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Calculus Definitions

The document provides essential definitions and theorems related to differential calculus, including concepts such as functions, limits, continuity, and differentiation. Key theorems like Rolle's theorem and the Mean-value theorem are also outlined, along with definitions of maxima, minima, curvature, and asymptotes. These foundational concepts are critical for understanding the behavior of functions and their derivatives.

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9 views2 pages

Calculus Definitions

The document provides essential definitions and theorems related to differential calculus, including concepts such as functions, limits, continuity, and differentiation. Key theorems like Rolle's theorem and the Mean-value theorem are also outlined, along with definitions of maxima, minima, curvature, and asymptotes. These foundational concepts are critical for understanding the behavior of functions and their derivatives.

Uploaded by

shahinakther298
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Differential Calculus

Most Important Definitions

1. Function: If a variable 𝑦 depends on a variable 𝑥 in such a way that each value of 𝑥 determines
exactly one value of 𝑦, then we say that 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥.
2. Inverse function: Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be a function defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) such that 𝑓 is bijective i.e.
both one-one and onto. Then there exists a unique function 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐴, such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, such
that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and for all 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. In such case a situation 𝑔 is said to
be the inverse of 𝑓 and we write,
𝑔 = 𝑓 −1 : 𝐵 → 𝐴
3. Limit: For every 𝜀 > 0, there exists 𝛿 > 0, such that |𝑓(𝑥) − 1| ≤ 𝜀 whenever 0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿,
then lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 is called limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

4. Continuity: A function is said to be continuous for 𝑥 = 𝑎 provided lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists, is finite and
𝑥→𝑎

is equal to 𝑓(𝑎)
5. Differentiation: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a finite and single valued function in any interval of 𝑥 and
assume 𝑥 to have any particular value in the interval. Let Δ𝑥 (𝑜𝑟 Δℎ) be increment of 𝑥, and let
Δ𝑦
Δ𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) be the corresponding increment of 𝑦. If the ratio Δ𝑥 of these increments

tends to a definite finite limit as Δ𝑥 tends to zero, then this limit is called the differential
coefficient or derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) or (𝑦) for the particular value of 𝑥 and is denoted by
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)), 𝑑𝑥

6. Leibnitz theorem: If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are two functions of 𝑥, each possessing derivatives up to 𝑛𝑡ℎ order,
then the 𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative of their product i.e.,
(𝑢𝑣)𝑛 = 𝑢𝑛 𝑣 + 𝑛𝑐1 𝑢𝑛−1 𝑣1 + 𝑛𝑐2 𝑢𝑛−2 𝑣2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑢𝑛−𝑟 𝑣𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑢𝑣𝑛

Where the suffixes of 𝑢 and 𝑣 denote the order of differentiations of 𝑢 and 𝑣 with respect to 𝑥.

7. Rolle’s theorem: Let 𝑓 be continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiate on the open
interval (𝑎, 𝑏). If 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 and 𝑓(𝑏) = 0 then there is at least one point 𝑐 in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏)
such that,
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
8. Mean-value theorem: Let 𝑓 be continuous on the close interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiate on the
open interval (𝑎, 𝑏). Then there is at least one point 𝑐 in (𝑎, 𝑏) such that,
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎
9. Euler’s theorem: If (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a homogenous function in 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 of degree 𝑛, having continuous
partial derivatives,
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑛𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
10. Homogenous function: A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogenous of degree 𝑛 in the variables
𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 and 𝑦, if it can be expressed in the form 𝑥 𝑛 𝜙 (𝑥 ) or in the form 𝑦 𝑛 𝜙 (𝑦)

11. Minima: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a maximum value for 𝑥 = 𝑐, provided we can get a
positive quantity 𝛿 such that for all values of 𝑥 in the interval,
𝑐 − 𝛿 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 𝛿, (𝑥 ≠ 𝑐) 𝑓(𝑐) > 𝑓(𝑥)
12. Minimum: The function 𝑓(𝑥) has minimum value of 𝑥 = 𝑑, provided we can get an interval 𝑑 −
𝛿 ′ < 𝑥 < 𝑑 + 𝛿 ′ within which 𝑓(𝑑) < 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑥 ≠ 𝑑)
13. Curvature: The curvature is the rate of change of direction of the curve with respect to the arc,
or roughly speaking the curvature is the “rate at which the curve curves”.
14. Asymptote: if 𝑃 be a point on a branch of a curve extending beyond the finite region and a
straight line exists at a finite distance from the origin from which the distance of 𝑃 gradually
diminishes and ultimately tends to zero as 𝑃 → ∞ (moving along the curve), then such a straight
line is called an asymptote of the curve.

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