Python Programming for II Year B.

Tech CSE(AIML) II Semester

Campus Recruitment Training (CRT)
on
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
(Focus is on “Competitive programming : Hackerrank coding challenges”)
By
Prof.B.Sreenivasu

Department of Computer Science and Engineering (AIML)

SREYAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY(Autonomous)
• Nagole, Hyderabad, Telangana State
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 Hackerrank coding challenges
➢Python programming
➢Assignment – Scenario based problems
➢Sub-domains
1. Introduction
2. Basic Data Types
3. Operators
4. Exceptions
5. Sets Strings
6. Dictionaries
7. Tuples
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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Python Features
➢Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van
Rossum and released in 1991.
➢Simple syntax or Easy to learn
➢Python is Interactive: meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is
written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
➢Free and Open Source : The python software is free to download. This software
can be downloaded from www.python.org
➢Large Standard Libraries and database connectivity
➢Dynamic: In dynamically typed languages there is no variable declaration.
Variables in dynamically typed languages are not bind with one data type. Its
data types changes based on value.

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 Python Features
➢Interpreted
➢Platform Independent, High Level
➢Object Oriented programming
Python comments:
Comments can be used to explain Python code.
Creating a comment: comments starts with a special character #
Example:
# range() function generates a sequence of numbers
Multi-line comments:
Enclose all lines in triple quote which you wanted to marked it as
comment line.

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 Python working modes
Python working modes are two:
1.Interactive mode:
▪ Working with python in interactive mode is nothing but working with
python shell.
▪ Python shell is a tool which comes with python software.
▪ Python shell is called command line interface
▪ Python shell also called REPL tool. REPL stands Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop
▪ Python shell is a command line interpreter. It reads command given at
prompt and interpret/evaluates and display result.

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 Python working modes
2. Programming mode :
• In python script is program which is saved with extension .py (source
program).
• How to write a program or create module:
1. Open IDLE (Integrated development environment)
2. File ➔New File ➔Type program ➔ Save program ➔File➔ Save
3. File name➔Click on Run ➔ Run Module

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 Builtin Key words in Python
• Python 3.12.2 version support 35 keywords

• How to find keyword list in python: Start python interpreter

>>> import keyword

>>> keyword.kwlist

['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break', 'class',
'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global',
'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return',
'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']

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 Identifiers
• Identifiers are user defined words. These words are used to identify
programming elements.

1. Package Name

2. Module Name

3. Function Name

4. Variable Name

5. Data type name

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 Rules for creating identifiers
1. Identifier should not be keyword
2. Identifier can be defined in upper case or lowercase. Python is case
sensitive language and find difference between uppercase and
lowercase.
3. Identifier is only one word, there should not any space.
4. Identifier allows alphabets from (a-z,A-Z,0-9) and one special
character _
5. Identifier should start with alphabet or _
6. Maximum length of identifier is any length
Example: >>> amt$=100
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

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 Python Lines and Indentation
❑ Python programming provides no braces and semicolons to indicate block of code (code block).
❑ Block of code are denoted by line indentation (usually indentation is equal to four white spaces)
Example: Example python program using if-else conditional control statment
if True:
print("True") # if block
else:
print("False") # else block
#Example python program using if - elif- else conditional control statements
n = int(input())
if n%2 != 0:
print("Weird") # if block
elif n%2 == 0 and n >=2 and n <=5:
print("Not Weird") # elif block
elif n%2 == 0 and n >=6 and n <=20:
print("Weird") # elif block
else:
print("Not Weird") # else block

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 Python - Variables
▪ A variable is an identity given to value or memory location.
▪ Variable is named memory location.
▪ The value of variable can be changed.
▪ Python is dynamically typed language; there is no variable
declaration in python.
▪ How to create a variable in python?
▪ Variables are created in python by assigning a value.
• Example: name =‘Python’
• X=10
• X=20.5
• X=2+3j

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 Python – Control statements
➢Control statements are used to control flow of execution of program.
➢Default flow of execution of program is sequential.
Conditional control statements
• If
• If-else
• If-elif-else
• Nested-if
• match
Loop control statements
• for
• while
• Nested loops
Branching control statements
• Break
• Continue
• Pass
• Return
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 Branching control statements
Key note:
How to define empty blocks in python?
Empty blocks are defined in python by including one statement
“pass”
What is pass?
“pass” is a keyword, which is represent do-nothing or null operation
Example:
if 10>2:
pass

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 Python – while Loop Control statements
while loop required 3 statements
1. initialization statement
2. condition
3. update statement

▪ Initialization statement: statement which defines initial value of condition.

▪ Condition: Boolean expression, this defines how many times while loop has to be
repeated.
▪ Update statement: This statement update condition

Example:
c=1 # initialization statement
while c<=10: # condition/test
print(“SREE")
c=c+3 # update statement
Output:
SREE
SREE
SREE
SREE
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 Python – for Loop Control statements
for loop
• The for statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence (such as a string,
tuple or list) or other iterable object.
• For loop is used to read each time one value/element from collection/ sequence data
type
Syntax:
for variable in iterable/collection / sequence:
statement-1
statement-2
• for loop each time read value from collection and assign that value to variable. after
assigning it executes statement-1 and statement-2
• This repeating is done until read all values from collection.
Example:
str1="PYTHON"
for a in str1:
print(a)

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 Built-in data types in Python
▪ Data types are used to allocate / reserve memory for data.
▪ Python data types are classified into two categories
1. Standard data types
2.Collection data types / Data structures
▪ Standard data types are used to represent one value. ==> Scalar data types
▪ Collection data types are used to represent more than one value
Standard data types
1.Numeric data types (Numbers)
a. integers b. floating point real numbers c. complex numbers
2.Boolean data type
3.None type

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 Built-in data types in Python
❑Collection data types

1.Sequences (ordered collection data type)

a. list b.string c.tuple d.range e.bytearray

2.Sets: types (Un-ordered collection data type)

a. set b. frozenset

3.Mapping data type:

a. dictionary

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 Python – classes & objects
• In python every data type is called a class.
• Python uses the object model abstraction for data storage. Any
construct that contains any type of value is an object.
• Python is an object oriented programming language.
What is class?
▪ In python class represents data type.
▪ This data type is used to allocate memory for data/object
>>> n2=20
>>> type(n2)
Output:
<class 'int’>

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 Python – classes & objects
▪ All python objects have the following three characteristics:
1.Identity: Unique identifier that differentiates an object from all others.
▪ Any object identifier can be obtained using a built-in function(BIF) called
id(). This function returns value is as close as you will get to a memory
address.
2.Type: An object’s type indicates what kind of values an object can hold.
▪ Type of an object can be obtained using a built-in function(BIF) called
type(). This function returns the class (data type) of object.
3.Value: Data item that is represented by an object.
▪ Example:
>>> x=10
>>> print(id(x))
140707907586776 # memory location of object ‘x’
>>> print(type(x))
<class 'int'>
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 Operators in Python
▪ Operator is a special symbol which is used to perform operations.
• Based on the operands on which it performs operations, operators are
classified into different categories
1. Unary Operators
2. Binary Operators
3. Ternary Operators
• Unary operator required one operand
• Binary operator required two operands
• Ternary operator required three operands

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 Operators in Python
• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Walrus operator (Python 3.8)

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 Arithmetic Operators in Python
Operator Description
+ Addition

This operator is used to perform two operations

Adding numbers
Concatenation of sequences
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Float Division (Floating point division)
// Floor Division (Integer division)
% Modulo
** Power of operator or exponent
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 Relational Operators in Python
• These operators are used for comparing values. After comparing values it
return boolean value (True/False).

• Relational operators are binary operators.

Operator Description
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
!= Not equal
== Equal

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 Logical Operators in Python
• Logical operators are used to combine two boolean expressions.
• Logical operators in python are represented using three python
keywords
1. and
2. or
3. not

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 Conditional Operator in Python
▪ Conditional operator is ternary operator. This operator required three
operands.
▪ Conditional operator is used to create conditional expression.
▪ Conditional operator allows evaluating of expression based on
condition/Test.
Syntax:
• result=opr1 if opr2 else opr3
➢Opr1(operand 1) ==> expression/true-expression
➢opr2 ==> boolean expression/test/condition
➢opr3 ==> expression/false-expression
▪ if condition is True, PVM (Python virtual machine) evaluates opr1 and
assign to result
▪ if condition is False, PVM evaluates opr3 and assign to result
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 Ternary Operator in Python : Example
#write a program to find a person is eligible to vote or not

name=input("Enter Name")

age=int(input("Enter Age"))

result=f'{name} Eligible' if age>=18 else f'{name} not eligible’

print(result)
OUTPUT:

• Enter Name Sreeniavsu

• Enter Age 45

• Sreenivasu
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Elgible
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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Membership Operators
▪ Membership operator is used with collection data types.
▪ Membership operator is used to search a given value exists in group
values.
▪ If given value exists in group of values, it returns True
▪ If given value not exists in group values, it returns False
1. in
2. not in
• These two are binary operators.
➢opr1 in opr2
➢opr1 not in opr2
➢opr2 must be collection type.

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 Membership Operators : Example program
# Write a program to find input character is vowel

ch=input("Enter any character")

print("Vowel") if ch in "aeiouAEIOU" else print("Not Vowel")

Output:

Enter any character A

Vowel

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 Membership Operators : Example program
# Write a program to demonstrate membership operator ‘in’
students=['sreenivasu','aruna','snigdha','sreyanshi','sanvi']
for name in students:
print(name)
OUTPUT:

# python program to demonstrate membership operator ‘not in’

>>> "a" not in "java"
• False
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 Identity Operators : Example program
▪ Every object in python is identified with unique number called address.
▪ Identity operator is used to find two variables are pointing to same object
in memory.
1. is
2. is not
Difference between is and == operator?
▪ The == operator compares the value or equality of two objects, whereas
the Python ‘is’ operator checks whether two variables point to the same
object in memory.

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 Identity Operators : Example program in interactive mode
>>> a=10
>>> b=20
>>> c=10
>>> d=20
>>> print(c is a)
True
>>> print(b is d)
True
>>> print(id(a)) #id() This function returns id or address of object.
140707260877528
>>> print(id(c))
140707260877528
>>>print(id(b))
140707260877848
>>>print(id(d))
140707260877848
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 Assignment Operators
• Python Assignment Operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.
• Augmented assignment statements

• Augmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a

binary operation and an assignment statement

• +=, -=, *=, /=,//=,%=,**=,>>=,<<=,&=,|=,^=

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 Assignment Operators
Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Assignment Operators
• >>> a=10
• >> a++
• SyntaxError: incomplete input
• >>> a=a+1
• >>> print(a)
• 11
• >>> a+=1
• >>> print(a)
• 12
• >>> b=10
• >>> b=b-2
• >>> print(b)
• 8
• >>> b-=2
• >>> print(b)
• 6
• >>> c=5
• >>> c=c*10
• >>> print(c)
• 50
• >>> c*=5
• >>> print(c)
• 250
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 Assignment Operators
▪ Walrus operator (OR) assignment expression operator:
▪ := is called walrus operator
▪ This operator is introduced in python 3.8 version.
▪ It is an assignment operator, but it is used as part of expression.
▪ >>> a=(b:=5+2)*(c:=5-2)
▪ >>> print(a)
▪ 21
▪ >>> print(b)
▪7
▪ >>> print(c)
▪3

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 Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Operators
• Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on binary data.
1. Shift operators
a. Left shift operator
b. Right shift operator
2. & bitwise and operator
3. | bitwise or operator
4. ^ bitwise XOR operator
5. ~ bitwise not operator
• Shift operators
• Shift operators are used to shift number of bits towards left side or right side.
1. Right shift operator >>
2. Left shift operator <<
• Right shift operator >>
• This operator is used to shift number of bits towards right side. By shifting number of bits
towards right side the value get decremented. It decrement value by deleting shifted
bits.
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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Number Systems
• In python integer values/literals are represented in four formats.
1. Decimal
2. Octal
3. Hexadecimal
4. Binary
Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal and binary are called number system.
Number system defines set of rules and regulations for representing numbers
in computer science or programming language.

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Number Systems
• Binary integer:

➢An integer value with base 2 is called binary integer.

➢Binary integer is created using two digits 0 and 1

➢Binary integer is prefix with 0b or 0B.

• Applications:

➢Low Level Programming (Embedded Applications)

➢Representing data in memory

➢Images/Audio/Video

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Bitwise Operators
• >>> a=0b10100
• >>> b=a>>2
• >>> print(bin(a))
• 0b10100
• >>> print(bin(b))
• 0b101
• >>> print(a,b)
• 20 5

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Bitwise Operators
• Left shift operator <<

• This operator is used to shift number of bits towards left side. This operator
increment value by adding number of bits at right side.

• Syntax:

• Opr<<n

• Opr is binary value/decimal value/integer value

• n is number of bits shifted towards left side

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 Bitwise Operators
▪ Logical Gates
▪ Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an
electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output.
▪ The following operators are used to apply logic gates
1. & (AND gate)
2. | (OR gate)
3. ^ (XOR gate)
4. ~ (NOT gate)

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Bitwise Operators
• & AND gate

• Truth table of & AND gate

• If any input bit is 0 then output bit is 0

Opr1 Opr2 Opr1&Opr2

1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
0 0 0

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Bitwise Operators
• Example:

• >>> a=0b1010

• >>> b=0b1000

• >> c=a&b

• >> print(a,b,c)

• 10 8 8

• >>> print(bin(a),bin(b),bin(c))

• 0b1010 0b1000 0b1000

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Bitwise Operators
• | or operation

• This operator is used to apply or gate

• Truth table of | operation

• Note: If any input bit is 1, the output bit is 1

Opr1 Opr2 Opr1 | Opr2

1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Bitwise Operators
• ^ XOR operation

• This operator is used to apply XOR gate

• Truth table of XOR operator

Opr1 Opr2 Opr1 ^ opr2

0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 0 0

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 XOR Bitwise Operators
• >>> a=0b101

• >>> b=0b110

• >>> c=a^b

• >>> print(bin(a),bin(b),bin(c))

• 0b101 0b110 0b11

• >>> print(a,b,c)

•563

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 NOT Bitwise Operators
➢ ~ Not operator

➢ This is to apply not gate

Note: Formula : -(value+1)

Opr ~Opr
1 0

0 1

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 NOT Bitwise Operators
• >>> a=5

• >>> b=~a

• >>> print(a,b)

• 5 -6

• >>> c=~b

• >>> print(c)

•5

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Python Programming Department of CSE (AIML)
 Week-1: Hackerrank: coding platform of international repute:
• Python Programming
• SUB-DOMAIN: Introduction:
• Hackerrank coding challenge -1: Say “Hello, World!” with python
• Here is a sample line of code that can be executed in Python:
Print(“Hello, World!”)
my_string = “Hello, World!”
print(my_sytring)
• Input Format:
You do not need to read any input in this challenge.
• Output Format:
Print Hello, World! to stdout
• Sample output:
Hello, World!
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -2 : Python if-else
Given an integer, n, perform the following conditional actions:
▪ If n is odd, print Weird
▪ If n is even and in the inclusive range of 2 to 5 , print Not Weird
▪ If n is even and in the inclusive range of 6 to 20, print Weird
▪ If n is even and greater than 20 , print Not Weird
Input Format
▪ A single line containing a positive integer, n.
▪ Output Format
▪ Print Weird if the number is weird. Otherwise, print Not Weird.
Sample Input:
• 3
Sample Output:
• Weird
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -2
• Program:
import math
import os
import random
import re
import sys
n=int(input())
if n%2==0 and 2<=n<=5:
print("Not Weird")
elif n%2==0 and 6<=n<=20:
print("Weird")
elif n%2==0 and n>20:
print("Not Weird")
else:
print("Weird")
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -3: Arithmetic operators
➢The provided code stub reads two integers from STDIN, a and b. Add
code to print three lines where:
➢The first line contains the sum of the two numbers.
➢The second line contains the difference of the two numbers (first -
second).
➢The third line contains the product of the two numbers.
Example:
• a=3
• b=5
Print the following:
•8
• -2
• 15
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -3
Input Format
• The first line contains the first integer, a .
The second line contains the second integer, b.
Output Format:
• Print the three lines as explained above.
Sample Input :
• 3
• 2
Sample Output:
• 5
• 1
• 6
Explanation:
• 3+2 ==> 5
• 3-2 ==> 1 3*2 ==> 6
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -3

Solution: Source code

a = int(input())
b = int(input())
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -4: Python : Division
▪ The provided code stub reads two integers, a and b, from STDIN.
▪ Add logic to print two lines. The first line should contain the result of integer
division, a // b . The second line should contain the result of float
division, a / b.
▪ No rounding or formatting is necessary.
Example
a=3
b=5
The result of the integer division 3 //5 =0
The result of the float division is 3/5 =0.6
print:
0
0.6
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -4
Input Format
• The first line contains the first integer, a.
• The second line contains the second integer, b.
Output Format
Print the two lines as described above.
Sample Input:
4
3
• Sample Output:
1
1.33333333333

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -4
Code:
a = int(input())
b = int(input())
print(a//b)
print(a/b)

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -5: Loops
• The provided code stub reads and integer, n, from STDIN. For all non-negative
integers i < n, print i**2.
• Example
n=3
• The list of non-negative integers that are less than n = 3 is [0,1,2]. Print the square
of each number on a separate line.
• 0
• 1
• 4
Input Format
• The first and only line contains the integer, n.
Output Format
• Print n lines, one corresponding to each i.
Sample Input:
• 5
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -5
Sample Output:
• 0
• 1
• 4
• 9
• 16
CODE:
n = int(input())
for i in range(0,n):
print(i**2)

range() function generates a immutable sequence of numbers

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -6 ==> Write a function (talk about leap year )
▪ An extra day is added to the calendar almost every four years as February
29, and the day is called a leap day. It corrects the calendar for the fact
that our planet takes approximately 365.25 days to orbit the sun. A leap
year contains a leap day.
▪ In the Gregorian calendar, three conditions are used to identify leap
years:
➢ The year can be evenly divided by 4, is a leap year, unless:

➢ The year can be evenly divided by 100, it is NOT a leap year, unless:

➢ The year is also evenly divisible by 400. Then it is a leap year.

▪ This means that in the Gregorian calendar, the years 2000 and 2400 are
leap years, while 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300 and 2500 are NOT leap
years.

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -6 ==> talk about leap year
Task :Given a year, determine whether it is a leap year. If it is a leap year, return
the Boolean True, otherwise return False.
• Note that the code stub provided reads from STDIN and passes arguments to
the is_leap function. It is only necessary to complete the is_leap function.
Input Format:
• Read year, the year to test.
Output Format
• The function must return a Boolean value (True/False). Output is handled by the
provided code stub.
Sample Input:
• 1990
Sample Output:
• False
Explanation:
• 1990 is not a multiple of 4 hence it's not a leap year.
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -6 ==> let us talk about leap year
Code:
# creating a function called ‘is_leap’ which takes one argument that is ‘year’as an
input parameter (parameterized function)
#to create a user defined function we use python built-in keyword ‘def’
def is_leap(year):
if year%100 ==0 and year%400==0:
return True
elif year%4==0 and year%100!=0:
return True
else:
return False
# calling a function
year = int(input()) # allow the user to enter input from keyboard
print(is_leap(year)) # calling a function called is_leap that takes year as an
argument.
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -7 : print function
▪ The included code stub will read an integer, n, from STDIN.
▪ Without using any string methods, try to print the following:
▪ 123…n
▪ Note that "…" represents the consecutive values in between.
Example:
▪ N=5
▪ Print the string 12345 .
Input Format:
▪ The first line contains an integer n.
Output Format
▪ Print the list of integers from 1 through n as a string, without spaces.
Sample Input:
▪3
Sample Output:
▪ 123
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -7
• CODE:
n=int(input())
for i in range(1,n+1):
print(i,end='')

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 Programming exercises

• num=int(input("Enter any number"))

• sum=0

• while num>0:

• r=num%10

• sum=sum + r

• num=num//10

• print(f'sum of digits {sum}')

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 Programming exercises
▪ Write a program to display product of digits of number accepted from
user.
• num=int(input("Enter any number"))
• p=1
• while num>0:
• r=num%10
• p=p*r
• num=num//10
• print(f'Sum of digits {p}')
• Output:
• Enter any number345
• Sum of digits 60

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 Programming exercises
▪ Python program to print all prime numbers in a given interval ( use break).
lower=int(input("Enter any number"))
upper=int(input("Enter any number"))
for num in range(lower,upper+1):
if num>1:
for i in range(2,num):
if (num%i)==0:
break
else:
print(num)
▪ Note: A prime number is a positive number that has only two factors, 1 and
the number itself. Numbers such as 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc., are prime numbers as
they do not have any other factors other than 1 and themselves.
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 Programming exercises
▪ Print below Floyd’s triangle pattern using for loop.
5
44
333
2222
11111
Solution:
for i in range(5,0,-1): # range(5,0,-1) generates sequence of numbers : 5,4,3,2,1
for j in range(i,6):
print(i,end=" ")
print() # for printing new line

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 Programming exercises
#Python program to print the Fibonacci sequence using while loop.
num_terms=int(input("Enter number of terms that you want to print in fibonaaci"))
n1=0
n2=1
counter=0
while counter<num_terms:
print(n1)
next_term=n1+n2
n1=n2
n2=next_term
counter +=1 #counter = counter +1

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 Week-1 & 2 Assignment

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 Week-1 & 2 Assignment

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 Week-2: Hackerrank coding challenges: sub-domain: Basic Data Types

Hackerrank coding challenge -1:

Problem: ‘Finding the percentages’

• The provided code stub will read in a dictionary containing key/value

pairs of name:[marks] for a list of students. Print the average of the marks
array for the student name provided, showing 2 places after the decimal.

Input Format:

• The first line contains the integer n, the number of students' records. The
next n lines contain the names and marks obtained by a student, each
value separated by a space. The final line contains query_name, the
name of a student to query.
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 Problem: ‘Finding the percentages’
Output Format:
▪ Print one line: The average of the marks obtained by the particular student
correct to 2 decimal places
Sample Input:
▪2
▪ Harsh 25 26.5 28
▪ Anurag 26 28 30
▪ Harsh
Sample Output:
▪ 26.50

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 Problem: ‘Finding the percentages’
n=int(input("Number of students"))
list1=[] # Initializing empty list
list2=[]
dict1={} # Initializing empty dictionary
for i in range(n):
name=input("Enter name of the student")
list1.append(name)
score=list(map(float,input("Enter score of a student ==> enter space separated values").split()))
dict1.fromkeys(list1) # use BIF dict.fromkeys(sequence,value)
dict1[name]=score
list2=list(set(list1)) #remove duplicates in list1 ==> use set() BIFs
print(list1)
print(list2)
print(dict1)
query_name=input()
if query_name in list2:
scores=dict1[query_name]
average=sum(scores)/len(scores)
print(f'{average:.2f}')
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 Problem: ‘Finding the percentages’
n = int(input("Enter number of students"))
student_marks = {}
for x in range(n):
name, *marks = input("Enter name and scores separated by space: ").split()
scores = list(map(float, marks))
student_marks[name] = scores
query_name = input("Enter name of the student for whom you want to calculate
average of marks: ")

if query_name in student_marks:
scores = student_marks[query_name]
avg_score = sum(scores) / len(scores)
print(f'{avg_score:.2f}')
else:
pass
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 Problem: ‘Finding the percentages’
n = int(input("Enter number of students"))
student_marks = {}
for x in range(n):
name, *marks = input("Enter name and scores separated by space: ").split()
scores = list(map(float, marks))
student_marks[name] = scores
query_name = input("Enter name of the student for whom you want to calculate
average of marks: ")

if query_name in student_marks:
scores = student_marks[query_name]
avg_score = sum(scores) / len(scores)
print(f'{avg_score:.2f}')
else:
pass
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 Problem: ‘Finding the percentages’
▪ name, *marks = input().split() # this line takes user input and splits it into
list of strings separated by white space and assigns the first element to
the variable ‘name’ and rest of the elements in the list to list ‘marks’.
▪ The * operator in front of ‘marks’ unpacks all remaining elements into
‘marks’
▪ scores = list(map(float, marks)) # converts elements of list marks into
float values and converts result into list using list() Built-in function. This
float values represents the scores of the student.
▪ student_marks[name] = scores # This line of python code assigns the
‘list of scores’ to the dictionary ‘student_marks’, with the student's name
‘name’ as the key.

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -2: Problem: List Comprehensions:
Task: Let's learn about list comprehensions! You are given three integers x,y and z
representing the dimensions of a cuboid along with an integer n. Print a list of all possible
coordinates given by (i,j,k) on a 3D grid where the sum of i+j+k is not equal to n . Here,
0≤i≤x, 0≤j≤y, 0≤k≤z. Please use list comprehensions rather than multiple loops, as a learning
exercise.
List Comprehension:

▪ List comprehension offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list based on
the values of an existing list.

Syntax:

▪ new_list = [expression for item in iterable if condition == True]

▪ The return value is a new list, leaving the old list unchanged.

Condition:

▪ The condition is like a filter that only accepts the items that valuate to True.
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -2: Problem: List Comprehensions:
x = int(input("Enter x: "))

y = int(input("Enter y: "))

z = int(input("Enter z: "))

n = int(input("Enter n: "))

possible_coordinates = [[i, j, k]for i in range(x+1) for j in range(y+1) for k in

range(z+1) if (i + j + k) != n]

print(possible_coordinates)

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -2: Problem: List Comprehensions:
Sample Input:

Enter x: 2

Enter y: 2

Enter z: 3

Enter n: 4

Sample Output:

[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 2], [0, 0, 3], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 0], [0, 2, 1],
[0, 2, 3], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 0, 2], [1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 3], [1, 2, 0], [1, 2, 2],
[1, 2, 3], [2, 0, 0], [2, 0, 1], [2, 0, 3], [2, 1, 0], [2, 1, 2], [2, 1, 3], [2, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2],
[2, 2, 3]]

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 List Comprehensions:

# python program for understanding list comprehension

list1=["python","ai","dbms","msf","acd"]
new_list=[ x for x in list1 if "a" in x]
print(new_list)

# OUTPUT:
# ['ai', 'acd']

# python program for understanding list comprehension

# creating list containing even numbers upto 1000
list_even=[x for x in range(1,1001) if x%2==0]
print(list_even)

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Hackerrank coding challenge -3: Problem: Find the runner-up score
▪ Task: Given the participants' score sheet for your University Sports Day, you
are required to find the runner-up score. You are given n scores. Store
them in a list and find the score of the runner-up.
Input Format:
▪ The first line contains n. The second line contains an array A[] of n integers
each separated by a space.
Output Format:
▪ Print the runner-up score.
Sample Input:
▪5
▪23665
Sample Output:
▪5
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Hackerrank coding challenge -3: Problem: Find the runner-up score

n=int(input())

array_A=list(map(int,input().split()))

array_A.sort()

#Counting the occurrences of the maximum score

n=array_A.count(max(array_A))

print(array_A[-(n+1)])
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -4: Lists
Task: Consider a list (list = []).
You can perform the following commands:
1.insert i e: Insert integer at position .
2.print: Print the list.
3.remove e: Delete the first occurrence of integer .
4.append e: Insert integer at the end of the list.
5.sort: Sort the list.
6.pop: Pop the last element from the list.
7.reverse: Reverse the list.
▪ Initialize your list and read in the value of n followed by n lines of
commands where each command will be of the 7 types listed above.
Iterate through each command in order and perform the corresponding
operation on your list.
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -4: Lists
Input Format:

The first line contains an integer n, denoting the number of commands.

Each line i of the n subsequent lines contains one of the commands
described above.

Constraints:

The elements added to the list must be integers.

Output Format:

For each command of type print, print the list on a new line.
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -4: Lists
n = int(input())
list = []
for i in range(n):
cmd = input().split()
if cmd[0] == 'append':
list.append(int(cmd[1]))
elif cmd[0] == 'print':
print(list)
elif cmd[0] == 'insert':
list.insert(int(cmd[1]), int(cmd[2]))
elif cmd[0] == 'remove':
list.remove(int(cmd[1]))
elif cmd[0] == 'sort':
list.sort()
elif cmd[0] == 'pop':
list.pop()
elif cmd[0] == 'reverse':
list.reverse()
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -4: Lists
Sample Input:
12
insert 0 5
insert 1 10
insert 0 6
print
remove 6
append 9
append 1
sort
print
pop
reverse
print
Sample Output:
[6, 5, 10]
[1, 5, 9, 10]
[9, 5, 1]
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -5:Nested Lists
Task: Given the names and grades for each student in a class of N students,
store them in a nested list and print the name(s) of any student(s) having
the second lowest grade.

Input Format:
▪ The first line contains an integer N, the number of students.
The 2N subsequent lines describe each student over lines.
- The first line contains a student's name.
- The second line contains their grade.
Output Format:
Print the name(s) of any student(s) having the second lowest grade in. If
there are multiple students, order their names alphabetically and print each
one on a new line.
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -5:Nested Lists
n=int(input())
student = []
marks = []
names = []
for i in range(n):
name = input()
score = float(input())
student.append([name, score])
for item in student:
marks.append(item[1])
marks = list(set(marks))
marks.sort()
for item in student:
if marks[1] == item[1]:
names.append(item[0])
names.sort()
for name in names:
print(name)
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 Hackerrank coding challenge -6
Task: (Problem)
Given an integer, n, and n space-separated integers as input, create a
tuple, t , of those n integers. Then compute and print the result of hash(t) .
• Note: hash() is one of the functions in the __builtins__ module, so it need
not be imported.
Input Format:
▪ The first line contains an integer, n, denoting the number of elements in
the tuple.
The second line contains n space-separated integers describing the
elements in tuple t .
Output Format:
• Print the result of hash(t).

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 Hackerrank coding challenge -6
CODE:
n = int(input())
t = tuple(map(int, input().split()))
print(hash(t))

Explanation:
hash(object)
Return the hash value of the object (if it has one). Hash values are integers. They
are used to quickly compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. Numeric
values that compare equal have the same hash value (even if they are of different
types, as is the case for 1 and 1.0).
Note
For objects with custom __hash__() methods, note that hash() truncates the return
value based on the bit width of the host machine.
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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on lists
Method Description
append() Adds an element at the end of the list
clear() Removes all the elements from the list
copy() Returns a copy of the list
count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value

extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the current list

index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value

insert() Adds an element at the specified position

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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on lists
Method Description
pop() Removes the element at the specified position
remove() Removes the first item with the specified value
reverse() Reverses the order of the list
sort() Sorts the list

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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on dictionaries.
# write a python program for demonstrating BIFs to work with Dictionary
dict1={"name":"ram", "rollno": 565, 'branch': "AIML"} # initializing a dictionary
print(dict1)
print(dict1.get("name"))
print(dict1.items())
print(dict1.keys())
print(dict1.pop("rollno"))
print(dict1)
print(dict1.clear())
keys=range(10)
dict2=dict.fromkeys(keys)
print(dict2)
keys2=['sr','rollno','branch']
dict3=dict.fromkeys(keys2,100)
print(dict3)

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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on dictionaries.
Method Description
clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary
copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary
fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value
Syntax: dict.fromkeys(sequence,value)
get() Returns the value of the specified key

items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair

keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys

pop() Removes the element with the specified key

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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on tuples
Method Description

count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple

index() Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position
of where it was found

len() Returns the length of tuple

tuple(seq) Convert an iterable to a tuple

min() Return minimum element of a given tuple

max() Return maximum element of a given tuple

sum() Sums up the numbers in tuple

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 Example python program for demonstrating BIFs to process tuple.
t1=(1,2,3,4,3,4)
print(type(t1))
print(t1.count(3))
print(t1.index(4))
print(len(t1))
print("converting other sequences into a tuple:", tuple([6,5,4]))
print("converting other sequences into a tuple:", tuple("SREYAS"))
print(min(t1))
print(max(t1))
print(sum(t1))
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 Example python program for demonstrating BIFs to process tuple.

OUTPUT:
<class 'tuple'>
2
3
6
converting other sequences into a tuple: (6, 5, 4)
converting other sequences into a tuple: ('S', 'R', 'E', 'Y', 'A', 'S')
1
4
17

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 Example program on tuples

>>> t1=(1,2,3,4)
>>> print(sum(t1))
10
>>> print(max(t1))
4
>>> print(min(t1))
1
>>> print(t1.index(3))
2

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 ❖ Tuple operators and Built-in Functions
▪ creation, repetition and concatenation
>>> tuple1=(["ai",100],45,-103.45)
>>> print(tuple1)
(['ai', 100], 45, -103.45)
>>> print(tuple1*2)
(['ai', 100], 45, -103.45, ['ai', 100], 45, -103.45)
>>> print(tuple1+("python","java"))
(['ai', 100], 45, -103.45, 'python', 'java')

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 ❖ Tuple operators and Built-in Functions
▪ Membership and slicing
>>> tuple2=(23,45,"acd","dbms","AI","Python")
>>> print( 23 in tuple2)
True
>>> print("acd" not in tuple2)
False
>>> print(tuple2[0])
23
>>> print(tuple2[::])
(23, 45, 'acd', 'dbms', 'AI', 'Python')

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 ❖ Tuple operators and Built-in Functions
▪ Built-in Functions
>>> t1=(['xyz',123],23,-103.4,'free','easy','popular','opensource')
>>> str(t1)
"(['xyz', 123], 23, -103.4, 'free', 'easy', 'popular', 'opensource')"
>>> len(t1)
7
>>> list(t1)
[['xyz', 123], 23, -103.4, 'free', 'easy', 'popular', 'opensource']

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 ❖ Tuple operators
>>> (4,2) < (3,5)
False
>>> (2,4) < (3,-1)
True
>>> (2,4) == (2,4)
True
>>> (2,4) == (3,-1)
False

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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use it to handle strings
Method Name Description
String.capitalize() Capitalizes first letter of string

String.count(str) Counts how many times str occurs in a string

String.find(str) Determine if str occurs in string or in a substring of string. Returns

index if found otherwise -1
String.index(str) Same as find(), but raises an exception if str nor found

String.islanum() Returns True if string has at least 1 character and all characters are
alphanumeric and False otherwise
String.isalpha() Returns True if string has at least 1 character and all characters are
alphabetic and False otherwise
String.isdecimal() Returns True if string contains only decimal digits and False
otherwise
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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use it to handle strings
Method Name Description
String.isdigit() Returns True if string contains only digits and False otherwise

String.islower() Returns True if string contains at least 1 cased character and all
cases characters are in lowercase and False otherwise
String.isupper() Returns True if string contains at least 1 cased character and all
cases characters are in uppercase and False otherwise
String.isnumeric() Returns True if string contains only numeric characters and False
otherwise
String.isspace() Returns True if string contains only whitespace characters and
False otherwise
String.istitle() Returns True if string is properly “titlecased” and False otherwise

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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use it to handle strings
Method Name Description
String.join(seq) Merges(concatenates) the string representation of elements in
sequence seq into a string
String.ljust(width) Returns space padded string with the original string left-justified to
a total of width columns
String.lower() Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase

String.lstrip() Removes all leading whitespace in string

String.rstrip() Removes all trailing whitespace in string

String.upper() Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase

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 Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use it to handle strings
Method Name Description
String.swapcase() Inverts case for all letters in string

String.strip() Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string

endswith() Returns True if the string ends with specified value

isascii() Returns True if all the characters in the string are ASCII characters

replace() Returns a string where specified value is replaced with a specified

value
Note: Note: All string methods returns new values. They do not change the
original string.

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 BIFs (BIMs) in Python for handling strings: Programming exercise
string="python programming"
print(string.capitalize())
str1="artificial intelligence"
print(str1.count("dbms"))
str2="Hi Sreenivasu how are you welcome to world of java"
print(str2.find("ai")) # returns index if str found in string otherwise -1
print(str2.index("are")) # same as find(), but raises an exception if str not found
string3="acd"
print(string3.isalnum())
print(string3.isalpha())
seq="$$"
print(string3.join(seq))
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 Built-in Methods (BIMs) in Python - SET
Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on sets.
Method name (function Description
name)
add() Adds an element to the set

clear() Removes all the elements from the set

copy() Returns a copy of the set

difference() Returns a set containing the difference between two or more

sets
difference_update() Removes the items in this set that are also included in another,
specified set
discard() Remove the specified item

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 Built-in Methods (BIMs) in Python - SET
Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on sets.
Method name (function Description
name)
intersection() Returns a set, that is the intersection of two or more sets

intersection_update() Removes the items in this set that are not present in other,
specified set(s)
isdisjoint() Returns whether two sets have a intersection or not

issubset() Returns whether another set contains this set or not

issuperset() Returns whether this set contains another set or not

pop() Removes an element from the set

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 Built-in Methods (BIMs) in Python - SET
Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on sets.
Method name (function name) Description

remove() Removes the specified element

symmetric_difference() Returns a set with the symmetric differences of two

sets
symmetric_difference_update() inserts the symmetric differences from this set and
another
union() Return a set containing the union of sets

update() Update the set with another set, or any other

iterable

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 SET : Operations
#set operations
#difference() => returns a set containing a difference of two or more sets => set1-
#set2
set_a={1,2,3,4,5}
set_b={3,4,5,6,7,9}
print("set_a elements: ",set_a)
print("set_a elements: ",set_b)
print("difference of set_a and set_b: ",set_a.difference(set_b)) # set_a - set_b)
print("difference of set_b and set_a: ",set_b.difference(set_a)) # set_b - set_a)
#symmetric_difference() => returns a set containig symmetric differences of two
#sets
print("symmetric_difference of set_a and set_b: ",set_a.symmetric_difference(set_b))

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 SET : Operations
OUTPUT:
set_a elements: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
set_a elements: {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
difference of set_a and set_b: {1, 2}
difference of set_b and set_a: {9, 6, 7}
symmetric_difference of set_a and set_b: {1, 2, 6, 7, 9}

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 SET : Operations
#symmetric_difference_update() => inserts the symmetric differences from this set
# and another set
# syntax: set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2)
# shorter syntax: set1 ^= set2
set1={'apple','banana','grapes'}
set2={'apple','microsoft','google'}
print("elements of set1: ",set1)
print("symmetric_difference is: ",set1.symmetric_difference(set2))
set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2)
#set1 ^= set2
print("updated set: ",set1)

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 SET : Operations
OUTPUT:

elements of set1: {'grapes', 'banana', 'apple'}

symmetric_difference is: {'grapes', 'banana', 'microsoft', 'google'}

updated set1: {'grapes', 'banana', 'microsoft', 'google'}

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 SET : Operations : Programming exercises
#python program for demonstrating set-operations
# A Set is an unordered collection of unique elements.
#creating empty set
empty_set=set() # you can create empty set using the set() constructor method
set1=set("apple") #you can provide any type of sequence as the argument to set() constructor method
print("created set1: ",set1)
set2=set("applephone")
print("created set2: ",set2)
# add() method ==> adds an element to the set
set1.add(3)
print("updated set1: ",set1)
#discard() method ==> Removes the specified item
set1.discard(3)
print("updated set1: ",set1)
#remove() method ==> Removes the specified item
set1.remove("p")
print("updated set1: ",set1)
#pop() method ==> Removes an element from the set
set1.pop()
print("updated set1: ",set1)

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 SET : Operations : Programming exercises
OUTPUT:

created set1: {'p', 'a', 'e', 'l'}

created set2: {'h', 'l', 'p', 'a', 'e', 'n', 'o'}

updated set1: {3, 'l', 'p', 'a', 'e'}

updated set1: {'l', 'p', 'a', 'e'}

updated set1: {'l', 'a', 'e'}

updated set1: {'a', 'e'}

updated set1: {'h', 'l', 'p', 'a', 'e', 'n', 'o'}

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 FROZEN SET : Programming exercises
➢Frozen set is a immutable object.
➢Syntax: frozenset(iterable) # An iterable object like list,set,tuple etc.
>>> set1={1,2,3,4,4,5,6}
>>> print(set1)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
>>> #creating a frozenset using frozenset() constructor method
>>> frozen_set1=frozenset(set1)
>>> print("created frozen set: ",frozen_set1)
created frozen set: frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6})
>>> print(type(set1))
<class 'set'>
>>> print(type(frozen_set1))
<class 'frozenset'>
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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
➢Exception Handling

➢What is Exception?

➢Why exception handling?

➢Syntax error v/s Runtime error.

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
▪ Types of Errors:

▪ In application development programmer come across different types of

errors.

1. Syntax Error

2. Logical Errors

3. Runtime Errors

➢Syntax Error

➢All compile time errors are called syntax errors. If there is a syntax error within
program; program is not executed.

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
➢Syntax errors must be rectified by programmer in order to execute program.

Logical Errors:

➢Logic is set of rules to solve given problem. If there is a logical error in

program; program display wrong result.

➢Logical errors leads to incorrect output

➢Logical errors must be rectified by programmer.

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
➢Runtime Errors:

➢An error which occurred during execution of program is called runtime error.

➢Runtime errors occur because of wrong input given by end user. When
runtime error occurs, program execution is terminated.

➢Exception handling or Error handling is used to handle runtime errors.

➢Exception is a runtime error.

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
Advantage of error handling or exception handling:

➢Avoiding abnormal termination of program.

➢Converting predefined error messages or codes into user defined error

message.

Python provides the following keywords to handle exceptions/errors:

1. try

2. except

3. finally

4. raise

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
Errors / Exceptions are of two types:

1. Predefined error types/exceptions

2. User defined error types/exceptions

❖Existing error types are called predefined errors types.

❖NOTE: Exception is a root class or base class for all exception types.

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 Errors / Exceptions are of two types

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
try block:

➢try block contains the statements which has to be monitored for

exception handling (OR) the statements which generate errors during
runtime are included within try block.

Syntax:

try:

statement1

statement2

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
except block

• except block is an error handling block. If there is an error inside try block, that
error is handled by except block.

• Try block followed by one or more than except block.

Syntax:
try:
statement-1
statement-2
except <error-type> as <variable-name>:
statement-3
except <error-type> as <variable-name>:
statement-4
Note: except block contains logic to convert predefined error message into user defined message.

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
➢Predefined exception type with description

➢exception ZeroDivisionError

➢Raised when the second argument of a division or modulo operation is zero.

➢ finally

➢ finally is a keyword.

➢ finally block is not exception handler.

➢ finally block is used to de-allocate the resources allocated within try block.

➢ Finally block contains statements which are executed after execution of try block and
except block.

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Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
Syntax-1 Syntax-2

try: try:
statement-1 statement-1
statement-2 statement-2
except error-type: finally:
statement-3 statement-3
finally:
statement-4

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 Hackerrank coding challenge : Exceptions

t=int(input())
for i in range(t):
try:
a,b=map(int,input().split())
int_divison=a//b
print(int_divison)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print("Error Code:",e)
except ValueError as e:
print("Error Code:",e)

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
# write a python program for demonstrating exception handling
try:
a=int(input("Enter value of a"))
b=int(input("Enter value of b"))
result=a/b
print(result)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print("Dear User number a can not be divided with zero",e)
except ValueError as e:
print("Value error: ",e)
finally:
print("Program is executed")

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 Exceptions: Exceptions in Python, Detecting and Handling Exceptions
# write a python program for demonstrating exception handling (with single #
except block)
try:
a=int(input("Enter value of a"))
b=int(input("Enter value of b"))
result=a/b
print(result)
except Exception as e: # parent class for all exceptions is 'Expection'
print(e)
finally:
print("program is executed")

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