Structural Steel Design to BS5950

ENCE5204: Steel Design [II]

Introduction to Structural Design

By:
Dr. Ali Hussein M. Bass
 Introduction
1.1: Need and Use of Structures
 Structures are one of mankind’s basic needs next to food and clothing, and
are a hallmark of civilization. Fundamentally, structures are needed for the
following purposes:

• To enclose space for environmental control;

• To support people, equipment, materials …etc. at required locations in space;

• To contain and retain materials; and

• To span land gaps for transport of people, equipment …etc.

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• The prime purpose of structures is to carry loads and transfer them to the
ground. Structures may be classified according to use and need. A general
classification is:
• Residential — houses, hotels, …. etc.;
• Commercial — offices, banks, department stores, shopping centers;
• Institutional — schools, universities, hospitals, …. etc.;
• Exhibition — churches, theatres, museums, art galleries, leisure centers,
sports stadia, …. etc.; and
• Industrial — factories, warehouses, power stations, steelworks, aircraft
hangers, …. etc.
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 Other important engineering structures are:

• Bridges — truss, girder, arch, cable stayed, suspension;

• Towers — water towers, pylons, lighting towers, …. etc.; and

• Special structures — offshore structures, carparks, radio telescopes, mine

headframes, …. etc.
• Each of the structures listed above can be constructed using a variety of
materials, structural forms or systems. Though the subject is steel
structures, steel is not used in isolation from other materials. All steel
structures must rest on concrete foundations and concrete shear walls are
commonly used to stabilize multi-storey buildings.
 Introduction

• BS 5950-1:2000[1] supersedes BS 5950-1: 1990, which is now withdrawn.

The new Standard includes technical changes from the previous Standard
but it does not constitute a full revision.

• The new Standard takes account of a number of new related standards

adopting European or International standards for materials and processes,
plus revisions to standards for loading. It also reflects the transfer of the
design of cold-formed structural hollow sections from BS 5950-5 to BS
5950-1:2000.
 Introduction

• BS 5950[1] is a Standard combining codes of practice covering the design,

construction and fire protection of steel structures and specifications for

materials, workmanship and erection. It comprises the following parts:

• Part 1: Code of practice for design - Rolled and welded sections.
• Part 2: Specification for materials, fabrication and erection - Rolled and
welded sections.
• Part 3: Design in composite construction - Section 3.1: Code of practice for
the design of simple and continuous composite beams.
• Part 4: Code of practice for design of composite slabs with profiled steel
sheeting.
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• Part 5: Code of practice for design of cold-formed thin gauge sections.

• Part 6: Code of practice for design of light gauge profiled steel sheeting.

• Part 7: Specification for materials, fabrication and erection – Cold-formed

sections and sheeting.

• Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistant design.

• Part 9: Code of practice for stressed skin design.

 Introduction
• As well as the main design standard for steelwork in buildings, BS 5950-
1:2000: Part 1, reference must be made to other relevant standards,
including:
(1) BS EN 10020: 2000. This gives definition and classification of grades of
steel.
(2) BS EN10029: 1991 (Plates); BS EN10025: 1993 (Sections); BS EN10210-
1: 1994 (Hot finished hollow sections); BS EN 10219-1: 1997 (Cold
formed hollow sections). This gives the mechanical properties for the
various types of steel sections.
(3) BS 6399-1: 1996 Part 1, Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads.

(4) BS 6399-2: 1997 Part 2, Code of Practice for Wind Loads.

(5) BS 6399-3: 1998 Part 1, Code of Practice for Imposed Roof Loads.
 Introduction

1.2: Aims of structural design

• The main aim of structural design is to design a safe structure that will
fulfill its intended purpose. The structure should be able to resist the
predicted loading for its entire design life with a sufficient margin of safety.
The in-service deflections and behaviour of the structure must not be such
that it is unacceptable for the intended use.

• Other factors that should also be considered in the design stage are
economy, safety, erection, transport and sustainability.
 Introduction
1.3: Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material
 Steel has become the predominate material for the construction of bridges,
buildings, towers, and other structures.
 Steel exhibits desirable physical properties that makes it one of the most
versatile structural material in use.
 Its great strength, uniformity, light weight, ease of use, and many other
desirable properties makes it the material of choice for numerous structures
such as steel bridges, high rise buildings, towers and other structures [See
Figures below].
 The many advantages of steel can be summarized as follows:
 High Strength:
This means that the weight of structure that made of steel will be small.
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Fig. (1): AL-Halfaia Bridge – Sudan.

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Fig. (2): Omdurman White Nile Steel Bridge – Sudan.

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Fig. (3): Zamil Tower – Bahrain. Fig. (4): AL-Shablan Tower – AL-Khobar (KSA).
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 Uniformity:
Properties of steel do not change as oppose to concrete.
 Elasticity:
Steel follows Hooke’s Law very accurately, as shown in Fig. (5).

 Ductility:
A very desirable of steel property in which steel can withstand extensive
deformation without failure under high tensile stresses, i.e., it gives
warning before failure takes place.
 Toughness:
Steel has both strength and ductility.
 Introduction

Fig. (5): Stress-Strain diagrams Fig. (6): Stress-Strain diagram

for Structural steel. for Plastic design.
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 Additions to Existing Structures:

Example: New bays or even entire new wings can be added to existing
frame buildings, and steel bridges may easily be widened.

1.4: Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material

 Steel has many disadvantages that make reinforced concrete as a
replacement for construction purposes.

 For example: Steel columns sometimes can not provide the necessary
strength because of buckling, whereas R.C. columns are generally stiff and
massive, i.e., no buckling problems occurs.
 Introduction
 The many disadvantages of steel can be summarized as follows:
 Maintenance Cost:
Steel structures are susceptible to corrosion when exposed to air, water,
and humidity. They may be painted periodically.
 Fireproofing Cost:
Steel is incombustible material, however, its strength is reduced rapidly at
high temperatures due to common fires [See Fig. (7) below].
 Susceptibility to Buckling:
For most structures, the use of steel columns is very economical because
of their high strength-to-weight ratios. However, as the length and
slenderness of a compressive column is increased, its danger of
buckling increases.
 Introduction

Fig. (7): Reduction of stress-strain

properties with temperature for
S275 steel [EC3].

Figure (7) shows the stress-strain curves at various temperatures for S275 steel in Eurocode 3. It
can be seen that the steel suffers a progressive loss of strength and stiffness at temperature
increases.
The change can be seen at temperatures as low as 300°C. Although melting does not happen until
about 1500°C, only 23% of the ambient-temperature strength remains at 700°C. At 800°C this
has reduced to 11% and at 900°C to 6%
 Introduction

 Fatigue:

The strength of structural steel member can be reduced if this member is

subjected to cyclic loading.

 Brittle Fracture:

Under certain conditions steel may lose its ductility, and brittle fracture
may occur at places of stress concentration. Fatigue type loadings and
very low temperatures trigger the situation.
 Introduction
2: Steel Sections
2.1: Hot-rolled and Formed sections
• Rolled and formed sections are produced in steel mills from steel blooms, beam
blanks or coils by passing them through a series of rollers. Structural steel can
be economically rolled into a wide variety of shapes and sizes without changing
its physically properties.
• Usually the most desirable members are those with large moments of inertia in
proportion to their areas. Steel sections are usually designated by the shapes
and their cross-sections.
• The main sections are shown on Figure (8) and their principal properties and
uses are discussed briefly below:
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Fig. (8): Rolled and

Formed sections.
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(1) Universal beams: These are very efficient sections for resisting bending
moment about the major axis.
(2) Universal columns: These are sections produced primarily to resist axial
load with a high radius of gyration about the minor axis to prevent buckling
in that plane.
(3) Channels: These are used for beams, bracing members, truss members and
in compound members.
(4) Equal and unequal angles: These are used for bracing members, truss
members and for purlins, side and sheeting rails.
(5) Structural tees: The sections shown are produced by cutting a universal
beam or column into two parts. Tees are used for truss members, ties and
light beams.
(6) Circular, square and rectangular hollow sections: These are mostly
produced from hot-rolled coils, and may be hot-finished or cold-formed.
 Introduction
• Structural steels are hot-rolled into shapes such as universal beams and
columns. The maximum size of universal column in the UK is 356×406
UC, 634 kg/m, with 77 mm-thick flanges.
• A comparison of the steels used in various forms in structures is given in
Table (1).

Table (1): Strengths of Steels used in Structures

 Introduction

2.2: Compound sections

• Compound sections are formed by the following means [Figure (9)]:
(1) Strengthening a rolled section such as a universal beam by welding on
cover plates, as shown in Figure 9(a);

(2) Combining two separate rolled sections, as in the case of the crane girder in
Figure 9(b). The two members carry loads from separate directions.

(3) Connecting two members together to form a strong combined member.

Examples are the laced and battened members shown in Figures 9(c) and
(d).
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Fig. (9): Compound sections.

 Introduction
2.3: Built-up sections
• Built-up sections are made by welding plates together to form I, H or box
members which are termed plate girders, built-up columns, box girders or
columns, respectively. These members are used where heavy loads have to
be carried and in the case of plate and box girders where long spans may be
required. Examples of built-up sections are shown in Figure (10).

Fig. (10): Built-up sections.

 Introduction

2.4: Cold-rolled open sections

• Thin steel plates can be formed into a wide range of sections by cold
rolling.
• The most important uses for cold-rolled open sections in steel structures are
for purlins, side and sheeting rails. Three common sections-the zed, sigma
and lipped channel-are shown in Figure (11) [Design of purlins and
sheeting rails].

Fig. (11): Cold-rolled sections.

 Introduction
3: Section Properties
For a given member serial size, the section properties are:
(1) The exact section dimensions;
(2) The location of the centroid if the section is asymmetrical about one or
both axes;
(3) Area of cross-section;
(4) Moments of inertia about various axes;
(5) Radii of gyration about various axes;
(6) Moduli of section for various axes, both elastic and plastic.
• The section properties for hot rolled and formed sections are also listed in SCI
Publication 202: Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 2000, Volume 1
Section Properties and Member Capacities. The Steel Construction Institute, UK.
 Introduction
4: Steel Structures
• Steel frame buildings consist of a skeletal framework which carries
all the loads to which the building is subjected. The sections through
three common types of buildings are shown in Figure (12). These
are:
(1) Single-storey lattice roof building;
(2) Single-storey portal frame building; and
(3) Medium-rise braced multi-storey building.
• These three types cover many of the uses of steel frame buildings such as
factories, warehouses, offices, flats, schools, ….etc.
• The building frame is made up of separate elements — the beams,
columns, trusses and bracing—listed beside each section in Figure
(12). These must be joined together and the building attached to the
foundations.
 Introduction

Fig. (12-a): Single-storey lattice roof building with crane.

Fig. (12-b): Single-storey rigid pinned base portal.

 Introduction
 Joints connect members together such as the joints in trusses, joints between floor
beams and columns or other floor beams. Bases transmit the loads from the columns to
the foundations.

Fig. (12-c): Multi-storey building.

Fig. (12): Three common types of steel buildings.

 Introduction

 Steel-framed structures may be further classified into the following types:

1- Single-storey, single- or multi-bay structures which may be of truss or
stanchion frames or rigid frame of solid or lattice members;
2- Multi-storey, single- or multi-bay structures of braced or rigid frame
construction—many spectacular systems have been developed;
3- Space structures (space decks, domes, towers, …etc.) — space decks and
domes are redundant structures, while towers may be statically determinate
space structures;
4- Tension structures and cable-supported roof structures; and
5- Stressed skin structures, where the cladding stabilizes the structure.
 Questions ?????
(1) Differentiate between Reinforcing steel and Structural steel?
i- Physical Properties.

ii- Mechanical Properties.

iii- Chemical Properties.

(2) Distinguish between Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled sections?

(3) Distinguish between Rolling process and Galvanization process?

 Introduction