Thermodynamics

MMET 370
Lecture 2
1
 Announcements
• Labs
– A lab manual will be available for this
course
• Just download electronic version of lab manual
(PDF file)
– Lab exercises: 40% Computational
(EES) + 60% Hands On
• No labs this week (17-20 Jan)
– We will have labs next week (23-27 Jan)
• Come to Thompson Hall 008
• Questions? 2
 Thermodynamic Systems:
Open or Closed
• System is:
– Quantity of matter or region of space chosen
for study and analysis
• Surroundings are:
– Region outside the system

System Surroundings

Boundary
3
 Closed System
• Closed system:
– Fixed mass and no mass can enter or leave
system
– Energy can cross boundary and boundary
can move (Example: Piston-Cylinder device)
No mass transfer

Closed
System
Heat transfer

4
A closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass and no mass may cross the
system boundary. The closed system boundary may move.

Examples of closed systems are sealed tanks and piston cylinder devices (note the
volume does not have to be fixed). However, energy in the form of heat and work
may cross the boundaries of a closed system.

Piston-Cylinder Device

Rigid Container 5
 Open System
• Open system or control volume:
– Mass and energy can cross boundary
– Examples: Compressors, turbines, and
nozzles

Mass transfer

Open
System
Heat transfer

6
An open system, or control volume, has mass as well as energy crossing the
boundary, called a control surface. Examples of open systems are pumps,
compressors, turbines, valves, and heat exchangers.

7
8
 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

• Property: Any characteristic of a

system.
• Some familiar properties are
pressure P, temperature T, volume
V, and mass m.
• Properties are considered to be
either intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties: Those that
are independent of the mass of a
system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties: Those
whose values depend on the size—
or extent—of the system.
• Specific properties: Extensive
properties per unit mass.
9
 Properties
• Intensive properties
– Independent of the size of the system
• Temperature
• Density
• Pressure
• Extensive Properties
– Dependent on system size
• Mass
• Volume
• Total Energy

10
 Intensive properties are those that are independent of size
Some Intensive Properties
a. temperature
b. pressure
c. age
d. color
e. any mass independent property

Extensive properties per unit mass are intensive properties. For example, the
specific volume v, defined as

Volume V  m3  mass m  kg 
v    Specific Property →     3
mass m  kg  volume V  m 
11
View of Matter in Thermodynamics
(“Disclaimer”)
• Continuum (Classical) vs. Discrete
(Statistical)
– Continuous and homogeneous
• Continuum idealization  MMET 370
– No discontinuities in any direction (X, Y or Z)
Discrete Continuum

12
 Continuum
• Matter is made up of atoms that are
widely spaced in the gas phase. Yet it
is very convenient to disregard the
atomic nature of a substance and view
it as a continuous, homogeneous
matter with no holes, that is, a
continuum.
• The continuum idealization allows us to
treat properties as point functions and
to assume the properties vary
continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
• This idealization is valid as long as the
size of the system we deal with is large
relative to the space between the
molecules.
• This is the case in practically all
problems.
• In this text we will limit our
consideration to substances that can be 13
modeled as a continuum.
 State and Equilibrium
• State
– Condition of a system as specified by the
values of its properties (e.g.T=5.0° C, P=1
atm)
– If properties change, the system
reaches a new state
P
S2
S1

14
 State of a System
• State ≈ "Physical Address" specified by its
properties
– Condition of a system as specified by the
values of its properties (e.g.T=5.0° C, P=1 atm)
– If properties change, the system reaches a
new state

15
 State and Equilibrium
• Equilibrium
– No unbalanced potential nor driving forces
present within the system
– System is in equilibrium when experiences
no changes as time passes

16
 Types of Equilibria
• Thermal Equilibrium
– No temperature gradient within the system
T2 T1 = T2

• Mechanical Equilibrium
T1

– Pressure does not change at a particular point

in the system
P1 ≠ P2
P2 P1 = P2
P1

P1 ≠ f(Time)
P2 ≠ f(Time)
17
Thermal Equilibrium

Non-equilibrium → Equilibrium

18
 Thermal equilibrium

T1 T2

Initial State: T1  T2
T1,final T2,final

Final State: T1  T2
19
 Equilibrium
• Phase Equilibrium
– When the mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level (final % of each
component)and stays there
• Alloys
• Ice & Water at 0° C
• Water and Vapor at 100 °C
• Chemical Equilibrium
– Chemical composition does not change with
time
20
 State Postulate
• State of system is described by its properties
– So, how many properties must be specified
to fix a state?

• Simple compressible system is completely

specified by 2 independent, intensive
properties (e.g. Temp, Pressure, …)

• Simple compressible system

– A system in the absence of electrical,
magnetic, gravitational, motion or surface
tension effects
21
 Independent
Properties/Examples of States
• One can vary while the other ones are held
constant
• Examples:
– Temperature and specific volume
– Temperature and Pressure (in single phase
system only)
• Single phase: All solid, liquid or gas but no
combination(s) or mixture(s) of them
– Temperature and Pressure are not independent
properties in multi-phase systems (e.g. Mixture of
water and vapor).
• Those systems need another property (quality) to fix a
state.
22
 Processes and Cycles
• Process
– Change that a system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another
• Path
– Series of states through which a system passes
during a process State 2

State 1
Process Path
• Quasi-equilibrium process
– Slow process that allows the entire system to adjust
so the entire system remains close to equilibrium
– Idealized and desirable process, why?
• Easy to analyze (don’t need to consider localized conditions)
• Work-producing devices deliver the most work when they
follow a quasi-equilibrium process
23
 Thermodynamic process
p
State 1 Process Path

State 2

T
24
Processes and Cycles

25
 Thermodynamic
Processes/Cycles
• Isothermal (Iso = equal) P

– Temperature remains constant T

• Isobaric P

– Pressure remains constant

• Isometric T

– Volume remains constant P

• Cycle V

– System reaches initial state at the end of the

process P

26
V
Thermodynamic process
Process 1
p
State 1
State 2

Process 2 V

27
 Steady Flow (Open System)
Process
• Steady Process for open systems
– Does not change with time
– Steady = no change with time
Massin

T1

T2 Massout

T1≠T2 or T1 = T2
T1 ≠ f(time)
T2 ≠ f(time)
28
 Steady Flow (Open System)
Process
• Steady flow process: process during
which a fluid flows through CV steadily
• Fluid properties can vary with position but
not with time
• dm/dt=0, dE/dt=0

CV = Control Volume 29
 Steady Flow (Open System)
Process
• Steady flow devices:
– Turbines
– Centrifugal Pumps
– Boilers
– Condensers
– HX: Heat Exchangers
– Refrigeration systems
– Mixing chambers

30
 Temperature and Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
• Temperature
– Measure of “coldness or hotness” in a
quantifiable way
– Reflects degree of molecular activity
Gas

Low Temperature High Temperature

31
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• States that if two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also
in thermal equilibrium with each other

T1 T3 T2

If T1 = T3 and T2 = T3, then T1 = T2

It seems obvious but necessary since the 1st and 2nd Laws say nothing about
this fact. It is called the Zeroth Law because it was formulated after the 1st and 2nd
32
Laws were formulated.
 Temperature scales
Kelvin Scale Celsius Scale
• Triple point of water at • Triple point of water at
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
T = 273.15 K T = 0 oC
• Steam point of water at • Steam point of water at
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
T = 373.15 K T = 100 oC
• 1 oC = 1 K

33
 Pressure-Temperature plane for water

p Critical Point
Liquid

Vapor- Liquid
P=4.58 mm Hg
T=0.01oC

Vapor
Solid

Triple Point

T
34
 T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15, K stands for Kelvin

T(R) = T(°F)+ 459.67, R stands for Rankine

T(°F) = 1.8*T(°C) + 32

1-13
Temperature Measurement Devices

• Glass Thermometer
– Mercury in glass expand with temperature
– NIST Traceable
• NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology

36
 Temperature Measurement Devices

• Glass Thermometer: ± 1.0 ° C, cheapest

– High precision (± 0.1 ° C) thermometer can cost up to
$400 or more

• Thermocouple Wire: ± 0.5 ° C, but inexpensive

• Thermistor and RTD: ± 0.1 ° C, but expensive

37
 Temperature Measurement Devices

• Thermocoupe Wire: ± 0.5 ° C, but inexpensive

• Thermistor and RTD: ± 0.1 ° C, but expensive
RTD and Thermistor Probe:
Thermocouple Probe:

38
http://www.omega.com/
 Example
• During a heating process, the temperature
of a system rises by 25 °C. Express the
rise in temperature in K, °F and R.

39
 Example
• During a heating process, the temperature
of a system rises by 25 °C. Express the
rise in temperature in K, °F and R.

40
41
42
43