Grade 10th Chemistry (Old Courses)

Chapter 5 Part (II)

Oxidation And Reduction

Teacher MSD
 Oxidation/Reduction
Deals with movement of ELECTRONS during a chemical reaction.
(Oxygen doesn’t have to be present)

Oxidation:
LOSS of one or more electrons.
Reduction:
GAIN of one or more electrons
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 Redox or Not Redox ?

Redox Reactions: must have atoms changing in charge.

Not all reactions are redox.

Easy way to spot a redox reaction!!!

Look for elements entering and leaving compounds.

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 Is it Redox?
Look for Changes in Charge!
Are elements entering and leaving compounds?

Synthesis: YES
0 0 +1 -2
Ex: 2H2 + O2 2H2O

Decomposition: YES
+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 0
Ex: 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
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 Is it Redox?
Combustion: YES

-4 +1 0 +4 -2 +1 -2
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20

Single Replacement: YES

0 +2 -1 +2 -1 0
Zn + CuCl2 ZnCl2 + Cu

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 Is it Redox?
Double Replacement: NO!!!!

Ions switch partners, but don’t change in charge

+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +5 -2
AgNO3 + LiCl AgCl + LiNO3

Remember charges of atoms inside polyatomic ions

do not change!

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 +1 –2 +1 +1 +6 –2 +1 +6 –1 +1 –2

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

•None of the elements change in This is an

oxidation number. acid-base
(neutralization)
•This is not a redox reaction. reaction.

Which of the following are redox reactions?

A. NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
B. SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
C. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
D. H2S + NHO3 → H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
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 Oxidation

6. Oxidation number increases

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 Reduction

6. Oxidation number decreases

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 Some Examples

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 Redox reaction in terms of electron transfer

Eg 1. Eg 3.
1
𝑀𝑔 𝑠 + 𝑂2 𝑔 → 𝑀𝑔𝑂 (𝑠) 𝐶𝑢𝑂 𝑠 + 𝐻2 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑢 𝑠 + 𝐻2 O (l)
2
𝑀𝑔 − 2 𝑒ҧ → 𝑀𝑔2+ (𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑) 𝐶𝑢2+ + 2𝑒ҧ → 𝐶𝑢(𝐶𝑢2+ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑢)
1 𝐻2 − 2𝑒ҧ → 2𝐻+ (𝐻2 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝐻 + )
𝑂2 + 2𝑒ҧ → 𝑂2− (𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑)
2
Eg 2. Eg 4.

𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙2 𝑠 + 𝐶𝑙2 𝑔 → 2𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 (𝑠) 𝐻2 𝑆 𝑔 + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) → 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑔 + 𝑆 (s)

2− 2−
2+ 3+
2𝐹𝑒 − 2𝑒ҧ → 2𝐹𝑒 (𝐹𝑒 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑) 𝑆
2+ − 2 𝑒 ҧ → 𝑆 (𝑆 is oxidized)
−
−
𝐶𝑙 + 2𝑒ҧ → 2𝐶𝑙 (𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑) 𝐶𝑙 2 + 2 𝑒ҧ → 2𝐶𝑙 (𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑)
2

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 Examples of Oxidizing Agents
Eg 1. Oxygen Eg 3. Hydrogen Peroxide
1
𝐶𝑢 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑢𝑂 𝐻2 𝑂2 + 2𝐻 + + 2𝑒ҧ → 2𝐻2 𝑂
2
2𝐾𝐼 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝐾𝐶𝑙+ 2 HI
𝑆 + 𝑂2 → 𝑆𝑂2
2𝐻𝐼 + 𝐻2 𝑂2 → 𝐼2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
2𝐾𝐼 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂2 → 𝐼2 + 2𝐾𝐶𝑙+ 2𝐻2 𝑂
Eg 2. Chlorine
Eg 4. HNO3 Nitric acid
1
𝐶𝑙2 + 𝑒ҧ → 𝐶𝑙 − 4𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 + 2𝑒ҧ → 2𝑁𝑂3 − + 2𝐻2 O+2𝑁𝑂2
2
𝐹𝑒 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙2 8𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝑑𝑖𝑙 + 6𝑒ҧ → 6𝑁𝑂3 − + 4𝐻2 O+2𝑁𝑂
−
𝐶𝑢 + 4𝐻𝑁𝑂3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 → 𝐶𝑢 (𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 2𝐻2 O+2𝑁𝑂2

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 Examples of Oxidizing Agents
Eg 4. KMnO4 Potassium permanganate

−
5𝑒ҧ + 𝑀𝑛𝑂4 +8𝐻 + + → 𝑀𝑛2+ + 4𝐻2 O
5𝑆𝑂2 + 2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 O → 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

Eg 5. 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 Potassium dichromate

2−
6𝑒ҧ + 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 +14𝐻 + → 2𝐶𝑟 2+ + 7𝐻2 O

𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 7𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 6𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑟2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 +7𝐻2 O + 3𝐹𝑒2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3

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 Examples of Reducing Agents
Eg 1. Hydrogen
Eg 3. Hydrogen sulphide
𝐶𝑢𝑂 𝑠 + 𝐻2 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑢 𝑠 + 𝐻2 O (l)
𝐶𝑢 2+
+ 2𝑒ҧ → 𝐶𝑢(𝐶𝑢 2+
𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑢) 𝑆 2− − 2𝑒ҧ → 𝑆
2𝐻2 𝑆 2− + 𝑆𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 3𝑆
𝐻2 − 2𝑒ҧ → 2𝐻+ (𝐻2 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝐻 + )
2𝑆 2− − 4𝑒ҧ → 2𝑆
Eg 2. Carbon (coke)
𝑆 4+ + 4𝑒ҧ → 𝑆
𝑍𝑛𝑂 𝑠 + 𝐶 𝑔 → 𝑍𝑛 𝑠 + 𝐶𝑂(𝑔) 2𝑆 2− + 𝑆 4+ → 3𝑆
𝐶 − 2𝑒ҧ → 𝐶 2+ (𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑)
𝑍𝑛2+ + 2𝑒ҧ → 𝑍𝑛(𝑍𝑛2+ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑍𝑛)

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 How to Balance Equations?

Ion-electron
Oxidation number method (Half reaction method)
1. To omit ions which do not change in
1. To find oxidized /reduced element.
reaction
2. To adjust atom of oxidized/reduced
2. To find oxidized /reduced element.
3. To calculate total oxidation number
3. To balance the atoms by adding acid
4. To add/substrate electrons
(H+, H2O2) or base (OH- & H2O)
5. To multiply by integer for adjusting electrons
4. To add/substrate electrons
6. To do necessary adjust other which do not change
5. To multiply by integer for adjusting
oxidization number and
electrons
7.final check for charges and atoms numbers
6. To add two half reaction equations &
balance the charges
7. To do final check for charges and
atoms numbers
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Eg. 𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O
Step 1. To find oxidized /reduced element.
2𝐶𝑟 6+
+ 6𝑒ҧ → 2𝐶𝑟 3+ 2𝐼 − → 𝑰𝟐 + 2𝑒ҧ
Step 2. To adjust atom of oxidized /reduced
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O
Step 3. To balance the metals that do not change oxidation number (like K)
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O
Step 4. To balance the ions/electrons that do not change (like ClO4)
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝟖𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O
Step 5. To balance the necessary atoms (like hydrogen & oxygen)
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝟖𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
Step 6. To do final check for changes and atoms numbers
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝟖𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
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 𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O
Answer like follow 2(-1) -2e x 3 0

+6 -1 +3 0
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟐𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O

2(+6) +6e 2(+3)

1. To find oxidized /reduced element.
6+ 3+
2𝐶𝑟 + 6𝑒ҧ → 2𝐶𝑟 2. To adjust atom of oxidized/reduced
3. To calculate total oxidation number
2𝐼 − → 𝑰𝟐 + 2𝑒ҧ 4. To add/substrate electrons
5. To multiply by integer for adjusting electrons
6𝐼 − → 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 6𝑒ҧ 6. To do necessary adjust other which do not change
oxidization number and
7.final check for charges and atoms numbers
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝟖𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
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 𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O

Answer like follow

2(-1) -2e x 3 0

+6 -1 +3 0
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟐𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O

2(+6) +6e 2(+3)

𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝟖𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O

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 Ion-electron (Half reaction method)
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O
Step 1. To omit ions which do not change in reaction
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 → 𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑
𝑯𝑰 → 𝑰𝟐
Step 2. To find oxidized /reduced element.
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 → 𝑪𝒓𝟐− 𝟑+ 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+
𝑰− → 𝑰𝟐 2𝑰− → 𝑰𝟐
Step 3. To balance the atoms by adding acid (H+, H2O2) or base (OH- & H2O)
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
2𝑰− → 𝑰𝟐
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 Step 4. To add/substrate electrons
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟔ത𝒆 → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
2𝑰− → 𝑰𝟐
Step 5. To multiply by integer for adjusting electrons
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟔ത𝒆 → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
6𝑰− → 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟔ത𝒆
Step 6. To add two half reaction equations & balance the charges

𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟔ത𝒆 → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟕𝑯𝟐 O

6𝑰− → 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟔ത𝒆
-2 +14 -6 +6 +0
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟔𝑰− → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
Step 7. To add omitted elements , ions & do final check for charges and atoms numbers
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝟖𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
12/27/2021 Chemistry 20
 Ion-electron (Half reaction method)
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑯𝑰 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 O

𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 → 𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
𝑯𝑰 → 𝑰𝟐
𝟐− 2𝑰− → 𝑰𝟐
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 → 𝑪𝒓𝟑+
𝑰− → 𝑰𝟐
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟔ത𝒆 → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ 6𝑰− → 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟔ത𝒆
2𝑰− → 𝑰𝟐 -2 +14 -6 +6 +0
+6 +6
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟔𝑰− → 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝟔𝑯𝑰 + 𝟖𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 → 𝟐𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓(𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 + 𝟕𝑯𝟐 O
12/27/2021 Chemistry 21
 Equation (1)

Equation (2)

Multiply by 5 to eq (2)

𝟐𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟓𝑭𝒆𝟐+ + 𝟏𝟔𝑯+ → 𝟐𝑴𝒏𝟐+ 𝟓𝑭𝒆𝟐+ + 𝟖𝑯𝟐 𝑶

12/27/2021 Chemistry 22
 Ex: 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝑺𝟐− → 𝐒 + 𝑴𝒏𝟐+

𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟓ത𝒆 → 𝑴𝒏𝟐+ Eq (1) To find oxidized /reduced element.

𝑺𝟐− → 𝐒 + 𝟐ത𝒆 Eq (2)

𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− +
+ 𝟖𝑯 + 𝟓ത𝒆 → 𝑴𝒏 𝟐+
+ 𝟒𝑯𝟐 𝑶 To balance the atoms by adding acid (H+, H2O2) or
base (OH- & H2O) Eq (3)
𝟐𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟏𝟔𝑯+ + 𝟏𝟎ത𝒆 → 𝟐𝑴𝒏𝟐+ + 𝟖𝑯𝟐 𝑶 Multiply by 2 to Eq (3)

𝟐𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟏𝟔𝑯+ + 𝟏𝟎ത𝒆 → 𝟐𝑴𝒏𝟐+ + 𝟖𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝟐− Multiply by 5 to Eq (2)
𝟓𝑺 → 𝟓𝐒 + 𝟏𝟎ത𝒆 To add two half reaction equations & balance
(-2 +16 -10) (+4 +0 +0) the charges

+4 +4 To do final check for charges and atoms

− + 𝟐− 𝟐+ numbers
𝟐𝑴𝒏𝑶
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𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔𝑯 + 𝟓𝑺 → 𝟐𝑴𝒏
Chemistry
+ 𝟓𝑺 + 𝟖𝑯𝟐 𝑶 23
Ex: 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑 1. To omit ions which do not change in
reaction
2. To find oxidized /reduced element.
3. To balance the atoms by adding acid (H+,
𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 𝟏ത𝒆 H2O2) or base (OH- & H2O)
4. To add/substrate electrons
𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝟑ത𝒆 → 𝑪𝒍−𝟑 5. To multiply by integer for adjusting
electrons
6. To add two half reaction equations &
𝟑𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝟑𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 𝟑ത𝒆 balance the charges
7. To do final check for charges and atoms
𝟏. 𝟓𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝟑ത𝒆 → 𝑪𝒍𝟑 numbers

𝟑𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝟑𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑

+3 +9 +3 +9
𝟑 𝟐𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝟐𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑
𝟑𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝟑𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑
𝟐
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 +3 –2 +2 –2 0 +4 –2
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) → Fe(s) + CO2(g)
+3 –2 +2 –2 0 +4 –2
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) → Fe(s) + CO2(g)
+2 (oxidation)

+3 –2 +2 –2 0 +4 –2
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) → Fe(s) + CO2(g)
–3 (reduction)
3 × (+2) = +6

+3 –2 +2 –2 0 +4 –2
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
2 × (–3) = –6

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Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)
Chemistry
→ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 25
 𝑬𝒙 ∶ 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝑭𝒆 → 𝑭𝒆𝟑+ + 𝑴𝒏𝟐+
1. To omit ions which do not change in
𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟓ത𝒆 → 𝑴𝒏𝟐+ reaction
2. To find oxidized /reduced element.
𝑭𝒆𝟎 → 𝑭𝒆𝟑+ + 𝟑ത𝒆 3. To balance the atoms by adding acid
(H+, H2O2) or base (OH- & H2O)
𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟖𝑯+ + 𝟓ത𝒆 → 𝑴𝒏𝟐+ + 𝟒𝑯𝟐 𝑶 4. To add/substrate electrons
5. To multiply by integer for adjusting
electrons
6. To add two half reaction equations &
𝟑𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟐𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟏𝟓ത𝒆 → 𝟑𝑴𝒏𝟐+ + 𝟏𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶 balance the charges
7. To do final check for charges and
𝟎 𝟑+
𝟓𝑭𝒆 → 𝟓𝑭𝒆 + 𝟏𝟓ത𝒆 atoms numbers

𝟑𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟐𝟒𝑯+ +𝟓𝑭𝒆𝟎 → + 𝟑𝑴𝒏𝟐+ + 𝟏𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝟑𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟐𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟓𝑭𝒆 → 𝟑𝑴𝒏𝟐+ + 𝟓𝑭𝒆𝟑+ + 𝟏𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶

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 Exericses: Balance the following equations.
𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍 → 𝑴𝒏𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐

𝐊𝐈 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 → 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑲𝑪𝒍 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑯𝟐 𝑺+ 𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝐒 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍

𝑪𝒖 + 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 → 𝐂𝐮(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐 +𝑵𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐− + 𝑯+ + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 → 𝑪𝒓𝟑+ +𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑶𝟐

𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯+ + 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 → 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 +𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑵𝑶

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To Summarize

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 Conservation of “Charge”

Total electrons lost = Total electrons gained

 Two different methods for balancing
redox equations are the oxidation-
number-change method and the half-
reaction method.

 These two methods are based on the

fact that the total number of electrons
gained in reduction must equal the total
number of electrons lost in oxidation.
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12/27/2021 Chemistry 30
 Summary of Oxidation & Reduction

6. Oxidation number increases 6. Oxidation number decreases

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 Summary of Oxidizing & Reducing Agents

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+1

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 Summary of Oxidation Numbers

𝑲+𝟏 , 𝑵𝒂+𝟏
𝑴𝒈𝟐+ , 𝑪𝒂𝟐+
𝑪𝒍𝑭𝟑−𝟏
𝑯𝟐 𝑶−𝟏
𝟐 , 𝑭𝟐 𝑶 +𝟐

𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒
𝒁𝒏𝑯𝟐
𝑪𝑶𝟐 , 𝑯𝟐 𝑶, 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍
− 𝟐− −
𝑵𝑶𝟑 , 𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟕 , 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒

Elements by itself ….. 0 𝑪𝒍𝟐 , 𝑺𝟔 , 𝑷𝟐 , 𝑵𝒂

Halogens….usually -1 but +1 with oxygen & Fluorine 𝑩𝒓𝑶𝟑−𝟏 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 𝑪𝒍𝑭𝟑−𝟏
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 Chapter 5 Questions

HW # Pg.91/ No. 1-12

(𝟏)𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝐒𝑶𝟒 → 𝑪𝒓𝟐 (𝐒𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 +𝑭𝒆𝟐 (𝐒𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 +𝑲𝟐 𝐒𝑶𝟒 +𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝟐 𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝟑 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟐−
𝟕 + 𝑰 + 𝑯 +
→ 𝑪𝒓 𝟑+
+ 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟐−
𝟒 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟐−
𝟕 + 𝑯 +
+ 𝐒𝑶 𝟐 → 𝑪𝒓 𝟑+
+ 𝑺𝑶 𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝟓 𝑴𝒏𝑶−
𝟒 + 𝑺 𝟐−
→ 𝐒 + 𝑴𝒏𝟐+

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 References
• Grade 11, Chemistry, Basic Education Curriculum, Syllabus and Textbook, Ministry of Ecucation

• https://www.khanacademy.org/science

• https://slideplayer.com

• https://en.wikipedia.org