LECTURE 4: The Cell

Osvaldo Larios, M.S.

Post-Quiz #1: Lecture 4 & 5 1

Lecture 3: Objectives
• Know the structures seen in Prokaryotes vs
Eukaryotes
• Know Osmosis in regards to solute concentration
• Know the functions of organelles and cellular
structures

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Introduction to Cells

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The Cell Theory and Its 3 Principles
1. Organisms are made of one or more cells

2. Cell is the basic unit of all living organisms

3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells

#1 & 2 #1 & 2 #3

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Cells are small (mostly)
• Bird eggs, Neurons, Algae, and bacterial cells

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Cells

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The Two Major Categories of Cells

Cells on Earth fall into two basic categories:

CATEGORIES OF CELLS

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

• Smaller • Larger
• Simpler • More complex
• Do not have organelles • Have organelles with specific functions
• Found in • Found in
- Bacteria and Archaea - Protists, Fungi, Plants, & Animals

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The Cell
• The smallest entity that retains all properties of life.
• Though they may differ in size, shape and function,
they have three common features.
1. Cytoplasm
2. Plasma membrane
3. DNA

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The Cytoplasm
• Semi-fluid substance in which particles, filaments,
and organelles are organized.

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Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic cells are older than eukaryotic cells.
– Prokaryotes appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
– Eukaryotes appeared about 1.8 billion years ago.
• Prokaryotic cells are
– Are unicellular (single cells) often found in chains or
clusters
– Usually smaller than eukaryotic cells
– Simpler in structure.

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Prokaryote

Plasma membrane
(Encloses cytoplasm)
Cell wall
(Provides rigidity)

Capsule
(Sticky coating) Flagellum/Flagella
(Locomotion)

Ribosomes
(Synthesize polypeptides)

Genomic DNA
(Single circular chromosome)
Pili/Pilus Nucleoid Region
(Exchange genetic info.) 11
Membrane Transport Animation

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Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
• Outermost component of the cell which maintains
- Its shape
- Homeostasis

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Cell/Plasma Membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model
• Motion of the lipids allows it to be fluid
• Various components located on it refers to a mosaic
• Consists of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

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Cell/Plasma Membrane - Transport

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Cell/Plasma Membrane - Simple Diffusion (Passive)
Hight Solute
Concentration

Low Solute
Concentration

What are some examples of these solutes? 16

Cell Membrane - Facilitated Diffusion (Passive)
Hight Solute
Concentration

Low Solute
Concentration

What are some examples of

these solutes? 17
Cell Membrane - Active Transport
Low Solute
Concentration

High Solute
Concentration

What are some examples of these solutes?

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Cell Membrane - Active Transport: Exocytosis

What are some

examples of these
solutes?

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Cell Membrane - Active Transport: Endocytosis

What are some

examples of these
solutes?

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Biology: Cell Structure Nucleus Medical Media

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Eukaryotes

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Nucleus

Acts as the genetic

control center of the
cell.
Contains the
hereditary information
for building proteins

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Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope
Bilayer surrounding the
fluid portion (nucleoplasm) Nucleolus
Assembly of
Barrier to water-soluble ribosomal subunits
substances

On the outside are

proteins that allow the free
exchange of ions and
passage of ribosomal
subunits

On the inside are protein

filaments anchoring the
DNA to the membrane
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Ribosomes
• Sites of polypeptide synthesis
• Found both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

- Floating freely in the cytoplasm

• In Eukaryotes only:
- Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
- Inside the Mitochondria
- Inside the Chloroplasts

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Ribosomes: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

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Antibiotics: Mechanism of Action

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Endomembrane System - Rough E.R.

Function
Proteins to be
sent out of the cell

Rough ER is covered with

ribosomes.
Ribosomes make polypeptides

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Endomembrane System - Smooth E.R.

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Endomembrane System - Golgi Apparatus

In Plant Cells, Polysaccharides for their cell

walls are synthesized

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Nucleus, ERs and Golgi Apparatus

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Endomembrane System - Lysosomes

Vesicle that pinches off the Golgi of animal and

some fungal cells
In plants, they are found in plant seeds for the
conversion of fats to carbohydrates
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Endomembrane System - Vacuole
Found in Plants and
Protists
Degrades waste products
and toxic compounds
Store anthocyanins (pink
and blue pigments) in
flowers and fruits
Digestion in seeds:
hydrolytic enzymes for
breakdown of stored food
Structure for plant cells

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Endosymbiosis [HD Animation]:

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The Theory of Endosymbiosis

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Lynn Margulis - President’s National Medal of Science

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Mitochondria

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Chloroplast
Photosynthesis:
Sunlight is captured,
ATP is formed and
organic molecules
are synthesized from
Water and Carbon
dioxide

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Bacteria, Chloroplast and Mitochondria

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Plant Cell Wall

Made of Polysaccharide: Cellulose

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Bacterial Cell Wall: Peptidoglycan
• Semi-rigid structure
• Keeps the cell’s shape
• Prevents bacterial cell from rupturing
- Due to a difference of water pressure between the
interior and exterior of the cell
• Anchor point for the flagellum
• May contribute to some organisms’ pathogenicity
• Site of action for some antibiotics.

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Bacterial Cell Wall: Gram Stain Technique
• Devised in 1887 by Danish physician Hans C. Gram
➡ Gram (+) bacteria: Thickness of Cell wall traps dye

➡ Gram (-) bacteria: Thinness of Cell wall releases

dye when washed with an
alcohol or acetone solution.

Comprise of
repeating
disaccharides
and
polypeptides

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Gram Positive vs Gram Negative Bacteria

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Osmosis: Movement of Water
– Hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute
– Isotonic solution has an equal concentration of solute
– Hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

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Osmosis: Movement of Water
– Hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute
– Isotonic solution has an equal concentration of solute
– Hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

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Osmosis in Animal vs Plant cells

Shrivels Swell and burst

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Passive Transport: Osmosis vs Diffusion
Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
Higher solute concentration Higher water concentration
Solute Solute

Lower solute
concentration

Solutes Move

Water Moves
Solutes Move

Higher solute
concentration

Lower solute concentration Lower water concentration

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Cytoskeleton
• A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.
– Positions organelles
– Allows some types of movement
– Some fibers act as support for motor proteins
– Supports and maintains the shape of the cell
– Interacts with extracellular structures to hold cell in place

• Has 3 components
1. Microfilaments (actin filaments)
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules
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Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
• Help a cell or parts of a cell to move
• Determine cell shape
• Made from the protein actin
• Actin has + and – ends and polymerizes to form long helical
chains (reversible).

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Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments
• Many different kinds
• Stabilize cell structures and resist tension
• Made of fibrous proteins of the keratin family

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Cytoskeleton: Microtubules
• Form rigid internal skeleton in some cells
• Act as tracks along which motor proteins move
• Made from protein tubulin
• Can change length rapidly by adding or losing dimers

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Cytoskeleton: 3 components

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Locomotion: Flagella and Cilia
• Cilia & flagella are used for movement/Locomotion.
– Flagella propel the cell through their whiplike motion.
– Cilia move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.

Colorized SEM
Colorized SEM

Colorized SEM

Cilia on a protist Cilia lining the

respiratory tract

Flagellum of a human sperm cell

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Cilia and Eukaryotic Flagella
• Made of microtubules in “9 + 2” array
- 9 evenly-spaced microtubules in a cylindrical array,
each with a partial microtubule attached to it.
- 2 single microtubules run up through the center of
the bundle
Colorized SEM

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Review: Ch. 4

• Principles of the Cell theory

• Differences between a prokaryotic and a
eukaryotic cell? DNA structure; Cell wall; etc…
• Differences between animal and plant cells
• Functions of the organelles/structures
• Know the various membrane transport
• Hypertonic vs Isotonic vs Hypotonic

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