Turbojet Deck

Joachim Kurzke
 Turbojet Deck
Steady State Performance
by Joachim Kurzke
Turbojet Deck

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or
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Printed in Germany
 Contents 5

Table of Contents

Part I GasTurb Computer Deck 7

Part II Engine Description 7

Part III Program Description 7

Part IV Program Setup 7

1 General
................................................................................................................................... 7
2 DLL...................................................................................................................................
Interface 8
3 DLL...................................................................................................................................
Function Call Sequence 9
4 Test
...................................................................................................................................
Main 11
5 Excel
...................................................................................................................................
Application 11

Part V Nomenclature and Units 11

1 Station
...................................................................................................................................
Designation 11
2 Units
................................................................................................................................... 13

Part VI Engine Program Performance

Options 13
1 Engine
...................................................................................................................................
Model File 13
Steady State
.........................................................................................................................................................
Limiters 14
Transient .........................................................................................................................................................
Limiters 14
2 Power
...................................................................................................................................
Lever Angle 14
3 Power
...................................................................................................................................
Code 15
4 Rating
...................................................................................................................................
Code 16

Part VII Input/Output 16

1 FIXIN
................................................................................................................................... 16
FIXIN Parameter
.........................................................................................................................................................
Definition 17
2 VARIN
................................................................................................................................... 19
3 FIXOUT
................................................................................................................................... 19
FIXOUT Parameter
.........................................................................................................................................................
Definition 20
4 VAROUT
................................................................................................................................... 23

Part VIII Program Messages 23

1 Numerical
...................................................................................................................................
Status Indicator NSI 23
2 Steady
...................................................................................................................................
State Limiter Codes 24
3 Transient
...................................................................................................................................
Limiter Codes 25
4 About
...................................................................................................................................
Convergence Problems 26

Part IX Test Cases 26

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 6 Turbojet Deck

1 Cycle
...................................................................................................................................
Reference Point 26
2 Steady
...................................................................................................................................
State Off-Design 26
3 Transient
................................................................................................................................... 27

Part X Identification and Revision

Procedure 27

Part XI References 27

Index 29

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 GasTurb Computer Deck 7

1 GasTurb Computer Deck

The GasTurb Turbojet Deck is a computer deck as defined in the SAE Aerospace Standard AS681.
The actual engine subroutine is contained in a Dynamic Link Library (DLL). The use of the engine
subroutine is demonstrated both with a Delphi test main program and with an Excel macro. The
Dynamic Link Library can be used with any other 32-bit Windows program.

The data describing the engine are created with GasTurb 12 as an Engine Model File which is
loaded during the Turbojet Deck initialization process. The Engine Model File contains all data
necessary for doing off-design simulations, both for steady state and transient operation. Maximum
and minimum limiters as well as bleed schedules must be defined in the engine model. It is strongly
recommended to check this model thoroughly with GasTurb 12 before using it with the Turbojet Deck
DLL.

Transient simulations can employ the control system as defined in the GasTurb 12 model or run to a
specified fuel flow or spool speed.

2 Engine Description
With this generic computer deck the performance of single spool turbojet engines without afterburner
can be calculated. Which engine is modeled in particular depends on the Engine Model File created
with GasTurb 12.

3 Program Description
The Turbojet Deck has been developed with Delphi XE4 running under Windows 8. The test main
program has a standard windows user interface and calls functions from the Turbojet Deck DLL
which contains the actual engine simulation model. An alternative use of the Turbojet Deck is shown
as an Excel application in the file TurbojetDeckDemo.xls

4 Program Setup
4.1 General
The Turbojet Deck calls functions from a DLL which can be used with any Windows program. In the
test main program this DLL is employed by a Delphi program, in the file TurbojetDeckDemo.xls the
functions of the DLL are called from an Excel macro. Before commencing with the engine simulation
the functions in the DLL must be initialized. During initialization an Engine Model File created with
GasTurb 12 is read from file and evaluated. The required organization of the files is as summarized in
the table below. Note that the Data Directory can be the same as the DLL Directory.

DLL Directory Data Directory

TurbojetDeckLib.DLL An Engine Model File, created with GasTurb 12

LoadOptions.NMS Component map data files referenced in the Engine Model File

Turbojet.NMS Fuels.gtb and all files referenced in Fuels.gtb

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 8 Turbojet Deck

4.2 DLL Interface

The DLL contains the functions and procedures (subroutines) listed in the table. Note that when
declaring the functions and subroutines in a VBA program within Excel, for example, the expression
{Path to the DLL} in the table below must be replaced by the actual path to the DLL on the users
machine.

Delphi Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

function GetDLLVersion : double; Declare Function GetDLLVersion

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll" () As
Double

procedure WriteFIXIN Declare Sub WriteFIXIN

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll"
(ZCASEFI,ZALTFI,ZDTAMBFI,ZERM1AFI,ZPWX (ByVal ZCASEFI#, ByVal ZALTFI#, ByVal
HFI, ZDTAMBFI#,
ZPAMBFI,ZPCFI, ByVal ZERM1AFI#, ByVal ZPWXHFI#, ByVal
ZPLAFI,ZP1AFI,ZRCFI,SERAMFI, ZPAMBFI#,
SIMFI,ZTAMBFI,ZT1AFI,ZWB3FI,ZWB3QFI,ZXM ByVal ZPCFI#, ByVal ZPLAFI#, ByVal
FI, ZP1AFI#,
ZTIMEFI : double); ByVal ZRCFI#, ByVal SERAMFI#, ByVal
SIMFI#,
ByVal ZTAMBFI#, ByVal ZT1AFI#, ByVal
ZWB3FI#,
ByVal ZWB3QFI#, ByVal ZXMFI#, ByVal
ZTIMEFI#)

procedure ReadFIXIN Declare Sub ReadFIXIN

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll"
(var ZCASEFI,ZALTFI,ZDTAMBFI,ZERM1AFI, (ZCASEFI#, ZALTFI#, ZDTAMBFI#,
ZPWXHFI,ZPAMBFI,ZPCFI,ZPLAFI,ZP1AFI,ZRC ZERM1AFI#, ZPWXHFI#,
FI, ZPAMBFI#, ZPCFI#, ZPLAFI#, ZP1AFI#,
SERAMFI,SIMFI,ZTAMBFI,ZT1AFI,ZWB3FI,ZW ZRCFI#,
B3QFI, SERAMFI#, SIMFI#, ZTAMBFI#, ZT1AFI#,
ZXMFI,ZTIMEFI : double); ZWB3FI#,
ZWB3QFI#, ZXMFI#, ZTIMEFI#)

procedure WriteVARIN Declare Sub WriteVARIN

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll"
(ZHUMIDVI,ZFHVVI,ZFNVI,ZWFVI,ZXNRPMVI, (ByVal ZHUMIDVI#, ByVal ZFHVVI#, ByVal
ZWRCQ2VI,SESTVI,ZBTACVI,ZRXNHVI,ZT4VI, ZFNVI#,
ZBTATVI,ZDTRCVI,STRANSVI,ZCTRCPVI,ZCTR ByVal ZWFVI#, ByVal ZXNRPMVI#, ByVal
CDVI, ZWRCQ2VI#,
ZCTRCIVI : double); ByVal SESTVI#, ByVal ZBTACVI#, ByVal
ZRXNHVI#,
ByVal ZT4VI#, ByVal ZBTATVI#, ByVal
ZDTRCVI#,
ByVal STRANSVI#, ByVal ZCTRCPVI#,
ByVal ZCTRCDVI#,
ByVal ZCTRCIVI#)

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Program Setup 9

procedure ReadVARIN Declare Sub ReadVARIN

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll"
(var (ZHUMIDVI#, ZFHVVI#, ZFNVI#, ZWFVI#,
ZHUMIDVI,ZFHVVI,ZFNVI,ZWFVI,ZXNRPMVI, ZXNRPMVI#,
ZWRCQ2VI,SESTVI,ZBTACVI,ZRXNHVI,ZT4VI,Z ZWRCQ2VI#, SESTVI#, ZBTACVI#,
BTATVI, ZRXNHVI#, ZT4VI#,
ZDTRCVI,STRANSVI,ZCTRCPVI,ZCTRCDVI,ZCT ZBTATVI#, ZDTRCVI#, STRANSVI#,
RCIVI : ZCTRCPVI#,
double); ZCTRCDVI#, ZCTRCIVI#)

procedure ReadFIXOUT Declare Sub ReadFIXOUT

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll"
(var (NSIFO#, AE8FO#, FRAMFO#, FGFO#,
NSIFO,AE8FO,FRAMFO,FGFO,FHVFO,FNFO, FHVFO#, FNFO#,
PB3FO,P7FO,SFCFO,TB3FO,T7FO,WFEFO,W PB3FO#, P7FO#, SFCFO#, TB3FO#, T7FO#,
FTFO, WFEFO#,
W1AFO,W7FO,W2FO,XNHFO,ALTFO,PAMBF WFTFO#, W1AFO#, W7FO#, W2FO#,
O,PLAFO, XNHFO#, ALTFO#,
P1AFO,TAMBFO,T1AFO,XMFO,SMHFO,TIMEF PAMBFO#, PLAFO#, P1AFO#, TAMBFO#,
O, T1AFO#,
ERAM1FO,DTAMBFO,PCFO,RCFO,WB3FO,W XMFO#, SMHFO#, TIMEFO#, ERAM1FO#,
B3QFO, DTAMBFO#,
PWXHFO : Double); PCFO#, RCFO#, WB3FO#, WB3QFO#,
PWXHFO#)

procedure ReadVAROUT Declare Sub ReadVAROUT

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll"
(var humidVO,T2VO,T3VO,T4VO,T41VO,T5VO, (humidVO#, T2VO#, T3VO#, T4VO#, T41VO#,
P3VO,Ps3VO,P5VO,NHDOT,FAR4,LIMCD,BTA T5VO#,
CVO, P3VO#, Ps3VO#, P5VO#, NHDOT#, FAR4#,
RXNHVO,BTATVO,DTRCVO :Double); LIMCD#,
BTACVO#, RXNHVO#, BTATVO#, DTRCVO#)

procedure InitializeEngine (DLLPath,FileName Declare Sub InitializeEngine

: PChar); Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll"
(ByVal DLLPath$, ByVal Filename$)

procedure SinglePoint; Declare Sub SinglePoint

Lib "{Path to the DLL}\TurbojetDeckLib.dll" ()

4.3 DLL Function Call Sequence

DLL Initialization

During initialization of the DLL the files in the DLL directory and in the Engine Model File directory
are read. Furthermore, the cycle reference point is calculated which yields all the output quantities
for this operating condition. After the call of InitializeEngine all the elements of FIXIN, VARIN,
FIXOUT and VAROUT can be read by the DLL calling program:

InitializeEngine

ReadFIXIN

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

10 Turbojet Deck

ReadVARIN

ReadFIXOUT

ReadVAROUT

If after the initialization the VARIN property SEST is set to 1, then the following single point
calculation will employ as starting values of the iteration the properties ZBTAC, ZRXNH, ZT4, ZBTAT
and ZDTRC. It is a good idea to write the results (i.e. the VAROUT properties BTAC, RXNH, BTAT
and DTRC) to the corresponding input properties immediately after calling InitializeEngine. Thus
there are reasonable estimates for the iteration variables readily available for the use with SEST=1 if
convergence problems are encountered.

Using the DLL for steady state simulations

The procedure (subroutine) SinglePoint calculates a single cycle point either in steady state
(ZTIME=0) or transient mode (ZTIME>0). Before calling the actual simulation function SinglePoint
the input data stored in the FIXIN and VARIN properties must be transferred to the DLL by calling the
procedures WriteFIXIN and WriteVARIN. After the cycle calculation is finished, the results can be
read from the DLL by calling the procedures ReadFIXOUT and ReadVAROUT:

WriteFIXIN

WriteVARIN

SinglePoint

ReadFIXOUT

ReadVAROUT humid, T2, T3, T4, T41, T5, P3, Ps3, P5, NHDOT, FAR4, LIMCD, BTAC,
RXNH, BTAT, DTRC

Using the DLL for transient simulations

The procedure (subroutine) SinglePoint calculates a single point in transient mode for the time =
ZTIME (defined in FIXIN) which must be greater than the value TIME (defined in VAROUT) of the
previously calculated point. The begin of the transient maneuver is the operating condition that was
calculated with ZTIME=0 immediately before ZTIME is set to a value greater than zero.

ZTIME=0

repeat

WriteFIXIN

WriteVARIN

SinglePoint

ReadFIXOUT

ReadVAROUT

ZTIME=TIME+delta time

until ZTIME > end time

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Program Setup 11

4.4 Test Main

The Test Main program has been created and compiled with Delphi XE4. It provides a graphical user
interface for the functions and procedures in the DLL.

Before commencing with simulations, the DLL must be initialized by loading an Engine Model File
which was created with GasTurb 12. Note that the component maps employed in the Engine Model
File must be stored in the same directory as the Engine Model File as described on the general
introduction to the program setup.

On the steady state input page the input properties for a single point are offered. The input properties
are grouped as FIXIN and VARIN, the output properties are shown in the groups FIXOUT and
VAROUT.

The transient page of the test main program offers the following three simulation examples:

A step increase of 10% in fuel flow (GasTurb 12 control system inactive)

A PLA maneuver with activated control system as described with the Engine Model File

An example with prescribed spool speed (GasTurb 12 control system inactive)

Each transient maneuver commences with the steady state condition calculated before switching to
transient simulations.

4.5 Excel Application

The file TurbojetDeckDemo.xls - which is delivered as part of the software package - demonstrates
the use of the Turbojet Deck DLL with Excel.

Before running the file TurbojetDeckDemo.xls make sure that the correct path to the DLL is
introduced in the declaration section of the VBA program. After starting Excel (macros activated)
use Alt+F11 for opening the VBA editor and replace the DLL path information - which is valid only on
the computer of the DLL author - with the path to the place where you have stored the DLL on your
computer.

The calculation options in the Excel file are essentially the same as those in the Test Main program.

5 Nomenclature and Units

5.1 Station Designation
The station definition used in the program follows the international standard for performance
computer programs. This standard has been published by the Society of Automotive Engineers SAE
as ARP 755C.

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

12 Turbojet Deck

The thermodynamic station names are defined as follows:

0 ambient
1 aircraft-engine interface
2 first compressor inlet

3 last compressor exit, cold side heat exchanger inlet

31 burner inlet

4 burner exit
41 first turbine stator exit = rotor inlet

5 turbine exit after addition of cooling air

6 jet pipe inlet, reheat entry

8 nozzle throat
9 nozzle exit (convergent-divergent nozzle only)

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Nomenclature and Units 13

5.2 Units
The functions and procedures in the DLL employ SI units.

Altitude m

Temperature K

Pressure kPa

Mass Flow kg/s

Shaft Power kW

Thrust kN

SFC g/(kN s)

Velocity, Spec.Thrust m/s

Area m²

6 Engine Program Performance Options

6.1 Engine Model File
The Engine Model File that is read during the initialization of the DLL must have been be created
with GasTurb 12. The following restrictions apply:

SI units must be selected when writing the Engine Model File

Both rel N for PLA = 0% and rel N for PLA = 100% must be set to reasonable values. The input
for these two quantities is found on the Transient Input Page in the Off-Design Input window of
GasTurb 12.

Steady state limiters must be switched on, both min and max limiters must be defined.

If transient limiters are not constant, then the respective iteration must be defined. The input of this
iteration and the required composed values is selectable from the transient input window.

An intake map must be read from file before writing the Engine Model File from within GasTurb 12.
This intake map, however, needs not necessarily be employed in the calculation.

SMode must be set to 1.

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 14 Turbojet Deck

6.1.1 Steady State Limiters

Limiters can be single valued or follow a schedule. How to employ control schedules is described in
the GasTurb 12 help system and the manual.

Besides the pre-defined limiters up to three composed values can be employed as additional
limiters. Note that drop-down lists with composed values (on the bottom left side of the limiter input
page in GasTurb 12) will appear only if at least one composed value is defined.

In the Engine Model File delivered as an example for the Turbojet Deck application the idle spool
speed is a function of altitude:

NIdle=60+0.002*Altitude

The first composed value for steady state off-design operation is defined as

cp_val1 = XN_HPC*100/(60+0,002*alt)

This composed value is employed as a Min Limiter with the min value of 1.0

6.1.2 Transient Limiters

During transient operation with the GasTurb 12 control system active all the steady state limiters are
activated as set in the Engine Model File. Additionally the transient limiters like dN/dtmin and dN/
dtmax , for example, are active.

If you want dN/dtmax make a function of spool speed, for example, then you must employ an
additional iteration combined with a composed value. The definitions of the composed value for
transient operation and the iteration can be accessed from the menu in the transient window of
GasTurb 12.

In the Engine Model File delivered as an example for the Turbojet Deck application dN/dtmax is a
function of spool speed. The first composed value for transient operation is defined as

cp_val1 = 0.2 - 0.15*XN_HPC

The input value for dN/dtmax is iterated in such a way that it equals cp_val1.

For running the simulation with modified limiter settings a new Engine Model File must be created.

6.2 Power Lever Angle

The power level selection is controlled by the input value for the Power Code ZPC. If ZPC is 0, then
the Power Lever Angle input ZPLA will be used. However, any valid Rating Code ZRC will overwrite
the ZPLA input.

In the Turbojet Deck the power lever angle is linearly connected with the spool speed. Nmax Pow er is
equal to rel N for PLA = 100% as defined on the Transient Input Page of GasTurb 12 and NIdle
corresponds to rel N for PLA = 0%.

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Engine Program Performance Options 15

6.3 Power Code

The following Power Codes are defined:

PC = 50 Maximum

PC = 20 Idle

PC = 0 Power Lever Angle input is active, however, any valid Rating Code input ZRC
overrules the Power Lever Angle input

PC = -1 run to net thrust ZFN (control system active)

PC = -2 run to fuel flow ZWF (control system active, except fuel flow schedule)

PC = -3 run to spool speed ZXNRPM (control system active)

PC = -11 run to net thrust ZFN (control system inactive)

PC = -12 run to net fuel flow ZWF (control system inactive)

PC = -13 run to spool speed ZXNRPM (control system inactive)

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 16 Turbojet Deck

6.4 Rating Code

There are two valid Rating Codes defined:

1. Rating code ZRC = 50 selects maximum power

2. ZRC = 20 selects idle.

7 Input/Output
The input and output data are arranged in four groups that correspond with the COMMON blocks
FIXIN, VARIN, FIXOUT and VAROUT as defined in AS681.

7.1 FIXIN
FIXIN properties are as defined in AS681. Some of them are not applicable, some of them are not
used in the Turbojet Deck. Note that all data that are transferred to the functions and procedures in
the DLL are of the type double.

There are two inlet modes selectable with the switch SIM:

SIM 1 ZALT, ZDTAMB, ZXM

2 ZT1A, ZP1A, ZPAMB

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Input/Output 17

There are three options offered for the ram pressure recovery selection switch SERAM:

SERAM 1 subsonic: ZERAM (as SERAM=2)

supersonic: ZERAM*{1-0.075*(XM-1)1.35}

2 ZERAM

3 ram recovery from the intake map

7.1.1 FIXIN Parameter Definition

The SAE Aerospace Standard AS681G provides a method for the presentation of results from
computer programs using FORTRAN 77.

The fixed sequence list of the parameters in the fixed input labeled common (FIXlN),and the identity
of these parameters (with typical nomenclature consistent with ARP755) are as follows:

1 NIN Input file number (INTEGER)

2 NOUT Output file number (INTEGER)

3 IND Engine program indicator (INTEGER)

4 TITLE (18) User title: - dimension 18 (HOLLERITH)

5 CASE Numerical case identification

6 ALT Geopotential pressure altitude

7 ZDTAMB Ambient temperature minus standard atmospheric temperature

8 ZDT1A Temperature to be added to T1A

9 ZERM1A Ram pressure recovery at station 1A

10 ZPWXH Customer high pressure rotor power extraction

11 ZPAMB Ambient pressure

12 ZPC Power code

13 ZPLA Power lever angle

14 ZP1A Engine inlet total pressure at station 1A

15 ZRC Rating code

16 SERAM Ram pressure recovery selection

Average Options
SERAM = 1, Selects specified ram pressure recovery
SERAM = 2, Selects input value of ram pressure recovery
SERAM = 3, Selects ram pressure recovery from user supplied subroutine
(ERAMX)

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

18 Turbojet Deck

Differentiated Options
SERAM = 4, Selects input values of primary and secondary ram pressure
recovery
SERAM = 5, Selects input value of primary stream ram pressure recovery
and calls user supplied subroutine (ERAMX) for secondary stream ram
pressure recovery
SERAM = 6, Selects primary and secondary stream ram pressure
recoveries from user supplied subroutine (ERAMX)

17 SIM Inlet mode selection

SIM = 1, Selects altitude and Mach number

SIM = 2, Selects pressure and temperatures
SIM = Other than 1 or 2 coordinated between user and supplier

18 ZTAMB Ambient temperature

19 ZT1A Engine inlet total temperature at station 1A

20 ZWB3 High pressure compressor discharge bleed flow rate

21 ZWB3Q High pressure compressor bleed flow ratio (discharge over component inlet)

22 ZXM Free stream Mach number

23 ZERAM1 Primary stream ram pressure recovery

24 ZERM11 Secondary stream ram pressure recovery

25 -- Reserved for historical consistency

26 -- Reserved for historical consistency

27 -- Reserved for historical consistency

28 -- Reserved for historical consistency

29 SDIST Inlet pressure and temperature distortion selection

30 FYPH Primary maximum response frequency

31 FYSH Secondary maximum response frequency

32 ZPWSD Specified shaft power

33 ZTIME Time from start of transient case

34 TIMEF1 Time at which frequency is changed to FYSH

35 ZIMEF2 Time at which frequency is changed to FYPH

36 TIMEO Output time interval

37 ZTIMET Termination time of transient case

38 ZXJPTL Polar moment of inertia of power turbine load

39 ZXNSD Specified shaft rotational speed

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Input/Output 19

40 ZTRQSD Specified shaft torque

41 SWIND Windmilling selection

7.2 VARIN

SEST 0 begin the iteration with the values from previous point

1 begin the iteration with ZBTAC, ZXNH, ZBTAT, ZDTRC

ZBTAC beta value in the compressor map

ZRXNH relative spool speed

ZBTAT beta value in the turbine map

ZDTRC temperature increase due to recirculating bleed air

ZFN specified net thrust

ZWF specified fuel flow

ZXNRPM specified spool speed in RPM

STRANS 1 Transient with ZPLA = f(ZTIME) input, the GasTurb control system is active

2 Transient with ZWF = f(ZTIME) input, the GasTurb control system is inactive

3 Transient with ZXNRPM = f(ZTIME) input,the GasTurb control system is

inactive

ZCTRCP proportional constant of the GasTurb PID controller

ZCTRCD differential constant of the GasTurb PID controller

ZCTRCI integral constant of the GasTurb PID controller

7.3 FIXOUT
FIXOUT properties are as defined in AS681. Some of them are not applicable, some of them are not
used in the Turbojet Deck. Note that all data that are transferred from the functions and procedures
in the DLL are of the type double.

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 20 Turbojet Deck

7.3.1 FIXOUT Parameter Definition

The SAE Aerospace Standard AS681G provides a method for the presentation of results from
computer programs using FORTRAN 77.

The fixed sequence list of the parameters in the fixed output labeled common (FIXOUT),and the
identity of these parameters (with typical nomenclature consistent with ARP755) are as follows:

1 CLASS (6) Engine program security classification - Dimension 6 (HOLLERITH)

2 IDENT (36) Engine program titles - Dimension 36 (HOLLERITH)

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Input/Output 21

3 NSI (10) Numerical Status Indicator - Dimension 10 (INTEGER)

4 AE8 Primary exhaust nozzle throat effective area

5 AE18 Bypass exhaust nozzle throat effective area

6 ANGBT Boat-tail angle

7 FRAM Ram drag

8 FG Gross thrust

9 FGI Ideal gross thrust

10 FG19 Bypass stream gross thrust

11 FGI19 Bypass stream ideal gross thrust

12 FHV Fuel lower heating value

13 FN Net thrust

14 PB3 High pressure compressor discharge bleed flow total pressure

15 P7 Primary exhaust flow total pressure

16 P17 Bypass exhaust flow total pressure

17 SFC Specific fuel consumption

18 -- Reserved for historical consistency

19 TB3 High pressure compressor discharge bleed flow total temperature

20 TC Control temperature (cockpit display)

21 T7 Primary exhaust flow total temperature

22 T17 Bypass exhaust flow total temperature

23 WFE Engine fuel flow rate

24 WFT Total fuel flow rate

25 W1A Engine inlet flow rate at station 1A

26 W7 Primary exhaust flow rate

27 W17 Bypass exhaust flow rate

28 W2_ High pressure compressor inlet flow rate (The full number representing the
relevant station designation, e.g., W21, W215, W2A, will be defined by the
program supplier.)

29 XNH High pressure rotor rotational speed

30 XNI Intermediate pressure rotor rotational speed

31 XNL Low pressure rotor rotational speed

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

22 Turbojet Deck

32 XNSD Delivered shaft rotational speed

33 ALT Geopotential pressure altitude

34 ERAM1A Ram pressure recovery at station 1A

35 PAMB Ambient pressure

36 PLA Power lever angle

37 P1A Engine inlet total pressure at station 1A

38 TAMB Ambient temperature

39 T1A Engine inlet total temperature at station 1A

40 XM Free stream Mach number

41 SML Low Pressure Compressor Surge Margin

42 SMI Intermediate Pressure Compressor Surge Margin

43 SMH High Pressure Compressor Surge Margin

44 -- Reserved for historical consistency

45 -- Reserved for historical consistency

46 PWSD Delivered shaft power

47 TIME Output Time, from start of transient case

48 TRQSD Delivered shaft torque

49 ERAM1 Primary stream ram pressure recover

50 ERAM11 Secondary stream ram pressure recover

51 -- Reserved for historical consistency

52 -- Reserved for historical consistency

53 -- Reserved for historical consistency

54 -- Reserved for historical consistency

55 DTAMB Ambient temperature minus standard atmosphere temperature

56 DT1A Temperature added to T1A

57 PC Power code

58 RC Rating code

59 WB3 High pressure compressor discharge total bleed flow rate

(Resultant from combined inputs no 20 and 21 of FIXIN)

60 WB3Q High pressure compressor total bleed flow ratio (discharge over component
inlet)

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Input/Output 23

(Resultant from combined inputs no 20 and 21 of FIXIN)

61 PWXH Customer high pressure rotor power extraction

7.4 VAROUT

humid relative humidity [%]

T2 compressor inlet temperature

T3 compressor exit temperature

T4 burner exit temperature

T41 turbine stator exit temperature

T5 turbine exit temperature

P3 compressor exit) pressure

PS3 compressor exit static pressure

P5 turbine exit pressure

NHDOT spool speed change, % per second

FAR4 burner fuel-air-ratio

LIMCD limiter code

BTAC beta value in the compressor map

RXNH relative spool speed

BTAT beta value in the turbine map

DTRC temperature increase due to recirculating bleed air

8 Program Messages
8.1 Numerical Status Indicator NSI
The following Numerical Status Indicator values are defined:

0 Valid result

600 A component map was extrapolated

1600 Surge margin < 0

9100 Calculation did not converge

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 24 Turbojet Deck

9199 Severe computing problem

9201 SIM must be 1 or 2

9202 ZP1A, ZT1A or ZPAMB=0 while SIM=2

9203 SIM=2 can not be combined with SERAM=3

9204 SERAM must be 1, 2 or 3

9210 ZRC not defined

9290 Power Lever Angle PLA definition error

9291 Engine model error: SMode must be equal to 1

9292 STRANS must be 1, 2 or 3 during transient operation

9293 TIME >= ZTIME is not permitted

8.2 Steady State Limiter Codes

During steady state simulations the following limiter codes are used:

-5 cp_val_min3 value of the third cp_val min limiter

-4 cp_val_min2 value of the second cp_val min limiter

-3 cp_val_min1 value of the first cp_val min limiter

-2 WF_min min fuel flow

-1 NH_min min gas generator spool speed

0 operation within limits or no limiters activated

1 NL_max max low-pressure spool speed

2 NLR_max max corrected low-pressure spool speed

3 NH_max max high-pressure spool speed

4 NHR_max max corrected high-pressure spool speed

5 T3_max max burner inlet temperature

6 P3_max max burner inlet pressure

7 T41_max max stator outlet temperature (SOT)

8 T45_max max low-pressure turbine inlet temperature

9 T5_max max turbine exit temperature

10 TRQ_max max torque

11 cp_val_max1 value of the first cp_val max limiter

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Program Messages 25

12 cp_val_max2 value of the second cp_val max limiter

13 cp_val_max3 value of the third cp_val max limiter

8.3 Transient Limiter Codes

During transient simulations the limiter code LIMCD in VAROUT can have the following values:

0 control system switched off

1 Control operation within limits

2 N max spool speed

3 N,corr max corrected spool speed

4 T3 max burner inlet temperature

5 P3 max burner inlet pressure

6 T41 max stator outlet temperature (SOT)

7 T5 max turbine exit temperature

8 cp_val_max1 max composed value 1

9 cp_val_max2 max composed value 2

10 cp_val_max3 max composed value 3

11 N_dot_max max dN/dt (acceleration)

12 far max max fuel-air-ratio (acceleration)

13 WF/P3 max max WF/P3 (acceleration)

14 WF max max fuel flow

15 N_dot_min min dN/dt (deceleration)

16 far_min min fuel-air-ratio (deceleration)

17 WF/P3 min min WF/P3 (deceleration)

18 Nmin min spool speed

19 WF min min fuel flow

20 cp_val_min1 min composed value 1

21 cp_val_min2 min composed value 2

22 cp_val_min3 min composed value 3

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 26 Turbojet Deck

8.4 About Convergence Problems

Any off-design gas turbine performance simulation program requires iteration. That means that the
values of some variables must be estimated at the beginning of the calculation. Corresponding with
the number of iteration variables there is an equal number of conditions within the mathematical
model of the gas turbine. While the iteration variables do not have their correct value, then some or
all of the conditions are not fulfilled. A sophisticated algorithm varies the variables iteratively in such
a way that all the conditions are fulfilled when the calculation is finished.

Sometimes the iteration fails to converge which is indicated by NSI=9100. Non-convergence can
have many reasons: sometimes one or the other of the normal input properties are unreasonable,
sometimes the start values of the iteration variables are far away from those of the solution,
sometimes the solution requires one or more components operating far outside of their respective
component maps.

In this computer deck the output values of the iteration variables are BTAC, RXNH, BTAT and DTRC
in the VAROUT group. While SEST is zero, these values are employed as estimates for the next
point to be calculated. If a point has not converged, then most probably the values of BTAC, RXNH,
BTAT and DTRC are unreasonable and not suited as estimate for the next case to be calculated. For
recovering from this situation, SEST can be set to 1 which makes the iteration begin with the values
ZBTAC, ZXNH, ZBTAT, ZDTRC from the VARIN group.

If the iteration fails to converge because the operating conditions between two steady state points
are very different - an idle case followed by a max rating case, for example - then the problem can be
avoided eventually by introducing a few intermediate rating steps.

Convergence problems that are not understood can be examined with GasTurb 12. In this program
there are many more diagnostic options available than in this computer deck.

If non of the advice given above helps then it might be that no solution exists. This can be the case
for excessive power or bleed off-take, for example.

If in transient simulations a convergence problem shows up while one of the input properties changes
significantly in a very short time, then the time step might be too big. This is similar to the case
when the spool speed input (while STRANS=3) implies excessive Ndot (dN/dt) values.

If during a transient simulation the iteration converges after having failed at one or a few prior time
steps, then the convergence problem can mostly be ignored.

9 Test Cases
9.1 Cycle Reference Point
During initialization of the DLL the GasTurb cycle reference point is written to the input (i.e. FIXIN
and VARIN) and the output (FIXOUT and VAROUT) groups.

9.2 Steady State Off-Design

The performance point to be calculated is defined by the data given in FIXIN and VARIN. For a
steady state point ZTIME must be set to zero.

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Test Cases 27

9.3 Transient
A transient simulation is performed if the FIXIN property ZTIME has a positive value greater than the
FIXOUT property TIME from the previously calculated point.

Three examples are selectable in the test main program respectively in the Excel sheet:

a 10% step increase in fuel flow which demonstrates the fuel flow input option (STRANS=2)

a PLA maneuver with a slam deceleration followed by a slam acceleration

a spool speed input as a function of time

10 Identification and Revision Procedure

The version of the DLL can be read by calling the function GetDLLVersion.

The responsibility for the data is with the provider of the Engine Model File.

11 References
[1] SAE
AEROSPACE STANDARD AS681 Rev. G
1996

[2] J. Kurzke
GasTurb 12 User Manual
2012

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke

 Index 29

Index -M -
Maximum Power 15, 16
Messages 23

-C- -N-
Call Parameters 8 Nomenclature, Stations 11
Call Sequence 9 NSI 23
Convergence Problems 26 Numerical Status Indicator 23
Cycle Reference Point 26
-P-
-D- Path to the DLL 8
Data Directory 7 PLA 14
Data Input and Output 16 PLA Definition 13
Delphi 7, 8 Power Code 15
Delphi Test Main 11 Power Lever Angle 14
DLL Directory 7 Procedure 8
DLL Initialization 9
-R-
DLL Interface 8
Rating Code 15, 16
-E- References 27
Engine Model File 7, 13
-S-
Excel 7, 8
SERAM 16
Excel Application 11
SEST 9, 19, 26
-F- SIM 16
File Organization 7 SinglePoint 8, 9
FIXIN 8, 16 SMode 13
FIXIN Parameter Definition 17 Spool Speed Given 15
FIXOUT 8, 19 Stations 11
FIXOUT Parameter Definition 20 Steady State Performance 26
Fuel Flow Given 15 STRANS 19, 26
Function 8 Subroutine 8

-G- -T -
GetDLLVersion 8, 27 Test Main, Delphi 11
Test Main, Excel 11
-I- Thrust Given 15
Idle 15, 16 Transient Simulations 27
Initialization 9
InitializeEngine 8, 9 -V -
Intake Map 13 VARIN 8, 19
Interface 8 VAROUT 8, 23
Iteration Variable 26 VBA 8, 11
Vista 7
-L- Visual Basic for Applications 8
Limiter codes, steady state 24
Limiter codes, transient 25
Limiters 13

Copyright (C) 2013 by Joachim Kurzke