of statements corresponding to that case and
all subsequent case and default as well (if a default is present). The
control is then transferred to the statement immediately after the switch-
case construct (i.e., after the closing curly brace of the switch-case construct).
However, the break statement is meant for taking the control
out of the current block (a block is a set of statements enclosed within a
pair of curly braces).

So, when a break statement is present within a case, it takes

the control out of the switch-case construct on execution (i.e., transfers the
control to the statement immediately after the switch-case construct). So, in this
situation the set of statements corresponding to only that case is
executed.
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.28
➢ If no match is found with any of the case (that precedes the default),
the program executes the set of statements corresponding to the
default and all subsequent case (if at all present after the default ; recall
that default can be placed any where). The control is then transferred to
the statement immediately after the switch-case construct.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.29

◼ Examples: A few examples will clarify the control flow

Sl.
Example Output
No.
1 void main() I am in case 2
{ I am in case 3
int i = 2; I am in default

switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("I am in case 1 \n");
case 2:
printf("I am in case 2 \n");
case 3:
printf("I am in case 3 \n");
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.30

Sl.
Example Output
No.
2 void main() I am in case 2
{ I am in case 3
int i = 2;

switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("I am in case 1 \n");
case 2:
printf("I am in case 2 \n");
case 3:
printf("I am in case 3 \n");
break;
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.31

Sl.
Example Output
No.
3 void main() I am in case 2
{
int i = 2;

switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("I am in case 1 \n");
case 2:
printf("I am in case 2 \n");
break;
case 3:
printf("I am in case 3 \n");
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.32

Sl.
Example Output
No.
4 void main() I am in case 2
{
int i = 2;

switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("I am in case 1 \n");
break;
case 2:
printf("I am in case 2 \n");
break;
case 3:
printf("I am in case 3 \n");
break;
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.33

Sl.
Example Output
No.
5 void main() I am in default
{
int i = 10;

switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("I am in case 1 \n");
break;
case 2:
printf("I am in case 2 \n");
break;
case 3:
printf("I am in case 3 \n");
break;
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.34

Sl.
Example Output
No.
6 void main() I am in default
{ I am in case 2
int i = 10;

switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("I am in case 1 \n");
break;
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
case 2:
printf("I am in case 2 \n");
break;
case 3:
printf("I am in case 3 \n");
break;
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.35

Sl.
Example Output
No.
7 void main() I am in default
{
int i = 10;

switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("I am in case 1 \n");
break;
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
break;
case 2:
printf("I am in case 2 \n");
break;
case 3:
printf("I am in case 3 \n");
break;
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.36

Sl.
Example Output
No.
8 void main() ‘B’ for ball
{
char ch = 'B';

switch(ch)
{
case 'a':
case 'A':
printf("'A' for apple \n");
break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
printf("'B' for ball \n");
break;
case 'c':
case 'C':
printf("'C' for cat \n");
break;
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.37

◼ Programming Example 1:

/* PR5_7.c: Program that reads an alphabet and prints whether it is a vowel or consonant*/

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter an alphabet: ");
scanf("%c", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 'a':
case 'A':
case 'e':
case 'E':
case 'i':
case 'I':
case 'o':
case 'O':
case 'u':
case 'U':
printf("\nIt is a vowel.\n");
break; [Cont.]
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.38
 default:
printf("\nIt is a consonant.\n"); Output
}
} Run 1:
Enter an alphabet: p
It is a consonant.

Run 2:
Enter an alphabet: u
It is a vowel.

◼ Programming Example 2:
For a student’s mark within 0-100, the index = (mark/25). The grades are calculated as follows:
Index Grade
0 D
1 C
2 B
3 A
Write a program that reads the mark within 0-100 and prints the appropriate grade.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.39

/* PR5_8.c: Student’s Grade Calculation */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int mark, index;
printf("Enter mark (0-100): ");
scanf("%d", &mark);
index = mark/25;
switch(index)
{
case 0:
printf("\nThe grade is: D\n");
break;
case 1:
printf("\nThe grade is: C\n");
break;
case 2:
printf("\nThe grade is: B\n");
break;
case 3:
printf("\nThe grade is: A\n");
break;
[Cont.]
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.40
 default:
printf("\nYou haven’t entered the mark within 0-100.");
}
}

Output

Run 1:
Enter mark (0-100): 85
The grade is: A

Run 2:
Enter mark (0-100): 145
You haven’t entered the mark within 0-100.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.41

◼ Notes:
1. Though in all our programs we have put the case in some order, one can
put the case in any order he likes. But the matching is always done in
top to bottom order.

void main()
{
int i = 10;
switch(i)
{
case 78:
printf("I am in case 78 \n");
break;
case 10:
printf("I am in case 10 \n");
break;
case 196:
printf("I am in case 196 \n");
break;
default:
printf("I am in default \n");
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.42

2. One can mix characters and integers in the cases (characters are actually
integers).
3. Every statement in a switch-case must belong to some case. If a
statement doesn’t belong to some case the compiler WON’T report an
error, but the statement would never be executed.

...
switch(i)
{
printf(“Enter a value: ”); /* This statement is never executed*/
case 100:
j = i+50;
printf(“%d \n“, j);
break;
case 200:
j = i-50;
printf(“%d \n“, j);
break;
}
...

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.43

 4. Though, the default level may be placed any where it should always be
placed at the end.
5. In principle, a switch-case construct can be nested, but it is rarely
practiced.
6. The switch-case construct is very helpful in writing menu driven
programs.

Switch-case Vs. The else-if Ladder

◼ Though both are meant for multi way decision making, there are some thing
that simply can’t be done by using the switch-case:
1. switch-case are meant for equality comparisons. One can’t write a case
that looks like: case i<=100.
2. A float value (any value other than integer/character) can’t be tested by
using a switch.
3. A case can’t contain an expression like, a+3.
4. Multiple case can’t use the same expression.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.44

Assignments - I
Complete the experiments given in “Lab Manual - Section 4”.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.45

Loop / Repetition / Iteration
Control Structure
Introduction
◼ What is Looping?: Executing a set of statements repeatedly till a particular
condition is true.
➢ A condition is nothing but an expression, evaluable to either true
(non-zero) or false (zero).
➢ The condition tests a variable, known as the control variable that
controls the number of times the loop is executed.

◼ The Overall Looping Process: The looping process, in general, involves the
following four steps
1. Initialization: The control variable is assigned to some initial value.
2. Testing Using a Condition: The control variable is tested (using an
expression). The result is either true (non-zero) or false (zero).
3. Executing the set of statements in the body of the loop.
4. Update: The control variable is updated (incremented, decremented, or
any other operation that changes the value of the control variable).

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.47

◼ Classification: Depending upon the position of the condition, a loop construct
may be classified as
1. Entry controlled loop (pre-test loop)
▪ while loop
▪ for loop

2. Exit controlled loop (post-test loop)

▪ do-while loop

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.48

The while Loop / Statement
◼ Syntax:

initialization;
...
while(condition)
{
body of statement(s);
the loop update;
}

◼ Control Flow: The while is an entry-controlled loop.

➢ The condition is evaluated 1st. If it is true (non-zero), then the body of
the loop is executed. After the execution of the body, the condition is
once again evaluated and if it is true, the body is executed once again.
This process is repeated until the condition finally becomes false (zero).

➢ When the condition becomes false, the loop is terminated, and the
control goes to the statement immediately after the body of the loop.
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.49
◼ Programming Example 1:

/* PR5_9.c: A program to calculate the sum of squares of numbers between 1 to 10. i.e.,
sum = 12+22+32+ ..... +102*/

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int sum = 0;
int i = 1; /*Initialization*/

while(i<=10) /*Condition (Testing)*/

{
sum = sum + (i*i);
i++; /*Update (Incrementing)*/
}

printf("The sum is: %d\n\n", sum);

}

Output

The sum is: 385

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.50

◼ Programming Example 2:

/* PR5_10.c: A program to evaluate the equation y = xn when n is a non-negative integer */

Output
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h> Enter the values of x and n: 12 5
x = 12.000000; n = 5;
void main()
x to the power n = 248832.000000
{
int count, n;
float x, y;
printf("Enter the values of x and n: ");
scanf("%f %d", &x, &n);
y = 1.0;
count = 1; /* Initialization */

while (count <= n) /*Condition (Testing)*/

{
y = y*x;
count++; /* Update (Incrementing) */
}

printf("\nx = %f; n = %d; \nx to power n = %f\n",x,n,y);

}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.51

◼ Notes:
1. If you forget to update the control variable (i.e., forget to write i++ or
count++, as written in the last two programs within the body of the while loop),
the loop becomes an infinite loop.

2. It is not necessary that the control variable must only be an int. It could
also be a float (any numeric value).
Again, the update doesn’t mean only incrementing or
decrementing. It could be any operation, that eventually changes the
control variable, so that the condition becomes false at some time.

void main()
{
float a = 10.0;
while(a <= 1000.0)
{
printf("Hi\n"); /* "Hi" is printed 6 times*/
a = a * 2.5;
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.52

3. Never put a semicolon (;) immediately after the while clause. It will lead to
an infinite loop.

int i; int i;
... ...
while(i <= 10); while(i <= 10)
{ is same as ;
printf(“%d\n“, i); {
i++; printf(“%d\n“, i);
} i++;
}

4. What do you think would be the out put of the following program?

int i; It is an infinite loop, because

... the condition (i = 10) is
while(i = 10)
{ always true (non-zero).
printf(“%d\n“, i);
i++;
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.53

5. What do you think would be the out put of the following program?

void main()
{
int i = 1;
while(i <= 32767)
{
printf(“%d\n“, i);
i++;
}
}

No, it doesn’t print numbers from 1 to 32767. It is an infinite loop.

To begin with, it prints out numbers from 1 to 32767. After that,

the value of i is incremented to 1, therefore it tries to become 32768,
which falls outside the valid integer range (assuming that, the compiler gives
2 bytes for an int), so it goes to the other side and becomes -32768, which
again satisfies the condition (i <= 32767). This process goes on
indefinitely.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.54

The do-while Loop / Statement
◼ The Need (The difference between while and do-while): The while loop is an
entry-controlled loop - meaning that - it executes the body of the loop only if the
condition is true.
However, on some occasions it might be necessary to execute the body
of a loop at least once, even if the condition becomes false. In such situations,
we should use an exit-controlled loop, like the do-while loop.

◼ Syntax:

initialization;
...
do Notice the semicolon (;). It was not
{ present in the syntax of the while loop.
body of statement(s);
the loop update;
} while(condition);

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.55

◼ Control Flow: As already mentioned the do-while is an exit-controlled loop.
➢ On reaching the do statement, the control proceeds to execute the body
of the loop first.
➢ At the end of the loop, the condition in the while statement is
evaluated. If it is true (non-zero), then the body of the loop is executed
once again. This process is repeated till the condition finally becomes
false (zero).
➢ Eventually, when the condition becomes false, the loop is terminated,
and the control is transferred to the statement immediately after the
while statement.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.56

◼ Programming Example:

/* PR5_11.c: Program that continues to read a number and displays its square until the use says
“NO”*/

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
char status = ‘Y’; /*Initialization*/
int n;
do
{
printf("\n\nEnter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nIts square is: %d", (n*n));
printf("\n\nWould you like to continue (Y/N)?: ");
status = getche(); /*Update*/
}while(status == 'Y' || status == 'y'); /*Condition (Testing)*/
}

Enter an integer: 5
Its square is: 25
Would you like to continue (Y/N)?: Y Output
...
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.57
The for Loop / Statement
◼ The for loop is another entry-controlled loop that provides a more concise
loop control structure. It allows initialization, testing using a condition, and
update in a single line.

◼ Syntax:

for(initialization; condition; update)

{
body of
statement(s);
the loop
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.58

◼ Control Flow: Demonstrated thorough the following diagram

if the condition
is false
1 2 4
for(initialization; condition; update)
{
if the condition
is true
statement(s) 3

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.59

◼ Programming Example 1:

/* PR5_12.c The same program as that of PR5_9.c using the for loop
(A program to calculate sum = 12+22+32+ ..... +102) */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int sum = 0;
int i;

for(i=1; i<=10; i++) /*Initialization, Condition (Testing), and Update*/

{
sum = sum + (i*i);
}

printf("The sum is: %d\n\n", sum);

}

Output

The sum is: 385

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.60

◼ Programming Example 2:

/* PR5_13.c A program to calculate the nth Fibonacci number */

/* Note: The Fibonacci series is : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 ... */ Output
# include <stdio.h> Enter the value of n: 7
# include <conio.h> The 7th Fibonacci number is: 8
void main()
{
int n, i, fib1=0, fib2=1, fib;

printf("\n\nEnter the value of n: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

for(i=1; i<=n-2; i++)

{
fib = fib1+fib2;
fib1 = fib2;
fib2 = fib;
}

printf("\nThe %dth Fibonacci number is: %d", n, fib);

getch();
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.61

◼ Notes:

1. In a for loop, both the initialization and the update sections can contain
more than one expressions. If done so, the expressions should be
separated by commas (,). For example:

j=1; /* More than one expressions initialized*/

for(i=0; i<10; i++) Can be for(i=0, j=1; i<10; i++)
{ rewritten {
... as ...
} }

for(i=0; j<10; i++) /* More than one expressions updated*/

{ Can be for(i=0; j<10; i++, j++)
... rewritten {
j++; as ...
} }

j=1; /* More than one expressions initialized

for(i=0; j<10; i++) Can be and updated*/
{ rewritten for(i=0, j=1; j<10; i++, j++)
... as {
j++; ...
} }

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.62

2. However, the condition section must contain exactly one expression
(the expression may contain only the control variable, or other variables
along with the control variable).

3. Writing the initialization, or the condition, or the update sections, within

the for statement, is optional. However, the semicolons (;) separating
the sections must remain.
The following examples will clarify the concept

...
i=5; /* Initialization is written here */

for( ; i<100 ; i=i+5) /* Contains the condition and the update*/

{
printf(“%d\n”, i);
}
...

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.63

...
i=5; /* Initialization is written here */

for( ; i<100 ; ) /* Contains only the condition */

{
printf(“%d\n”, i);
i = i+5; /* Update is written here */
}
...

...
i=5; /* Initialization is written here */

for( ; ; ) /* Contains only the semicolons*/

{
printf(“%d\n”, i);
if (i>100) /* Condition is written here */
break;
i = i+5; /* Update is written here */
}
...

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.64

4. If we completely remove the condition section, or the update section, or
both form the for loop then it will be an infinite loop.

The following examples will clarify the concept

for(i=0; ; i++) /* No condition; Infinite loop*/

{
printf(“%d\n”, i);
}

for(i=0; i<10 ; ) /* No update; Infinite loop*/

{
printf(“%d\n”, i);
}

for(i=0; ; ) /* No condition and update; Infinite loop*/

{
printf(“%d\n”, i);
}

for(; ;) /* No condition and update; Infinite loop (the easiest way to write an
{ infinite loop)*/
printf(“%d\n”, i);
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.65

Nesting of Loops
◼ The way if and switch statements can be nested, similarly the loops can also
be nested by placing one within another.

◼ Programming Example 1:

/* PR5_14.c A program to display all prime numbers from 1 to n */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int i, j, n, num;

printf("\nEnter a range: ");

scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nThe prime numbers within the range 1-%d are: ", n);

[Cont.]

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.66

 for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
num = i;
for(j=2;j<num;j++)
{
if(num%j == 0)
break;
}
if(num == j)
{
printf("%d ", num);
}
}
getch();
}

Output

Enter a range: 20
The prime numbers within the range 1-20 are: 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.67

◼ Programming Example 2: Write a program to print the following structure

1
1 2 /* PR5_15.c A program to display right pyramid */
1 2 3 # include <stdio.h>
1 2 3 4 # include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int row, col;

for(row=1;row<=4;row++)
{
for(col=1;col<=row;col++)
{
printf("%d ", col);
}
printf("\n\n");
}
getch();
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.68

◼ Programming Example 3: Write a program to print the following structure

1
1 2 1 /* PR5_16.c A program to display full pyramid */
1 2 3 2 1 # include <stdio.h>
1 2 3 4 3 2 1 # include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int row, col, space;

for(row=1;row<=4;row++)
{
for(space=1;space<=4-row;space++)
printf(" ");

for(col=1;col<=row;col++)
printf("%d ", col);

for(col=col-2;col>=1;col--)
printf("%d ", col);

printf("\n\n");
}
getch();
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.69

Jump Control Structure
Introduction
◼ The jump (unconditional jump) is implemented through the following
statements.
➢ continue
➢ break
➢ return
➢ exit()
➢ goto

◼ exit()is a library function; rest are key words.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.71

The continue Statement
◼ The continue statement can only be used within a loop construct.

◼ Syntax: continue;

◼ What It Does?: When executed (within a loop), it takes the control directly to the
next iteration (i.e., to the condition clause) of the current loop, skipping all the
statements after the continue statement within the loop.

➢ A continue is usually associated with an if.

for(initialization; condition; update)

{
...
if(...)
continue;
...
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.72

◼ Programming Example:

/* PR5_17.c A program to display the odd numbers between 1 to 10 */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int i;
printf("\nThe odd numbers between 1-10 are: ");
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i%2 == 0)
{
continue;
}
printf("%d ", i);
}
getch(); Output
}
The odd numbers between 1-10 are: 1 3 5 7 9

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.73

The break, return, and exit() Statements
◼ Unlike the continue statement which can be explicitly used within a loop, the
break, return, and exit() statements can be used any where in a program
(there is no restriction).

break

◼ We have already used break statements before.

◼ Syntax: break;

◼ What it Does?: When executed, it takes the control

while(...)
out of the current block (recall that, a block is a set of {
statements enclosed within a pair of curly braces). for(...)
{
...
break;
...
}
}
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.74
return

◼ Syntax: return [(][expression][)];

The components in the square brackets are optional.

◼ What it Does?: The return statement terminates the execution of the current
function and takes the control to the calling function immediately following the
function call. A return statement can also return a value to the calling function.

More on the return statement will be discussed in the chapter “Functions”.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.75

exit()

◼ Syntax: exit([integer_constant]);

The component in the square brackets is optional.

◼ What it Does?: The exit() statement (function) takes the control out of the
whole program (i.e., terminates the program).
➢ exit() optionally takes an integer constant as its argument. Normally,
a zero as an argument (exit(0)) is used to indicate normal termination
of the program (to the operating system) and a non-zero value as an
argument is used to indicate termination of program due to some error
or abnormal condition.
➢ An exit() is usually associated with an if.

◼ [NOTE]: The description of exit() is present in the header file “stdlib.h”. So, in order
to use exit() we must include the header file “stdlib.h” in our program through the
preprocessor directive #include<stdlib.h>, otherwise we may get a warning.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.76

◼ Programming Example:

/* PR5_18.c A program that tests a number to be prime or not (A prime number is a natural number
greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.) */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdlib.h>

void main()
{
int i, num;
printf("\nEnter an positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
for(i=2;i<=num-1;i++)
{
if(num%i == 0)
{
printf("\n%d is a NOT a prime number.\n\n", num);
exit(0);
}
} Output
printf("\n%d is a prime number.\n\n", num);
} Enter a number: 56
56 is NOT a prime number.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.77

The goto Statement
◼ A word of caution: Avoid goto statement. It is not at all required for a highly
structured language like C (we are discussing it for the shake of
completeness). There are two reasons for it:
1. It obscures the normal control flow of the program (as we shall see, a goto
statement can cause the control to jump anywhere in the program without any
reason). Hence, the program becomes difficult to understand and debug.
2. Almost always, we can write the same program by using other control
statements like if, switch, exit() etc., in an easy and more elegant
manner.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.78

◼ Syntax:

Few Explanations
... ...
▪ The goto requires a label in
goto label: label:
order to identify the place of
... statement;
jump. The label is nothing but
label: ...
an identifier name.
statement; goto label:
▪ The label must be followed by
... ...
a colon.
(Forward Jump) (Backward Jump)

◼ Control Flow: During the execution of a program, when a statement like

“goto begin;” is met, the control will jump to the statement immediately
following the label “begin:”. This happens unconditionally.

[NOTE]: In a backward jump (when the “label:” is placed before the “goto label;”
statement), the program will fall in an infinite loop if no condition is specified (though another
goto or an if statement) to take the control after the “goto label;” statement.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.79

◼ Programming Example 1 (This is the 1st and last time we are doing a program using goto):

/* PR5_19.c A program that illustrate the use of goto */

# include <stdio.h> Output
# include <conio.h>
111
void main() 112
{ 121
int i, j, k; 122
for(i=1;i<=2;i++) 211
{ 212
for(j=1;j<=2;j++) 221
{
for(k=1;k<=2;k++) Out of the loop at last !!
{
if(i==2 && j==2 && k==2)
goto end;
else
printf("%d %d %d\n", i, j, k);
}
}
}
end:
printf("\nOut of the loop at last !!\n\n");
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.80

◼ Programming Example 2 (Rewriting the previous program without using goto):

/* PR5_20.c: Program to print the series as in PR5_19.c without using goto. */

# include <stdio.h> Output
# include <stdlib.h>
void main() 111
{ 112
int i, j, k; 121
for(i=1;i<=2;i++) 122
{ 211
for(j=1;j<=2;j++) 212
{ 221
for(k=1;k<=2;k++)
{ Out of the loop at last !!
if(i==2 && j==2 && k==2)
{
printf("\nOut of the loop at last!!\n\n");
exit(0);
}
else
printf("%d %d %d\n", i, j, k);
}
}
}
}

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.81

Assignments - II
Complete the experiments given in “Lab Manual - Section 5”.

Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.82

End of Chapter 5