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1.2 Practical Transformers

The document discusses the equivalent circuit of a practical transformer, detailing its components such as resistances and reactances for both primary and secondary windings. It explains the equivalent circuits at no load and full load, and provides formulas for calculating voltage regulation under different power factors. Additionally, an example is presented to illustrate the calculation of equivalent resistances, reactances, and voltage regulation for a specific transformer.

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Robert Rumaguera
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12 views11 pages

1.2 Practical Transformers

The document discusses the equivalent circuit of a practical transformer, detailing its components such as resistances and reactances for both primary and secondary windings. It explains the equivalent circuits at no load and full load, and provides formulas for calculating voltage regulation under different power factors. Additionally, an example is presented to illustrate the calculation of equivalent resistances, reactances, and voltage regulation for a specific transformer.

Uploaded by

Robert Rumaguera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER

where: where:
𝑹𝟏 = resistance of the primary winding
𝑷𝒎 = iron losses
𝑿𝟏 = reactance of the primary winding
𝑹𝟐 = resistance of the secondary winding 𝑺𝒎 = apparent power absorbed by the core
𝑿𝟐 = reactance of the secondary winding 𝑸𝒎 = reactive power needed to set up the mutual
𝑹𝒎 = resistance representing the iron losses flux
𝑿𝒎 = magnetizing reactance of the primary
winding
𝑰𝒐 = exciting current
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT of a TRANSFORMER at NO LOAD

• At no load, I2=0 and so is I1. Thus only the exciting current I0 flows in R1 and X1.
These impedances are so small that the voltage drop across them are
negligible, so the copper loss is also negligible.
• The final equivalent circuit is at the right side. You consider only the core
impedance.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT of a TRANSFORMER at FULL LOAD

• At full load I1 is at least 20 times bigger than I0. Consequently, I0 can be


neglected and the corresponding magnetizing branch. This equivalent circuit
can be used even if the loading is only 10% of the rated capacity of the
transformer.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT of a TRANSFORMER referred to PRIMARY

where:
𝑹𝒆𝟏 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝑹𝟐 • where:
𝑿𝒆𝟏 = 𝑿𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝑿𝟐 • 𝑹𝒆𝟏 = equivalent resistance referred to the primary
𝒁𝒆𝟏 = 𝑹𝒆𝟏 + 𝒋𝑿𝒆𝟏
• 𝑿𝒆𝟏 = equivalent reactance referred to the primary
𝒁𝒆𝟏 = 𝑹𝒆𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑿𝒆𝟏 𝟐
• 𝒁𝒆𝟏 = equivalent impedance referred to the primary
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰𝟏𝒁𝒆𝟏 + 𝒂𝑽𝟐
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT of a TRANSFORMER referred to SECONDARY

where:
𝑹𝒆𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏/𝒂𝟐
𝑿𝒆𝟐 = 𝑿𝟐 + 𝑿𝟏/𝒂𝟐 • where:
𝒁𝒆𝟐 = 𝑹𝒆𝟐 + 𝒋𝑿𝒆𝟐 • 𝑹𝒆𝟐 = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary
𝒁𝒆𝟐 = 𝑹𝒆𝟐 𝟐 + 𝑿𝒆𝟐 𝟐 • 𝑿𝒆𝟐 = equivalent reactance referred to the secondary
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰 𝒁 + 𝑽 • 𝒁𝒆𝟐 = equivalent impedance referred to the secondary
𝟐 𝒆𝟐 𝟐
𝒂
VOLTAGE REGULATION
• Percentage rise in the terminal voltage of the transformer when the transformer
load is removed
𝑽𝑵𝑳 − 𝑽𝑭𝑳
% 𝑽. 𝑹. = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑭𝑳
% 𝑽. 𝑹. = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + %𝑰𝑹 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + %𝑰𝑿 𝟐 − 𝟏
𝑰𝟐𝑹𝒆𝟐 𝑰𝟐𝑿𝒆𝟐
%𝑰𝑹 = %𝑰𝑿 =
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
where:
%𝑽. 𝑹. = voltage regulation
%𝑰𝑹 = % resistance, voltage drop due to R at rated I in % of rated V
%𝑰𝑿 = % reactance, voltage drop due to X at rated I in % of rated V
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
EXAMPLE: A single phase transformer rated 50 kVA with ratio 2500:250 has primary
resistance of 1.25 ohms and primary reactance of 5.75 ohms. The secondary
resistance is 0.003 ohms while the secondary reactance is 0.015 ohms. Determine the
following:
(a) equivalent resistance referred to the primary side
(b) equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side
(c) equivalent reactance referred to the primary side
(d) equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side
(e) equivalent impedance referred to the primary side
(f) equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side
(g) Voltage regulation at full load if 0.8 pf lagging
(h) Voltage regulation at full load if 0.8 pf leading
(i) Voltage regulation at full load if unity pf
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
SOLUTION:
2500
𝑎= = 10
250
𝑅𝑒1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2𝑅2 = 1.25 + 10 2 0.003 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
𝑅1 1.25
𝑅𝑒2 = 𝑅2 + 2 = 0.003 + = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
𝑎 10 2
𝑋𝑒1 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2𝑋2 = 5.75 + 10 2 0.015 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
𝑋1 5.75
𝑋𝑒2 = 𝑋2 + 2 = 0.015 + 2
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
𝑎 10
𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑅𝑒1 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒1 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝒋𝟕. 𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟏∠𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑅𝑒2 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟏∠𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
SOLUTION:
At 0.8 lagging pf:
𝜃 = cos−1 0.8 = 36.870
𝑆 50𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝐼2 = = = 200∠ − 36.870 𝐴
𝑉2 250𝑉
𝑉1
= 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 + 𝑉2 = 200∠ − 36.870 0.0741∠77.930 + 250∠00 = 261.35∠2.130 𝑉
𝑎
𝑉1
Note: is considered to be the V NL while 𝑉2 is considered to be the V FL.
𝑎
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 261.35 − 250
% 𝑉. 𝑅. = × 100 = × 100 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟒%
𝑉𝐹𝐿 250
S=VI*
P=(I^2)R=VIpf=Vicos(theta)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
SOLUTION:
At 0.8 leading pf:
𝜃 = cos−1 0.8 = 36.870
𝑆 50𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝐼2 = = = 200∠ + 36.870 𝐴
𝑉2 250𝑉
𝑉1
= 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 + 𝑉2 = 200∠36.870 0.0741∠77.930 + 250 = 244.15∠3.160 𝑉
𝑎
𝑉1
Note: is considered to be the V NL while 𝑉2 is considered to be the V FL.
𝑎
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 244.15 − 250
% 𝑉. 𝑅. = × 100 = × 100 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟒%
𝑉𝐹𝐿 250
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
SOLUTION:
At unity pf:
𝜃 = cos−1 1.0 = 0
𝑆 50𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝐼2 = = = 200∠𝟎 𝐴
𝑉2 250𝑉
𝑉1
= 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 + 𝑉2 = 200∠0 0.0741∠77.930 + 250 = 253.51∠3.280 𝑉
𝑎
𝑉1
Note: is considered to be the V NL while 𝑉2 is considered to be the V FL.
𝑎
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 253.51 − 250
% 𝑉. 𝑅. = × 100 = × 100 = 𝟏. 𝟒%
𝑉𝐹𝐿 250

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