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EE486_Lect7_Solution Methods of ELD Problem – the Lambda Iteration Method

The document discusses the economic dispatch problem in power systems, focusing on the lambda iteration method for solving the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. It provides examples of solving ELD for a two-generator and a three-generator system, including the consideration of generator limits. The lambda iteration method is emphasized as a more general approach that can handle non-linear relationships and generator constraints.

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49 views

EE486_Lect7_Solution Methods of ELD Problem – the Lambda Iteration Method

The document discusses the economic dispatch problem in power systems, focusing on the lambda iteration method for solving the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. It provides examples of solving ELD for a two-generator and a three-generator system, including the consideration of generator limits. The lambda iteration method is emphasized as a more general approach that can handle non-linear relationships and generator constraints.

Uploaded by

pathansufyan2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE486

Power System Operation and control

Lecture 7: Solution methods of ELD problem – the lambda


iteration method

Dr. Ammar Arshad


Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering
Sciences and Technology
[email protected]
Economic Dispatch Example
What is economic dispatch for a two generator system
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐺1 + 𝑃𝐺2 = 500 MW and
2
𝐶1 𝑃𝐺1 = 1000 + 20𝑃𝐺1 + 0.01𝑃𝐺1 $/h
2
𝐶2 𝑃𝐺2 = 400 + 15𝑃𝐺2 + 0.03𝑃𝐺2 $/h
Using the Lagrange multiplier method we know:
𝑑𝐶1 (𝑃𝐺1 )
− 𝜆 = 20 + 0.02𝑃𝐺1 − 𝜆 = 0
𝑑𝑃𝐺1
𝑑𝐶2 (𝑃𝐺2 )
− 𝜆 = 15 + 0.06𝑃𝐺2 − 𝜆 = 0
𝑑𝑃𝐺2
500 − 𝑃𝐺1 − 𝑃𝐺2 = 0
Economic Dispatch Example cont..

We therefore need to solve three linear equations


20 + 0.02𝑃𝐺1 − 𝜆 = 0
15 + 0.06𝑃𝐺2 − 𝜆 = 0
500 − 𝑃𝐺1 − 𝑃𝐺2 = 0
0.02 0 −1 𝑃𝐺1 −20
0 0.06 −1 𝑃𝐺2 = −15
−1 −1 0 𝜆 −500
𝑃𝐺1 312.5 MW
𝑃𝐺2 = 187.5 MW
𝜆 26.2 $/MWh
Economic Dispatch Example cont..

Another way to solve the equations is to:


– Rearrange the first two equations to solve for PG1 and PG2
in terms of λ
– Plug into third equation and solve for λ
– Use the solved value of λ to evaluate PG1 and PG2

This works even when relationship between


generation levels and λ is more complicated:
– Equations are more complicated than linear when there are
maximum and minimum generation limits or we consider
losses (Example 2)
Lambda Iteration Method
The direct solution only works well if the incremental
cost curves are linear, and no generators are at their
limits

A more general method is known as the lambda-iteration


– the method requires that there be a unique mapping between a
value of lambda and each generator’s MW output
– the method then starts with values of lambda below and
above the optimal value, and then iteratively brackets the
optimal value
Lambda Iteration Approach

1. Set λ
2. Calculate Pi for all i = 1,2,…,N
3. Calculate ε = PLoad – sum of all Pi
4. If abs(ε) < tolerance, get schedule
Else, project λ and repeat from
step 2
Lambda Iteration Approach cont..

We must establish a stopping criterion since lambda


iteration approach is an iterative type of computation

Two general forms of stopping rules appropriate for


this application:
• First one is a rule based on finding the proper operating
point within a specified tolerance
• Second one involves counting the number of times
through the iterative loop and stopping when a maximum
number is exceeded
Lambda Iteration Algorithm

• Pick 𝜆L and 𝜆H such that


𝑚

෍ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆𝐿 ) − 𝑃𝐷 < 0


𝑖=1
𝑚

෍ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆𝐻 ) − 𝑃𝐷 > 0


𝑖=1

While 𝜆H − 𝜆L > 𝜀 Do
𝜆M = (𝜆H + 𝜆L )/2
If σ𝑚 𝑀 H
𝑖=1 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆 ) − 𝑃𝐷 > 0 Then 𝜆 = 𝜆
M

Else 𝜆L = 𝜆M
End While
Lambda Iteration Example

Consider a three generator system with


𝐼𝐶1 𝑃𝐺1 = 15 + 0.02𝑃𝐺1 = 𝜆$/MWh
𝐼𝐶2 𝑃𝐺2 = 20 + 0.01𝑃𝐺2 = 𝜆$/MWh
𝐼𝐶3 (𝑃𝐺3 ) = 18 + 0.025𝑃𝐺3 = 𝜆$/MWh
and with constraint 𝑃𝐺1 + 𝑃𝐺2 + 𝑃𝐺3 = 1000MW

Rewriting generation as a function of 𝜆, 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆), we have


𝜆 − 15 𝜆 − 20 𝜆 − 18
𝑃𝐺1 𝜆 = 𝑃𝐺2 𝜆 = 𝑃𝐺3 (𝜆) =
0.02 0.01 0.025
Lambda Iteration Example cont..

Pick 𝜆𝐿 so ෍ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆𝐿 ) − 1000 < 0


i=1
Pick 𝜆𝐻 so σmi=1 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆𝐻 ) − 1000 > 0

Try 𝜆𝐿 = 20 then ෍ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (20) − 1000 =


𝑖=1
𝜆−15 𝜆−20 𝜆−18
+ + − 1000 = −670 MW
0.02 0.01 0.025
𝑚

Try 𝜆𝐻 = 30 then ෍ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (30) − 1000 = 1230 MW


𝑖=1
Lambda Iteration Example cont..

Pick convergence tolerance 𝜀 = 0.05 $/MWh


Then iterate since 𝜆𝐻 − 𝜆𝐿 > 0.05
𝜆𝑀 = (𝜆𝐻 + 𝜆𝐿 )/2 = 25
Then since σ𝑚 𝑃
𝑖=1 𝐺𝑖 (25) − 1000 = 280 we set 𝜆𝐻 = 25

Since 25 − 20 > 0.05


25+20
𝜆𝑀 = = 22.5
2
σ𝑚 𝑃
𝑖=1 𝐺𝑖 (22.5) − 1000 = −195 we set 𝜆𝐿
= 22.5
Lambda Iteration Example cont..

Continue iterating until 𝜆H − 𝜆𝐿 < 0.05


The solution value of 𝜆∗ , is 23.53 $/MWh
Once 𝜆∗ is known we can calculate the 𝑃𝐺𝑖
23.53−15
𝑃𝐺1 23.5 = = 426 MW
0.02
23.53−20
𝑃𝐺2 23.5 = = 353 MW
0.01
23.53−18
𝑃𝐺3 (23.5) = = 221 MW
0.025
Generator MW Limits
Generators have limits on the minimum and
maximum amount of power they can produce

Typically, the minimum limit is not zero


Because of varying system economics usually many
generators in a system are operated at their
maximum MW limits
– Baseload generators are at their maximum limits except
during the off-peak period
Lambda Iteration with Generator Limits

In the lambda iteration method, the limits are taken into account
when calculating 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆):

if calculated production for 𝑃𝐺𝑖 > 𝑃 𝐺𝑖,max


then set 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆) = 𝑃𝐺𝑖,max

if calculated production for 𝑃𝐺𝑖 < 𝑃 𝐺𝑖,min


then set 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝜆) = 𝑃𝐺𝑖,min
Lambda Iteration with Gen Limits Example

In the previous three generator example assume the same cost


characteristics but also with limits
0 ≤ P𝐺1 ≤ 300 MW 100 ≤ 𝑷𝑮𝟐 ≤ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 MW 200 ≤ P𝐺3
≤ 600 MW

With limits we get:


𝑚

෍ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (𝟐𝟎) − 1000 = 𝑃𝐺1 (20) + 𝑷𝑮𝟐 (𝟐𝟎) + 𝑃𝐺3 (20) − 1000
𝑖=1
= 250 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 200 − 1000
= −450 MW (compared to − 670MW)
𝑚

෍ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (30) − 1000 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎𝟎 + 480 − 1000 = 280 MW


𝑖=1
With respect to the generating limits
Lambda Iteration with Limits Example cont..

Again we continue iterating until the convergence condition is


satisfied
With limits the final solution of 𝜆, is 24.43 $/MWh (compared to
23.53 $/MWh without limits)
Maximum limits will always cause 𝜆 to either increase or remain the
same
Final solution is:
𝑃𝐺1 24.43 = 300 MW at maximum limit
𝑃𝐺2 24.43 = 443 MW Solution without limits
𝑃𝐺3 (24.43) = 257 MW
Thank you!

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