Fuel Injection System in SI Engine

Dr. B. B. Ale
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering
Tribhuvan University
2010
 DRAWBACKS OF A CARBURETTOR
• Ice formation
• Vapor lock
• Back firing
• Non-uniform distribution of fuel-air mixture
cylinder to cylinder
• Air-fuel separation problem
• The main drawback of the carburetor is that it
relies heavily on gravity and so vehicles such as
aircraft with carburetors cannot fly upside down.
UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIR-FUEL MIXTURE IN
THE CYLINDERS
Petrol combustion requires three elements to function correctly
Air - Ignition - Fuel

Only one of these elements is a

pollutant - the fuel.
Correct delivery and correct
atomisation is a requirement not an
option. The injector has the finest
tolerance of the entire engine at just
1 micron, that’s less than the width
of a human hair.
The injector is located in the inlet
manifold of the engine and sealed in
between the manifold and fuel
supply rail by Viton rubber seals. A
fuel pump pressurises the system to
around 2.5 bar.
 PETROL INJECTION SYSTEM

• Single point throttle body injection: a system that

has the injector in the throttle body, mounted on
the air intake manifold.

• Continuous port injection system (multipoint port

injection): a system that uses one injector at the
intake port of each cylinder, where it sprays on
the intake valves.
Three
injector
positions
EFI Basics
Single point fuel injection.exe
 MULTIPOINT PORT FUEL INJECTION
• To enrich the mixture during cold starts, an additional
cold start injector may be used in MPI (air and fuel
mixing occurs mainly in the cylinders rather than in the
manifold).
• This eliminates air-fuel separation problems and
differences in fuel distribution cylinder to cylinder that
occurs in carburetted and throttle body-injected
engines.
• This also eliminates the need to preheat the intake
manifold to aid fuel vaporization which means the
incoming air can be cooler and denser for more power.
 ADVANTAGES OF GASOLINE INJECTION SYSTEM

• Fuel supply as per engine requirement under all load & speed
condition.
• Design of manifold is simple since only air is passing through the
manifold.
• Better volumetric efficiency and increased power due to absence
of venturi.
• Fuel injection system is free from icing.
• Starting and acceleration is much better than carburettor system;
i.e., rapid engine response.
• It provides identical air-fuel ratio mixture to all cylinders.
• Overall, fuel injection produces much more lower emission and
low fuel consumption than carburettors.
DISADVANTAGES OF GASOLINE INJECTION SYSTEM

• High capital cost due to precise and complicated

components of electronic circuit.
• Maintenance cost is high (as the system
contains 4 time the components of mechanical
system).
• The weight of mechanical injection system is
higher than that of a carburettor.
• Injection system generates more noise.
 M.P.F.I. means Multi Point Fuel Injection system (Stage I)

Source: www.indiacar.com
M.P.F.I. means Multi Point Fuel Injection system (Stage II)
M.P.F.I. means Multi Point Fuel Injection system (Stage III)
M.P.F.I. means Multi Point Fuel Injection system (Stage IV)
Multipoint fuel injection.exe
 Advantage of M. P. F. I.
• More uniform A/F mixture will be supplied to each cylinder,
hence the difference in power developed in each cylinder is
minimum. Vibration from the engine equipped with this system is
less, due to this the life of engine components is improved.
• No need to crank the engine twice or thrice in case of cold
starting as happens in the carburetor system.
• Immediate response, in case of sudden acceleration /
deceleration.
• Since the engine is controlled by ECM* (Engine Control Module),
more accurate amount of A/F mixture will be supplied and as a
result complete combustion will take place. This leads to
effective utilization of fuel supplied and hence low emission level.
• The mileage of the vehicle will be improved.
 ECM ( Engine Control Module) and its function
• The function of ECM is to receive signal from various
sensors, manipulate the signals and send control signals
to the actuators.
• Sensors; Sensing different parameters (Temperature,
Pressure, Engine Speed etc.) of the engine and send
signal to ECM.
• Actuators; Receives control signal from ECM and does
function accordingly (ISCA, PCSV, Injectors, Power
Transistor etc.)
• Case I: If ECM fails to send control signal to all actuators
then the engine won't get started.
• Case II: If ECM fails to service from all sensors then also
the engine won't get started.
Fuel injector
FUEL INJECTORS
h20
Electronic Fuel Ignition EFI.flv
 TYPES OF FUEL INJECTION
Intermittent fuel injection
• Mechanically controlled system with pump
elements for each cylinder of the engine, similar
to an inline-pattern diesel injection pump
• Electronically controlled system with pressure
sensor (D-Jetronic)
• Electronically controlled system with airflow
measurement (L-Jetronic)
ROBERT-BOSCH L-JETRONIC ELECTRONIC FUEL
INJECTION EFI SYSTEM
The following schematic
diagram shows the Robert-
Bosch L-Jetronic Electronic
Fuel Injection EFI System.
The fuel system consists of: 1.
fuel tank, 2. electric fuel pump,
3. expansion chamber, 4. fuel
filter, 5. pressure regulator, 6.
fuel ring, 7. cold start valve, 8.
fuel injection valve, 9. fuel
return line, 10. fuel pressure
line, 11. to intake manifold.
 TYPES OF FUEL INJECTION
Continuous fuel injection
• Combined mechanical and hydraulic
system, with airflow measurement (K-
Jetronic)
• Mechanical system with airflow
measurement and three-dimensional
cam (Zenith DL)
K-Jetronic
system
 ENGINE

Correction Engine Airflow

signal from speed volume
engine
CONTROL
INJECTORS UNIT

Ambient corrections
factors
FUEL PRESSURE
REGULATOR

FUEL PUMP FUEL TANK

 Exhaust
Air CATALYTIC
AIR FLOW ENGINE
SENSOR CONVERTER

Lambda probe
Signal voltage

Probe voltage
INJECTORS

Pulse duration
CONTROL
UNIT WITH
REGULATOR

Engine Electrical
temperature Engine circuit voltage
speed
Lambda
sensor and
exhaust
emissions
 Injectors shown are ford MPI before cleaning

Injector 1 : Spray pattern: Good , Injector 4: Spray pattern: Poor,

Flow rate: Poor Flow rate: Poor
Injector 2: Spray pattern: Poor, Injector 5: Spray Pattern: Good,
Flow rate: Poor Flow rate: Good
Injector 3: Spray pattern: Fair, Injector 6: Spray Pattern: Poor,
Flow rate: Poor Flow rate: Fair
 Leaking injector valves will cause:

• Starting problems,
• Bore Wash,
• Lacquering of the Lambda Sensor &
• Clogging or Failure of the Catalyst
 Poor fuel atomisation will cause:
• Excessive Exhaust Emissions,
• Poor Fuel Economy,
• Idling Problems,
• Lack of Power,
• Poor Driveability,
• Gumming or Sticking of the Inlet Valves,
• Lacquering of the Lambda Sensor &
• Clogging or Failure of the Catalyst Exhaust.
Poor fuel flow rates will cause:
• Incorrect Exhaust Emissions,
• Lambda Sensor & Catalyst Exhaust Problems,
• Idling Problems,
• Lack of Power,
• Poor Driveability.
 ENGINE DEPOSITS AND PERFORMANCE
• Fuel injectors are designed to
accurately meter fuel to the engine
and to deliver it in a precise
pattern of fine droplets.
• Because the fuel passages are
small, injectors are highly sensitive
to small amounts of deposits in the
critical regions where the fuel is
metered and atomized.
• These deposits can reduce fuel
flow and alter the spray pattern,
degrading driveability, decreasing
power and fuel economy and
increasing emissions.
• Deposits cause similar problems
for carbureted engines because
carburetors also use a number of
small channels and orifices to
meter fuel.
Injectors spraying fuel within the circled red areas will not
allow the engine to combust fuel correctly
Fuel contamination will not always effect spray pattern but will
increase fuel droplet size & fuel consumption
Extremely precise control of fuel supply to achieve fuel efficiency that
exceeds that of diesel engines by enabling combustion of an ultra-lean
mixture supply.
Very efficient intake and relatively high compression ratio unique to the
GDI engine deliver both high performance and response that surpasses
those of conventional MPI engines.
Optimal fuel spray for two combustion mode
The GDI engine has upright straight intake ports rather than horizontal
intake ports used in conventional engines. The upright straight intake ports
efficiently direct the airflow down at the curved-top piston, which redirects
the airflow into a strong reverse tumble for optimal fuel injection.
The GDI engine maintains stable combustion even at low idle speeds.
Moreover, it offers greater flexibility in setting the idle speed. Compared to
conventional engines, its fuel consumption during idling is 40% less.
Fuel Consumption during Cruising Drive
At 40km/h, for example, the GDI engine uses 35% less fuel than a
comparably sized conventional engine.
Emission Control
In the case of GDI engine, 97% NOx reduction is achieved by utilizing high-
rate EGR (Exhaust Gas Ratio) such as 30% that is allowed by the stable
combustion unique to the GDI as well as a use of a newly developed lean-
NOx catalyst.
Fuel Consumption in City Driving
In Japanese tests mode (representative of typical Japanese urban
driving ), the GDI engine used 35% less fuel than comparably sized
conventional gasoline engines. Moreover, these results indicate that
the GDI engine uses less fuel than even diesel engines.
Compared to conventional engines, the Mitsubishi GDI engine
provides better volumetric efficiency.
The cooling of air inside the cylinder by the vaporization of fuel has
another benefit, to minimize engine knocking. This allows a high
compression ratio of 12, and thus improved combustion efficiency.
Engine performance
Compared to conventional MPI engines of a comparable size, the GDI
engine provides approximately 10% greater output and torque at all speeds.
Vehicle Acceleration
In high-output mode, the GDI engine provides outstanding
acceleration.
 CONCLUSIONS
• Electronic fuels injection system has overcome
the drawbacks of carburetors.
• Electronic fuels injection systems requires good
quality fuels.
• Multi-port fuel injection system is widely used in
modern cars.
• Direct gasoline injection shows better
performance and emission control.