Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO.

Department of Civil Engineering.

Lab Book
Structural Design and Drawing.

Name: _________________ Roll

No.21CE_________

Lab Objective(s) Date Signature Remarks

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Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

No.
1 To get acquainted with the structural
drawing of RCC beams
2 To get acquainted with the structural
drawing of RCC columns
3 To get acquainted with the structural
drawing of RCC slabs.
4 To get acquainted with the structural
drawing of RCC footings.
5 To get acquainted with the structural
drawing of RCC staircases
6 To draw the L-section and cross
section of a simply supported
rectangular RCC beam
7 To draw a sectional plan and
elevation of a square, rectangular and
circular column with a footing
8 To draw a sectional plan and
elevation of a simply supported one-
way and two-way RCC slabs
9 To draw a cross section of end
connection of a column with a beam.
10 To draw cross section showing
connection of two beams (1st floor
and roof level) with intermediate and
end columns
11 Introduction to ETABS software and
setting out grid lines and story data
in ETABS.
To define and assign the various
12
sections and loads in ETABS
13 To analyze a multi-story building
using ETABS software.
To design a multi-story building
14
using ETABS software.
15 To perform an open-ended lab

LAB INDEX.

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 Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
JAMSHORO

CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

It is to certify that__________________________________________________________having Roll

No.21CE_____ has successfully carried out all necessary practical activities of Structural Design and Drawing
Lab as prescribed by the University for the year of ______________.

Signature of Teacher: ___________________

Submission Date: _______________________

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 Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

Lab No. 1
Objective: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC beams

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Beam

A beam is a horizontal structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads
(e.g., dead loads, live loads, wind loads) to vertical supports (columns, walls). In RCC
construction, beams are composed of concrete (to resist compression) and steel
reinforcement (to resist tension). They are critical for maintaining the integrity and stability
of structures like buildings, bridges, and slabs.

Key characteristics:

 Span between supports.

 Subjected to bending moments, shear forces, and torsional stresses.

 Designed with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars (rebars) for strength and
ductility.

2. Purpose of Beam

Beams serve the following functions in a structure:

 Load Distribution: Transfer loads from slabs, walls, and other elements to columns or
foundations.

 Resist Bending and Shear: Withstand bending moments due to vertical loads and
shear forces from lateral loads.

 Provide Structural Integrity: Prevent excessive deflection, cracking, or collapse under

service loads.

 Span Openings: Bridge gaps (e.g., doors, windows) to maintain open spaces without
intermediate supports.

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Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

3. Classification of Beams

Beams are categorized based on support conditions, reinforcement, and cross-sectional shape:

3.1 Based on Support Conditions

1. Simply Supported Beam:

o Rests on two supports (pinned at one end, roller at the other).

o Free to rotate at supports (no moment resistance).

o Common in residential buildings.

2. Fixed Beam (Encastered):

o Both ends rigidly fixed to supports, resisting rotation.

o Higher load capacity due to moment transfer.

3. Continuous Beam:

o Extends over three or more supports.

o Reduces mid-span deflection and bending moments.

4. Cantilever Beam:

o Fixed at one end and free at the other (e.g., balconies, signage boards).

o Resists large moments at the fixed end.

5. Overhanging Beam:

o Extends beyond its supports (one or both ends).

3.2 Based on Reinforcement

1. Singly Reinforced Beam:

o Reinforcement provided only in the tension zone (bottom for simply supported
beams).

2. Doubly Reinforced Beam:

o Reinforcement in both tension and compression zones to enhance load

capacity.

3. Flanged Beam (T-Beam/L-Beam):

o Integrated with a slab to form a T-shaped or L-shaped cross-section.

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Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

o The slab acts as the flange, increasing compression resistance.

4. Deep Beam:

o Depth ≥ 4× thickness; requires special reinforcement for shear and bending.

3.3 Based on Cross-Section or Shape

1. Rectangular Beam:

o Simplest and most common shape.

2. T-Beam:

o Efficient for large spans (e.g., floor systems).

3. L-Beam:

o Used at corners or edges of slabs.

4. Circular/Box Beam:

o Used in architectural designs or bridges.

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Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

Lab Task

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 Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 2
Objective: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC columns

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Column

A column is a vertical structural member designed to carry axial compressive loads (e.g.,
from beams, slabs, or roofs) and transfer them to the foundation. In RCC construction,
columns combine concrete (to resist compression) and steel reinforcement (to resist
buckling and bending stress). Columns are vital for maintaining the vertical stability and
load-bearing capacity of structures like buildings, bridges, and towers.

Key characteristics:

 Height-to-width ratio (slenderness ratio).

 Subjected to axial compression, bending moments, and shear forces.

 Reinforced with longitudinal bars (main reinforcement) and lateral ties/spirals (to
prevent buckling).

2. Purpose of Column

Columns serve the following functions in a structure:

 Load Transfer: Transmit vertical and horizontal loads to the foundation.

 Resist Compression: Withstand axial compressive forces from the superstructure.

 Provide Stability: Prevent lateral deflection or buckling under heavy loads.

 Support Beams and Slabs: Act as a vertical support system for horizontal members.

3. Classification of Columns

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Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

Columns are categorized based on slenderness ratio, loading and reinforcement, cross-
sectional shape, and materials:

3.1 Based on Slenderness Ratio

1. Short Column:

o Slenderness ratio (length/least lateral dimension) ≤ 12.

o Fails due to the crashing of concrete.

o Common in low-rise buildings.

2. Long Column:

o Slenderness ratio > 12.

o Fails due to buckling (lateral deflection).

o Requires additional lateral reinforcement.

3.2 Based on Loading and Reinforcement

1. Axially Loaded Column:

o Load acts along the vertical axis (no eccentricity).

o Rare in practice due to unavoidable construction imperfections.

2. Eccentrically Loaded Column:

o Load acts off the vertical axis, inducing bending moments.

o Requires reinforcement on both sides of the cross-section.

3. Tied Column:

o Longitudinal bars confined by rectangular steel ties.

o Prevents buckling and holds rebars in place.

4. Spiral Column:

o Longitudinal bars confined by helical (spiral) reinforcement.

o Offers better ductility and seismic resistance.

5. Composite Column:

o Combines structural steel (e.g., I-section) with concrete.

o Enhances load-bearing capacity and fire resistance.

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Practical Manual: Structural Design and Drawing.

3.3 Based on Cross-Section

1. Square/Rectangular Column:

o Simplest shape; widely used in buildings.

2. Circular Column:

o Ideal for bridges, piers, or aesthetic designs.

o Resists multidirectional bending equally.

3. L-Shaped/T-Shaped Column:

o Used at corners or walls to support asymmetrical loads.

4. Polygonal/Hexagonal Column:

o Architectural preference for decorative structures.

3.4 Based on Materials

1. RCC Column:

o Most common type; uses concrete and steel rebars.

2. Steel Column:

o Made of structural steel sections (e.g., H-beam).

o Used in industrial buildings for rapid construction.

3. Composite Column:

o Combines steel, concrete, or other materials (e.g., concrete-filled steel tubes).

4. Masonry Column:

o Built with bricks or stones; limited to low-load applications.

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Lab Task

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Signature
Lab No. 3of lab in charge: _______________
Objective: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC slabs.

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Slab

A slab is a flat, horizontal structural element used to form floors, roofs, or ceilings in
buildings. It is designed to carry distributed loads (e.g., live loads, dead loads) and transfer
them to supporting beams, walls, or columns. In RCC slabs, concrete resists compression,
while steel reinforcement (bars or mesh) resists tension and controls cracking. Slabs are
critical for creating usable spaces and ensuring structural rigidity.

Key characteristics:

 Thickness depends on span, load, and deflection criteria.

 Reinforced with main bars (in tension zones) and distribution bars (to distribute
loads).

 Classified as one-way or two-way based on load transfer mechanism.

2. Classification of Slabs

Slabs are categorized based on load transfer mechanism, support conditions,

and construction type:

2.1 Based on Load Transfer Mechanism

1. One-Way Slab:

o Definition: Loads are transferred primarily in one direction (shorter span).

o Condition: Ratio of longer span (Ly) to shorter span (Lx) ≥ 2.

o Reinforcement: Main bars placed parallel to the shorter span; distribution

bars in the longer span.

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o Applications: Verandahs, corridors, or spans with fixed beam support on all

sides.

2. Two-Way Slab:

o Definition: Loads are transferred in both directions (longer and shorter

spans).

o Condition: Ratio of Ly/Lx < 2.

o Reinforcement: Main bars placed in both directions (grid pattern).

o Applications: Residential floors, office buildings, or square/rectangular

rooms.

2.2 Based on Support Conditions

1. Simply Supported Slab:

o Supported on two opposite edges (beams or walls).

o Subject to maximum deflection at mid-span.

2. Continuous Slab:

o Extends over three or more supports (beams or walls).

o Reduces mid-span deflection and bending moments.

3. Cantilever Slab:

o Fixed at one end and free at the other (e.g., balconies, sunshades).

4. Fixed Slab:

o Rigidly connected to supports (walls/columns) on all sides, resisting rotation.

2.3 Based on Construction Type

1. Conventional Slab:

o Standard RCC slab with uniform thickness.

2. Flat Slab:

o No beams; directly supported by columns with drop panels or column

capitals.

o Provides clear ceiling space (common in commercial buildings).

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3. Waffle Slab:

o Ribbed grid structure with voids to reduce weight while maintaining strength.

o Ideal for large spans (e.g., auditoriums, industrial floors).

4. Hollow Core Slab:

o Precast slab with longitudinal hollow cores to reduce weight and material use.

5. Composite Slab:

o Combines concrete with steel decking for faster construction.

3. Key Differences Between One-Way and Two-Way Slabs

Feature One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab

Load Transfer Unidirectional (shorter span) Bidirectional (both spans)

Span Ratio (Ly/Lx) ≥ 2 <2

Reinforcement Main bars in shorter span Grid reinforcement in both spans

Economy Less economical for large spans More efficient for large spans

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Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 4
Objective: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC footings.

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Footing

A footing is the lowest part of a structure that transfers vertical and horizontal loads from
columns, walls, or beams to the underlying soil or rock. It distributes the load over a larger
area to prevent excessive settlement or shear failure. In RCC footings, concrete resists
compression, while steel reinforcement (bars or mesh) resists tension and prevents cracking.
Footing is critical for ensuring the stability and longevity of structures.

Key characteristics:

 Designed based on soil bearing capacity and structural loads.

 Reinforced with longitudinal bars (to resist bending) and shear reinforcement (to
prevent diagonal cracks).

 Classified by shape, depth, and material.

2. Classification of Footings

Footings are categorized based on shape, depth, material, and load distribution:

2.1 Based on Shape

1. Isolated/Spread Footing:

o Supports a single column.

o Shapes: Square, rectangular, or circular.

o Used in low-rise buildings with stable soil.

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2. Combined Footing:

o Supports two or more adjacent columns.

o Types: Rectangular (for equally loaded columns) or trapezoidal (for unequal

loads).

o Used when columns are close to property lines.

3. Strap/Cantilever Footing:

o Connects two isolated footings with a strap beam to balance eccentric loads.

o Ideal for columns near excavation boundaries.

4. Mat/Raft Footing:

o A single large slab supporting multiple columns or walls.

o Used in weak soils or high-rise buildings to distribute loads uniformly.

5. Strip/Continuous Footing:

o Supports load-bearing walls or closely spaced columns.

o Runs continuously along the length of the wall.

2.2 Based on Depth

1. Shallow Footing:

o Depth ≤ 3 meters.

o Types: Isolated, combined, strap, mat.

o Suitable for stable soil with adequate bearing capacity.

2. Deep Footing:

o Depth > 3 meters.

o Types: Piles, piers, caissons.

o Used in weak or compressible soils.

2.3 Based on Material

1. RCC Footing:

o Most common; uses reinforced concrete for strength and durability.

2. Plain Concrete Footing:

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o Used for light loads; lacks steel reinforcement.

3. Steel Grillage Footing:

o Layers of steel beams encased in concrete.

o Ideal for heavy industrial structures.

4. Composite Footing:

o Combines materials like steel, concrete, or timber.

2.4 Specialized Footings

1. Stepped Footing:

o Constructed in steps to reduce excavation depth and material use.

2. Sloped Footing:

o Tapered cross-section to save concrete while maintaining strength.

3. Pile Footing:

o Transfers loads to deeper, stronger soil layers using vertical piles.

3. Key Reinforcement Details in RCC Footings

 Main Bars: Placed at the bottom to resist bending tension.

 Distribution Bars: Secondary reinforcement to hold main bars in place.

 Dowel Bars: Connect the footing to columns/walls for load transfer.

 Shear Reinforcement: Stirrups or links to prevent diagonal shear cracks.

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Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 5
Objective: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC staircases

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Staircase

A staircase is a series of steps designed to provide access between different floors or levels
in a building. It is a critical structural and architectural element that must
ensure safety, comfort, and durability. In RCC staircases, concrete provides strength and
durability, while steel reinforcement (bars or mesh) resists tension and prevents cracking.
Staircases are designed to withstand live loads (e.g., people, furniture) and dead loads (self-
weight).

2. Components of a Staircase

The main components of a staircase include:

1. Steps:

o Tread: Horizontal part of the step where the foot rests.

o Riser: Vertical part between two treads.

2. Flight:

o A continuous series of steps between landings.

3. Landing:

o A horizontal platform between flights for resting or changing direction.

4. Waist Slab:

o The inclined slab supporting the steps.

5. Beams:

o Longitudinal Beam: Supports the staircase along its length.

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o Cross Beam: Supports the staircase at the landing or ends.

6. Handrail:

o A safety feature for users to hold while climbing or descending.

7. Balusters:

o Vertical posts supporting the handrail.

8. Stringer:

o The inclined member supports the treads and risers.

3. Types of Staircases

Staircases are classified based on shape, material, and structural behavior:

3.1 Based on Shape

1. Straight Staircase:

o Simplest type; runs in a straight line between floors.

o Suitable for small spaces with limited width.

2. L-Shaped Staircase:

o Changes direction by 90° at a landing.

o Provides better visual appeal and space utilization.

3. U-Shaped Staircase:

o Changes direction by 180° at a landing.

o Ideal for compact spaces.

4. Spiral Staircase:

o Steps wind around a central pole in a circular pattern.

o Space-saving but less comfortable for frequent use.

5. Curved Staircase:

o Steps follow a smooth curve without sharp turns.

o Aesthetic and grand but expensive to construct.

3.2 Based on Structural Behavior

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1. Simply Supported Staircase:

o Supported at both ends (e.g., by beams or walls).

o Common in residential buildings.

2. Cantilever Staircase:

o Steps are fixed at one end and free at the other.

o Creates a floating effect; requires strong support.

3. Monolithic Staircase:

o Cast integrally with the floor slab and beams.

o Provides better structural stability.

4. Prefabricated Staircase:

o Manufactured off-site and assembled on-site.

o Reduces construction time and labor costs.

3.3 Based on Material

1. RCC Staircase:

o Most common; uses reinforced concrete for strength and durability.

2. Steel Staircase:

o Lightweight and fire-resistant; used in industrial buildings.

3. Timber Staircase:

o Aesthetic and warm; used in residential or decorative spaces.

4. Glass Staircase:

o Modern and transparent; used for aesthetic appeal.

4. Reinforcement Details in RCC Staircases

 Main Bars: Placed along the length of the waist slab to resist bending.

 Distribution Bars: Placed perpendicular to main bars to distribute loads.

 Cranked Bars: Provided at the junction of the waist slab and landing to resist
negative moments.

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 Anchorage Bars: Ensure proper bonding between steps and supporting beams.

5. Design Considerations

1. Riser and Tread Ratio:

o Standard ratio: Riser = 150–200 mm, Tread = 250–300 mm.

2. Headroom:

o Minimum clearance of 2.1 meters above the tread.

3. Width:

o Minimum 1 meter for residential buildings; 1.5 meters for public buildings.

4. Slope:

o Ideal slope: 25°–40° for comfort and safety.

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Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 6
Objective: To draw the L-section and cross section of a simply supported
rectangular RCC beam.

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Beam

A beam is a horizontal structural member designed to carry transverse loads (e.g., from
slabs, walls) and transfer them to vertical supports (columns or walls). In RCC
beams, concrete resists compression, while steel reinforcement (bars) resists tension and
prevents cracking. Beams are critical for maintaining the structural integrity and load-bearing
capacity of buildings, bridges, and other structures.

2. What is L-Section and Cross-Section?

2.1 L-Section (Longitudinal Section)

 The L-section is a side view of the beam along its length, showing the longitudinal
reinforcement and the overall profile of the beam.

 It provides details about:

o Length of the beam.

o Position and arrangement of main reinforcement bars (tensile and

compressive reinforcement).

o Shear reinforcement (stirrups or ties) along the span.

o Support conditions (e.g., simply supported, fixed).

2.2 Cross-Section

 The cross-section is a cut view of the beam perpendicular to its length, showing
the shape, dimensions, and reinforcement details at a specific point.

 It provides details about:

o Width and depth of the beam.

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o Arrangement of main bars (top and bottom reinforcement).

o Shear reinforcement (stirrups or ties).

o Clear cover (distance between reinforcement and outer surface of concrete).

3. Components of a Simply Supported RCC Beam

1. Main Reinforcement:

o Bottom Bars: Resist tensile forces in the mid-span (for simply supported
beams).

o Top Bars: Resist compressive forces or negative moments (if any).

2. Shear Reinforcement:

o Stirrups: Vertical or inclined bars to resist shear forces and prevent diagonal
cracks.

3. Clear Cover:

o Protects reinforcement from corrosion and fire (typically 25–40 mm).

4. Support Conditions:

o Simply supported beams rest on two supports (pinned at one end, roller at the
other).

4. Steps to Draw L-Section and Cross-Section

4.1 Drawing L-Section

1. Draw the Beam Profile:

o Represent the beam as a horizontal line with support at both ends.

o Mark the span length (e.g., 4 meters).

2. Add Main Reinforcement:

o Draw bottom bars along the length of the beam.

o Add top bars near the supports (if required).

3. Add Shear Reinforcement:

o Draw stirrups at regular intervals along the span.

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4. Label Dimensions:

o Mark the length, spacing of stirrups, and position of main bars.

4.2 Drawing Cross-Section

1. Draw the Beam Shape:

o Represent the beam as a rectangle (width × depth).

2. Add Main Bars:

o Place bottom bars near the lower edge and top bars near the upper edge.

3. Add Stirrups:

o Draw a closed loop (stirrup) around the main bars.

4. Label Dimensions:

o Mark the width, depth, clear cover, and spacing of bars.

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Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 7
Objective: To draw a sectional plan and elevation of a square, rectangular and
circular column with a footing.

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Columns and Footings

 Column: A vertical structural member that transfers loads from beams, slabs, or roofs
to the footing.

 Footing: The base of the column that distributes the load to the soil.

 Columns and footings are designed based on load requirements, soil conditions,
and structural stability.

2. Differences Between Square, Rectangular, and Circular Columns with Footing

Feature Square Column Rectangular Column Circular Column

Shape Square cross-section Rectangular cross-section Circular cross-section

Load Uniform in both Better for unidirectional

Uniform in all directions
Distribution directions loads

Aesthetic Flexible for architectural Highly aesthetic and

Simple and common
Appeal needs modern

Symmetrical Reinforcement varies Circular reinforcement

Reinforcement
reinforcement with sides pattern

Walls, bridges, and Bridges, towers, and

Applications Residential buildings
beams decorative

Footing Shape Square footing Rectangular footing Circular footing

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3. Components of Columns and Footings

3.1 Column Components

1. Main Reinforcement:

o Vertical bars to resist axial and bending stress.

2. Lateral Ties/Spiral Reinforcement:

o Prevents buckling of main bars and resists shear forces.

3. Clear Cover:

o Protects reinforcement from corrosion (typically 40–75 mm).

3.2 Footing Components

1. Main Reinforcement:

o Bars at the bottom to resist bending tension.

2. Distribution Bars:

o Secondary reinforcement to hold main bars in place.

3. Dowel Bars:

o Connect the footing to the column for load transfer.

4. Clear Cover:

o Protects reinforcement (typically 50–75 mm).

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Lab Task

Details of column

Square column Rectangular Circular column

column
Cross section 1.25ft x1.25ft 1.25ft x 1ft Dia=1.5ft
Height of column 10ft 10ft 10ft
Longitudinal bars 6#5 8#6 8#6
Ties #3@6inc/c #3@6inc/c #3@6inc/c

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 8
Objective: To draw a sectional plan and elevation of a simply supported one-way
and two-way RCC slabs

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Introduction to Slab

A slab is a flat, horizontal structural element used to form floors, roofs, or ceilings in
buildings. It is designed to carry distributed loads (e.g., live loads, dead loads) and transfer
them to supporting beams, walls, or columns. In RCC slabs, concrete resists compression,
while steel reinforcement (bars or mesh) resists tension and controls cracking. Slabs are
critical for creating usable spaces and ensuring structural rigidity.

2. Difference Between One-Way Slab and Two-Way Slab

Feature One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab

Loads are transferred in both

Loads are transferred in one
Load Transfer directions (longer and shorter
direction (shorter span).
spans).

Span Ratio
Ly/Lx ≥ 2 Ly/Lx < 2
(Ly/Lx)

Main bars in the shorter span; Main bars in both directions (grid
Reinforcement
distribution bars in the longer span. pattern).

Support
Supported on two opposite sides. Supported on all four sides.
Conditions

Bending Bending occurs primarily in one

Bending occurs in both directions.
Moment direction.

Verandahs, corridors, or spans with Residential floors, office buildings,

Applications
fixed beam support on all sides. or square/rectangular rooms.

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3. Components of RCC Slab

1. Main Reinforcement:

o Bars placed in the tension zone to resist bending.

2. Distribution Reinforcement:

o Bars placed perpendicular to main bars to distribute loads.

3. Clear Cover:

o Protects reinforcement from corrosion (typically 15–20 mm).

4. Support Conditions:

o Simply supported slabs rest on beams or walls.

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Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 9
Objective: To draw a cross section of end connection of a column with a beam.

Software:
 Autodesk AutoCAD

Theory:
1. Purpose of Providing Connection

The connection between a column and a beam is critical for the following reasons:

1. Load Transfer: Ensures smooth transfer of loads from the beam to the column.

2. Structural Stability: Provides rigidity and prevents relative movement between the
beam and column.

3. Moment Resistance: Resists bending moments and shear forces at the joint.

4. Ductility: Enhances the ability of the structure to withstand seismic forces.

5. Integrity: Maintains the overall structural integrity of the building.

2. Ways of Providing Connection Between Column and Beam

2.1 Monolithic Connection

 The beam and column are cast together as a single unit.

 Reinforcement Details:

o Beam Bars: Extended into the column for anchorage.

o Column Bars: Extended into the beam for continuity.

o Stirrups/Ties: Provided at the joint to resist shear forces.

 Advantages:

o High strength and rigidity.

o Better load transfer and moment resistance.

 Applications:

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o Common in RCC framed structures.

2.2 Pinned Connection

 The beam is simply supported on the column, allowing rotation at the joint.

 Reinforcement Details:

o Beam Bars: Anchored into the column without continuity.

o Column Bars: No extension into the beam.

 Advantages:

o Simple to construct.

o Allows thermal expansion and contraction.

 Applications:

o Used in lightweight structures or where flexibility is required.

2.3 Semi-Rigid Connection

 Combines features of monolithic and pinned connections.

 Reinforcement Details:

o Partial continuity of beam and column bars.

o Additional shear reinforcement at the joint.

 Advantages:

o Balances rigidity and flexibility.

 Applications:

o Used in structures requiring moderate moment resistance.

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Lab Task

Signature of lab in charge: _______________

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Lab No. 10
Objective: To draw cross section showing connection of two beams (1st floor and
roof level) with intermediate and end columns

Software:
 ETABS

Theory:
1. Connection Between Beam and Column

The connection between beams and columns is critical for transferring loads and ensuring
structural stability. In multi-story buildings, beams at different levels (e.g., 1st and 2nd roof
levels) are connected to intermediate columns to maintain continuity and rigidity.

1.1 Types of Connections

1. Monolithic Connection:

o Beams and columns are cast together as a single unit.

o Provides high strength and rigidity.

2. Pinned Connection:

o Beams are simply supported on columns, allowing rotation.

o Provides flexibility but less moment resistance.

3. Semi-Rigid Connection:

o Combines features of monolithic and pinned connections.

o Balances rigidity and flexibility.

2. Design Considerations

When designing the connection between two beams and an intermediate column, the
following factors must be considered:

2.1 Load Transfer

 Ensure proper transfer of vertical loads (dead and live loads) from the beams to the
column.

 Account for horizontal loads (e.g., wind, seismic forces).

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2.2 Reinforcement Details

 Beam Reinforcement:

o Main Bars: Extended into the column for anchorage.

o Stirrups: Provided to resist shear forces.

 Column Reinforcement:

o Main Bars: Extended into the beams for continuity.

o Ties: Provided at closer spacing at the joint.

2.3 Joint Detailing

 Use stirrups/ties at closer spacing (e.g., 50–100 mm) in the joint region to resist
shear forces.

 Ensure proper lapping of beam and column bars for continuity.

2.4 Clear Cover

 Maintain adequate clear cover (typically 25–40 mm) to protect reinforcement from
corrosion.

2.5 Structural Integrity

 Ensure the joint can resist bending moments, shear forces, and torsional stresses.

 Use cranked bars or bent-up bars to handle negative moments at supports.

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Lab Task

Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 11
Objective: Introduction to ETABS software and setting out grid lines and story
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Software:
 ETABS

Theory:

Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 12
Objective: To define and assign the various sections and loads in ETABS.

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Software:
 ETABS

Theory:

Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 13
Objective: To analyze a multi-story building using ETABS software.

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Software:
 ETABS

Theory:

Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

Lab No. 14
Objective: To design a multi-story building using ETABS software.

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Software:
 ETBAS

Theory:

Lab Task

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Signature of lab in charge: _______________

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