Laboratory # 5:

NETWORK ANALAYSIS USING SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

 Theory
Superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes a complex subject and simplifies it in
a way that makes perfect sense. The strategy used in the Superposition Theorem is to eliminate all but
one source of power within a network at a time, using series/parallel analysis to determine voltage
drops (and/or currents) within the modified network for each power source separately. Then, once
voltage drops and/or currents have been determined for each power source working separately, the
values are all “superimposed” on top of each other (added algebraically) to find the actual voltage
drops/currents with all sources active; i.e, The current through or voltage across any element of a linear,
bilateral network is the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages separately produced by each source of
energy.

 Objectives:
 To study circuit analysis using super position theorem
 To investigate the effects of more than one voltage source in a network

 Equipment required:

1. Electricity and electronics construction board

2. Resistors variable in size
3. Dc power supply unit
4. Digital multimeter
5. Connecting wires

 Procedures:

Part A:- Calculated values

1. Construct the circuit shown in figure a below.

2. Calculate the current I1,I2 and I3 and the voltage V1’ ,V2’ & V3’ across each resistor using ohm's
(Kirchoff’s) law for the source V1 by using the diagram shown below.

solution
R2 and R5 are in series :

R1+R5=6.79MΩ+3.301MΩ=10.091MΩ

10.091MΩ and R3 are in parallel:

10.091MΩ*1.501MΩ/(10.091MΩ+1.501MΩ =1.3066MΩ

Now, the three resistors are connected in series :

1.3066MΩ,R1 and R4 are connected in series so to find voltage across each resistors we have to use
voltage divider rule:

V1=(1.5MΩ/(1.5M+1.3066M+1.498M)Ω)10v=3.48v

V4=(1.498MΩ/(1.5MΩ+1.3066MΩ+1.498MΩ))=3.479v

V3=(1.3066MΩ/(1.5MΩ+1.3066MΩ+1.498MΩ))=3.03535

V25 and V3 are in parallel so they have the same voltage so

V25=3.03535MΩ

By using voltage divider rule we can find V2 and V5

V2=(6.79MΩ/(6.79MΩ+3.301MΩ))3.03535v=2.0424v

V5=(3.301MΩ/(6.79MΩ+3.301MΩ))3.03535v=0.992v

And we can the current through resistors by using mesh analysis

10V+1.5MΩI+1.3066MΩI+1,498MΩI=0…………………………….1

I1=2.323*10-6A , I2=0.3007*10-6A AND I3=2.022*10-6A

3.Calculate the currents I1,I2 and I3 and the voltage V1”,V2” & V3” across each resistor using ohm's
(Kirchoff’s) law for the source voltage V2 using the diagram shown below.

R1=1.5MΩ , R2=6.79MΩ , R3=1.501MΩ , R4=1.498MΩ AND R5= 3.301MΩ

Solution

R1 and R4 are in series:

1.5MΩ+1.498MΩ=2.998MΩ
2.998MΩ and R3 are connected in parallel:
(2.998MΩ*1.501MΩ)/(2.998MΩ+1.501MΩ)=1.0002MΩ

Now, the three resistors are connected in series so we can find voltage of each resistors by using
voltage divider rule :
V2=(6.79MΩ/(6.79MΩ+1.0002MΩ+3.301MΩ))15V=9.18V
V3=(1.0002MΩ/(6.79MΩ+1.0002MΩ+3.301MΩ))15V=1.352V
V5=(3.301MΩ/(6.79MΩ+1.0002MΩ+3.301MΩ))15V=4.464V

V14 and V3 are connected in parallel so the voltage across each resistors are same
V14=1.352V by using voltage divider rule we can find V1 and V4
V1=(1.5MΩ/(1.5MΩ+1.498MΩ))1.352V=0.6764V
V4=(1.498MΩ/(1.5MΩ+1.498MΩ))1.352V=0.6755V
And we can find the current through each resistors by using mesh analysis
1MΩI+6.79MΩI+15V+3.301MΩI=0………………………………..1
I2=1.3524*10-6A , I2=0.9011*10-6A AND I3=0.4512*10-6A

4. Using the above result, record all results in data table shown

V(diue to 10v) V(due to 15v) V(due to both)

V1due to R1 3.48V 0.6764V 4.15V
V2due toR2 2.0424V 9.18V 11.2V
V3 due to R3 3.03535V 1.352V 4.38V
V4due to R4 3.479V 0.6755V 4.15V
V5due to R5 0.992V 4.464V 5.456V

Part B:- Measured values:

1. Construct the network and measure the voltages V1, , V2,, and V3, compare these results with the results
of part a .
The measured value of voltage

V1=4.18V

V2=10.99V

V3=4.41V

V4=4.179V

V5=5.48V

 Conclusive Question

 Compare the measured and calculated values for currents through & voltages across all elements
and give a brief conclusion on Superposition theorem.
As you can see, the measured and calculated values are very close, with the largest deviation being less
than 10%. This suggests that the superposition theorem is a reliable method for analyzing linear circuits.

The superposition theorem states that the total response of a linear circuit to a combination of sources
can be found by adding the individual responses to each source acting alone. In other words, the total
current through a resistor is the sum of the currents caused by each source acting alone. The same is
true for the voltage across a resistor.

The superposition theorem can be used to simplify the analysis of complex circuits. For example, if a
circuit contains two independent voltage sources, the circuit can be analyzed as two separate circuits,
one with each source acting alone. This can make the analysis much easier.

The superposition theorem is a powerful tool for analyzing linear circuits. It can be used to simplify the
analysis of complex circuits and to find the currents and voltages in all parts of the circuit.

 Discus the advantage of this theorem over other theorems ( such as nodal & loop analysis
technique)

For every electrical circuit, there are two or additional independent supplies like the current, voltage, or
both sources. For examining these electrical circuits, the superposition theorem is widely utilized
and mostly for time-domain circuits at various frequencies. For instance, a linear DC circuit consists of
one or more independent supply; we can get the supplies like voltage and current by using methods like
mesh analysis and nodal analysis techniques. Otherwise, we can employ the “superposition theorem”
that includes every individual supply result on the worth of the variable to be decided. This means the
theorem assumes that every supply in a circuit independently discovers the rate of the variable, and
lastly produces the secondary variable by inserting the variables which are reasoned by the effect of
every source. Even though the process of it is very difficult but still can be applied for every linear circuit.

 Where & when you chose this theorem& Why?

The superposition theorem states that the response of any element in a linear circuit can be calculated
by considering each source independently and adding the results algebraically. This can be a significant
simplification, as it can reduce a complex circuit with many sources to a series of simpler circuits with
only one source each.

The superposition theorem can be used to calculate voltages, currents, and power dissipation in any
linear circuit. It is a valuable tool for electrical engineers, and it is used in many different applications,
such as design, troubleshooting, and testing.

I can't say exactly where or when the superposition theorem was first used. However, it is likely that it
was first developed by electrical engineers who were trying to find a way to simplify the analysis of
complex circuits. The theorem was first published in 1920 by Charles Proteus Steinmetz, a German-
American electrical engineer who is considered to be one of the founders of modern electrical
engineering.

The superposition theorem is a powerful tool that can be used to simplify the analysis of circuits with
multiple sources. It is a valuable tool for electrical engineers, and it is used in many different
applications.