PHYSICAL SCIENCE

HAND BOOK
10th Class
 10TH CLASS 2024 – 2025 LAKSHYAM HANDBOOK

1. Chemical Reactions and Equations

Q.No: 1 1 Mark AS2

1. Predict, Exhalation air is hotter than Inhalation air in respiration process.
Ans: Exhalation air is hotter than Inhalation air because it absorbs heat from the respiratory system and the
body during gas exchange.
2.Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
Ans: By applying paint on iron articles, they can be prevented from corrosion. Paint does not allow air and
moisture to come in contact with the surface of iron.
3. Why, keeping food in air tight containers?
Ans: Oxidation of food can be slow down.
4. Formation of water is combination of hydrogen and oxygen is one type of chemical reaction” – Frame
any one question this statement
Ans: 1. Write balanced chemical equation?
2. What type of chemical reaction is this?
5. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped on it?
Ans: When an iron nail is dropped in blue colour of Copper sulphate solution. Iron is more active than Copper
and Copper displaces by iron.
6. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction?
Ans: During digestion, food (carbohydrates) is broken down into glucose. During respiration, glucose is
oxidized and liberated CO2. So, respiration is an exothermic process.
7. What happened when iron nail is exposed in air or atmosphere? Predict
Ans: Iron reacts with oxygen and moisture, forming iron oxide (rust)
8. Pose any one question on classification of chemical reaction?
Ans: 1. How many types of chemical reaction?
2. What is the opposite of combination reaction?
3. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions?
9. Pose any one question on the understand of rancidity
Ans: 1. Is rancidity a phenomenon of oxidation or reduction?
2. What is meant by rancidity?
3. Give examples of rancidity in daily life?
10. Pose any one question about the corrosion.
Ans: 1. Is corrosion a phenomenon of oxidation or reduction?
2. What is meant by corrosion?
3. Give examples of corrosion in daily life?
11. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans: Avoid rancidity because oil and fat containing food items are oxidised, they become rancid and their smell
and taste change. So, oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen.
12. Why hydrogen peroxide is kept in coloured bottle?
Ans: In the presence of light, hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. So it is kept in coloured
bottle.
13. Why do silver, gold and platinum not corrode in moist air?
Ans: They have very low in the reactivity series of metals.
14. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions?
Ans: In a decomposition reaction, a single substance decomposes to give two or more substances. Whereas in a
combination two or more substances combine to form a single substance. Due to this reason, a decomposition
reaction is called opposite of combination reaction.

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15. Why is photosynthesis considered an endothermic reaction?
Ans: Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction as it takes energy from sun or light.
16. Why cannot we stir silver nitrate solution with copper spoon?
Ans: Because copper is more reactive than silver.
17. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
Ans: Magnesium is metal and formation of white layer of magnesium oxide on its surface.

Q.No: 16 8 Marks AS1

1. Explain the following with an example.

i) Chemical combination ii) Chemical decomposition
iii) Chemical displacement iv) Chemical double displacement
Ans: i) Combination reaction: A reaction in which a single product is formed from two or more reactants is
known as a combination reaction.
Ex: Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
ii) Decomposition reaction: A reaction in which a single substance decomposes to give two or more
substances is known as decomposition reaction.
Ex: Decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide on heating.
heat
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
iii) Displacement reaction: The reaction in which an element has displaced or removed another element
from the molecule is called displacement reaction.
Ex: Iron has displaced another element copper from copper sulphate solution.
Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu
iv) Double displacement reaction: The reaction in which there is an exchange of ions between the
reactants are called double displacement reactions.
Ex: Sodium sulphate and Barium chloride are reacting and exchange their ions.
Na2SO4 + BaCl  BaSO4 + 2NaCl

2. What is chemical reaction? How many types? Explain one example each.
Ans: A Chemical reaction is a process that occurs when two or more molecules interact to form a new product.
Chemical reactions are 5 types.
i) Combination reaction: A reaction in which a single product is formed from two or more reactants is
known as a combination reaction.
Ex: Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
ii) Decomposition reaction: A reaction in which a single substance decomposes to give two or more
substances is known as decomposition reaction.
Ex: Decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide on heating.
heat
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
iii) Displacement reaction: The reaction in which an element has displaced or removed another element
from the molecule is called displacement reaction.
Ex: Iron has displaced another element copper from copper sulphate solution.
Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu
iv) Double displacement reaction: The reaction in which there is an exchange of ions between the
reactants are called double displacement reactions.

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Ex: Sodium sulphate and Barium chloride are reacting and exchange their ions.
Na2SO4 + BaCl  BaSO4 + 2NaCl
v) Oxidation and Reduction: A chemical reaction in which one substance is oxidized and other is reduced
is called a redox reaction.
Ex: ZnO + C  Zn + CO (C is Oxidized to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn)

3.What are the differences between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations
for these reactions.
Ans:
Displacement reaction Double displacement reaction
The reaction in which an element has displaced or The reaction in which there is an exchange of ions
removed another element from the molecule is between the reactants are called double
called displacement reaction. displacement reactions.
More active element displaces a less active element. Two different atoms or ions are exchanged.
Generally reaction time is slow. Generally reaction time is fast.
Ex: Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) NaSO4(aq) + BaCl(aq)  BaSO4 (s)+ 2 NaCl(aq)

4. Explain the following terms with one example each.

i) Corrosion ii) Rancidity iii) Oxidation iv) Reduction
Ans: i) Corrosion: When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acids etc. it is said to
corrode and this process is called corrosion.
The black coating on silver and the green coating on copper are examples of corrosion.
ii) Rancidity: When fats/oils containing food materials for long time, they become rancid and their smell
and taste change. This is called rancidity.
Keeping food in air tight containers helps to slow down oxidation. The chips manufactures usually
flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen to prevent the chips from getting oxidized.
iii) Oxidation: A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen is called oxidation.
2Cu + O2  2CuO (Cu is oxidized to CuO)
2Mg + O2  2MgO (Mg is oxidized to MgO)
iv) Reduction: A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen is called reduction.
ZnO + C  Zn + CO (ZnO is reduced to Zn)
CuO + H2  Cu + H2O (CuO is reduced to Cu)

5. Balance the following chemical equations

i) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
ii) NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O
iii) NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
iv) BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + HCl
Ans: (i) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  2Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
(ii) NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O
2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(iii) NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
(iv) BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + HCl
BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + 2HCl

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6. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.
(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide  Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate  Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride  Aluminium chloride + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate  Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
Ans: (a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide  Calcium carbonate + Water
2Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 → 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate  Zinc nitrate + Silver
Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride  Aluminium chloride + Copper
2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate  Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl

7. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case.
(a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq)  Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s)
(b) Zinc carbonate(s)  Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g)  Hydrogen chloride(g)
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq)  Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
Ans: (a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq)  Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s)
2KBr(aq) + BaI2 (aq) → 2KI (aq) + BaBr2 (s) Double Displacement Reaction
(b) Zinc carbonate(s)  Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
ZnCO3 (s) → ZnO (s) + CO2 (g) Decomposition Reaction
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g)  Hydrogen chloride(g)
H2 (g) + Cl (g) → 2HCl (q) Combination Reaction
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq)  Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Displacement Reaction)

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7. Light: Reflection and Refraction

Q.No: 10 2 Marks AS2

1. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Predict and write weather that light ray
bends towards the normal or away from the normal? Why?
Ans: It bends towards the normal. Because light ray travelling from an optically rarer medium into an optically
denser medium.
2. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
Ans: Convex mirror always forms virtual, erect and diminished images irrespective of distance of the object
and also enables a driver to view large area of the traffic behind him.
3. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the
object? Verify your answer
(or)
What happens to the image formed by a convex lens if its lower part is blackened?
Ans: Every part of a lens forms an image. When one-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, it still
forms the complete image of the object as remaining part of lens. But intensity of the image is reduced.
4. The magnification produced by plane mirror is +1. What does this mean?
Ans: It means that the size of the image is equal to the size of the object. The positive sign indicates the image
is virtual and erect.
5. A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, after reflection, is reflected back
along the same path.Why?
Ans: The incident rays fall on the concave mirror along the normal to the reflecting surface.
6. Pose any two questions on the concept of refractive index?
Ans: 1. What is the SI unit of refractive index?
2. On what factors does the refractive index depend?
3. Write the formula of refractive index of a medium?
4. Write the relation between refractive index and speed of light in the medium.
5. Why do different materials medium possess different values of refractive indices?
(Note: Write any two relevant questions)
7. Pose any two questions on the concept of refraction of light.
Ans: 1. What is meant by refraction of light?
2. During refraction, does light follow the laws of refraction?
3. How does refraction occurs in different mediums?
4. What happens when light enters one transparent medium to another?
5. What are some examples of refraction in daily life?
(Note: Write any two relevant questions)
8. If A, B are optical medium of their refractive indices are nearly same, then light travel from A to B,
What happens?
(or)
What happens to a ray of light when it travels from one medium to another medium having equal
refractive indices?
Ans: There is no refraction of light when it travels from one medium to another.
9. If you want to see an enlarged image of your face, which type of mirror will you see? Where will you
place your face?
Ans: Concave mirror. The face should be placed between the pole and the focus of the mirror.

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10. What happens when a ray of light strikes the surface of separation between the two media at right
angle?
Ans: The ray of light passes undeviation from one medium to another. Because ∟I =∟r = 00

Q.No: 12 4 Marks AS5

1. Draw the ray diagrams of image formed when the object is placed infront of a bi-convex lens in the
following positions.
(a) At infinity (b) Beyond 2F1 (c) At 2F1
(d) Between F1 and 2F1 (e) At F1 ( f) Between F and Optical centre O
Ans:

2. Draw the ray diagrams of image formed when the object is placed infront of a concave mirror in the
following positions.
(a) At infinity (b) Beyond C (c) At C
(d) Between C and F (e) At F (f) Between P and F
Ans:

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Q.No: 14 4 Marks AS4

1.
Material medium Air Ice Rubby Benzene
Refractive Index 1.0003 1.31 1.71 1.50
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
i) Which material medium light travels faster?
ii) In which material medium the speed of light is least?
iii) In which material medium the speed of light is least?
iv) Calculate the speed of light in Benzene? (Speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1)
Ans: i) Air
ii) Benzene
iii) Benzene
iv) Speed of light in Benzene (v) = C/n= 3 x 108/1.5 = 2 x 108 m/s
2.
Material medium Air Ice Rubby Benzene
Refractive Index 1.0003 1.31 1.71 1.50
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
i) Which material medium is optically rarer?
ii) Which material medium is optically denser?
iii) Write the relation between refractive index and speed of light in the medium?
iv) What is the SI unit of Refractive Index?
Ans: i) Air
ii) Benzene
iii) n 1/v (or) Inversely proportional
iv) No unit
3.
Material medium Air Water Benzene Diamond
Speed of light in the medium 3 x 10 8 𝟗 2 x 108 𝟓
x 108 x 108
𝟒 𝟒
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
i) Which material medium light travels faster?
ii) Which material medium light travels lowest?
iii) In which material medium the refractive index is least?

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iv) In which material medium the refractive index is greatest?
v) Calculate the refractive index of Benzene? (Speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1)
Ans: i) Air
ii) Diamond
iii) Air
iv) Diamond
v) Refractive index of Benzene (n) = C/V= 3 x 108/2 x 108 = 1.5
4.
Material medium Air Ice Water Kerosene Benzene Rock salt Diamond
Refractive Index 1.0003 1.31 1.31 1.44 1.50 1.54 2.42
Observe the table and answer the following questions.
i) What happens to the speed of light when light is passing from Water to Rock salt?
ii) Whether the refracted ray bends towards normal or away from the normal when light ray
travelled from Benzene to Air?
iii) The refractive index of Diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement?
iv) What is reason, refractive index of kerosene is more than the refractive index of water?
Ans: i) Decreases
ii) Increases
iii) The ratio of speed of light in air to speed of light in diamond is 2.42
iv) Optical density of kerosene is more than the optical density of water.

5.If focal length of the mirror is double times of the radius of curvature, then complete the following table

f (in cm) R (in cm)

12
24
15
20
Ans:
f (in cm) R (in cm)
12 24
24 48
7.5 15
10 20
6. Fill the table following, which is related to convex lens.
Position of the Object Position of the Image Relative Size of the image Nature of the image
Beyond 2F1 Inverted
At 2F2 Same size
Between F1 and 2F1 Enlarged
Behind the lens Erected
Ans:
Position of the Object Position of the Image Relative Size of the image Nature of the image
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Diminished Real and inverted
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and inverted
Between F1 and 2F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and inverted
Between F1 and Same side of Enlarged Erected
optical centre O the lens

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7. Fill the table following, which is related to concave mirror.
Position of the Object Position of the Image Size of the image Nature of the image
At infinity Highly diminished,
point-sized
At C Real and inverted
Between C and F Real and inverted
At F Highly enlarged
Ans:
Position of the Object Position of the Image Size of the image Nature of the image
At infinity At the focus F Highly diminished, Real and inverted
point-sized
At C At C Same size Real and inverted
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
At F Behind the mirror Highly enlarged Virtual and erect

8.

Observe the ray diagram and answer the following questions.

i) Which lens used in this ray diagram?
ii) Where is the position of the object?
iii) Where the position of the image?
iv) What is the nature of the image?
v) If focal length of the lens is 10 cm, then what is the radius of curvature of this lens?
vi) Is magnification being less than 1 or greater than 1?
vii) If the height of the object is 10cm at 2F1, then what is the height of the image?
Ans: i) Convex lens
ii) Beyond 2F1
iii) Between F2 and 2F2
iv) Real, Inverted and diminished
v) 20 cm
vi) Less than 1
vii) 10 cm

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2. Acids, Bases and Salts

Q.No: 2 1 Mark AS1

1. __________ gas is released on the reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid.
Ans: Hydrogen or H2
2. _______ gas evolves, when metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate react with acids
Ans: Carbon dioxide or CO2
3. Bases which are soluble in water are called ___________
Ans: Alkalis
4. Complete the following equation
Acid + Base  Salt + _______
Ans: Water
5. What is pH scale?
Ans: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called pH scale.
6. Write the bleaching power formula.
Ans: CaOCl2
7. What is a neutralization reaction?
Ans: The reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt and water is known as a neutralization reaction.
8. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?
Ans: Bleaching powder
9. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
Ans: (d)
10. Write the Plaster of Paris formula.
1
Ans: CaSO4. 2 H2O
11. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion?
(a) Antibiotic (b) Analgesic (c) Antacid (d) Antiseptic
Ans: (c) Antacid
12. The pH of a neutral solution is _______
Ans: 7
13. The process of mixing an acid or base with water is called ___________
Ans: Dilution
14. The nature of Magnesium hydroxide is ___________
Ans: Mild base

Q.No: 3 1 Mark AS4

1.
Solution A B C D E
pH value 4 1 12 7 9
Which is the strong alkaline solution among the solutions given in the table?
Ans: C
2.
Solution A B C D E
pH value 4 1 12 7 9

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Which is the strong acid solution among the solutions given in the table?
Ans: B
3.
Substance Blue litmus Red litmus
X Blue colour turns to red Remains same
Y Remains same Remains same
Z Remains same Red colour turns to blue
Which is neutral?
Ans: Y
4.
Solution Gastric juice Lemon juice Pure water Milk of magnesia Sodium hydroxide
pH value 1 2 7 10 14
Which is used as antacid?
Ans: Milk of magnesia
5.
Sample solution P Q R
Reaction with methyl orange solution Yellow Blue Red
Which sample solution is acid?
Ans: R
8.
Substance A B
Formula CaOCl2 Na2CO3
Which is used for free of gems in drinking water?
Ans: A
9.
Substance X Y
Formula CaSO4. 2H2O 𝟏
CaSO4. 𝟐 H2O
Which substance is used doctors for supporting fractured bones in the right position?
Ans: Y

Q.No: 13 4 Marks AS6

1. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Ans: Uses of washing soda
i) It is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
iii) It is used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
iv) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water. (Write any two points)
Uses of baking soda
i) It is used to prepare baking powder ii) It is also an ingredient in antacids.
iii) It is also used as soda-acid in fire extinguishers iv) It acts as mild antiseptic
2. Give two important uses of Bleaching powder and Plaster of Paris?
Ans: Uses of Bleaching powder:
i) for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for
bleaching washed clothes in laundry;
ii) as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries; and
iii) to make drinking water free from germs.

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Uses of Plaster of Paris:
i) Doctors use as plaster of Paris for supporting fractured bones in the right position.
ii) Plaster of Paris is used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth.
3. What are the applications of pH in daily life.
Ans:i. Plants and animals has sensitive pH values
i) When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.
ii)When acid rain flows in to the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water, the survival of aquatic
life in such rivers becomes difficult.
ii. Tooth decay
i) Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5.
ii) Tooth enamel, made of calcium phosphate is the hardest substance in the body.
iii) But is corroded when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5.
iii. pH in our digestive system
i) During indigestion the stomach produces too much acid and this causes pain and irritation.
ii) To get rid of this pain, people use bases called antacids.
iv. pH of the soul
i) Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth.
4. A milkman adds a very amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
a) Why does shift the pH of the fresh milk 6 to slightly alkaline?
b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Ans: a) pH value of fresh milk is 6 and pH value of baking soda is 8.1. When milkman adds a little baking soda to
fresh milk to make it slightly alkaline. The pH value of fresh milk is slightly increase and the spoilage of
milk can slow down.
b) The pH of milk 6 it contains lactose and small quantity of lactic acid. When milk turns to curd the
lactose present in milk turns lactic acid hence pH of solution decreases.
5. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd? Explain your
answer.
Ans: The pH of milk 6 it contains lactose and small quantity of lactic acid. When milk turns to curd the lactose
present in milk turns lactic acid hence pH of solution decreases.

Q.No: 12 4 Marks AS5

1. Draw the diagram which shows that acid solution in water conducts electricity.
Ans:

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2. Draw a diagram of arrangement of apparatus for the reaction of acids with metals (or) Draw the
diagram that showing the ration of zinc granules with dil.HCl and testing hydrogen gas by a burning
matchstick.

Ans:

3. Draw a diagram of passing carbon dioxide gas through calcium hydroxide solution when metal
carbonates or metal hydrogen carbonates react with acids.

4. Draw a diagram showing the variation of pH with the change in concentration of H+ and OH-

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10. The Human Eye and The Colourful World

Q.No: 6 1 Mark AS1

1. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult which normal vision is about
a) 25 m b) 2.5 cm c) 25 cm d) 2.5 m
Ans: c) 25 cm
2. The human eye forms the image of an object at its
a) cornea b) iris c) pupil d) retina
Ans: d) retina
3. The changes in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the
a) pupil b) retina c) ciliary muscles d) iris
Ans: c) ciliary muscles
4. The human eye can focus on objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens.
This is due to
a) presbyopia. b) accommodation. c) near-sightedness. d) far-sightedness.
Ans: b) accommodation
5. A back bench student in the class room cannot see the black board clearly. What type of eye defect
he? (OR) Bhanu can see near objects clearly but cannot see objects at distant. What type of
eye defect is he suffering? (OR) Sridhar has a difficulty in reading the black board. While sitting in the
last row. What could be the defect the child is suffering from?
Ans: Myopia
6. Ammalu cannot read the newspaper clearly. What type of eye defect he?
Ans: Hypermetropia
7. What is the other name of near sightedness?
Ans: Myopia
8. What is the other name of far sightedness?
Ans: Hypermetropia
9. Define accommodation of lens
Ans: The ability of eye lens to adjust its focal length is called “accommodation of lens” (or) The process of
adjusting focal length is called “accommodation of lens”
10. What is meant by cataract?
Ans: The condition of the crystalline lens of old age people becomes milky and cloudy is called cataract.
11. Define Dispersion of light?
Ans: The splitting of white light into its component colours is called Dispersion.
12. What is Presbyopia?
Ans: The defect of find it difficult to see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye-
glasses are called Presbyopia.
13. What type of image formed by the eye lens?
Ans: Real and inverted image
14. What is meant by least distance of distinct vision?
Ans: The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly without stain is called the least
distance of distinct vision.
15. What is meant by far point of the eye?
Ans: The farthest point upto which an eye can see clearly is called the far point of the eye
16. What is meant by near point of the eye?
Ans: The nearest point upto which an eye can see clearly is called the near point of the eye

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Q.No: 15 8 Marks AS1

1. Explain the following.
i) Twinkling of stars ii) Formation of Rainbow
Ans: i) Twinkling of stars
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The starlight, on entering the earth’s
atmosphere, undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches the earth. The atmospheric refraction occurs in
a medium of gradually changing refractive index.
Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the apparent position of the star is slightly
different from its actual position. The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position when viewed
near the horizon.
The star sometimes appears brighter, and at some other time, fainter, which is the twinkling effect.
ii) Formation of Rainbow
A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky after a rain shower. It is caused by dispersion
of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere. A rainbow is always formed in a direction
opposite to that of the Sun. The water droplets act like small prisms. They refract and disperse the incident
sunlight, then reflect it internally, and finally refract it again when it comes out of the raindrop. Due to the
dispersion of light and internal reflection, different colours reach the observer’s eye.

2. Explain, how do you correct the eye defect Myopia with a suitable diagram.
(or)
What is Myopia? How do you correct the eye defect Myopia?
Ans: i) Myopia is also known as nearsightedness.
ii) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly.
iii) A person with this defect has the far point nearer than infinity. Such a person may see clearly upto a
distance of a few metres.
iv) In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina and not at the retina itself.
v) This defect may arise due to i) excessive curvature of the eye lens or ii) elongation of the eyeball.
vi) This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
vii) A concave lens of suitable power will bring the image back on to the retina and thus the defect is
corrected.

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3. Explain the correction of the eye defect Hypermetropia with a suitable diagram.
(or)
What is Hypermetropia? How do you correct the eye defect Hypermetropia?
Ans: i) Hypermetropia is also known as farsightedness.
ii) A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly.
iii) The near point, for the person, is farther away from the normal near point (25 cm). Such a person has to
keep a reading material much beyond 25 cm from the eye for comfortable reading.
iv) This is because the light rays from a closeby object are focussed at a point behind the retina.
v) This defect arises either because i) the focal length of the eye lens is too long or ii) the eyeball has
become too small.
vi) This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power.
vii) A convex lens of suitable power will bring the image back on to the retina and thus the defect is
corrected.

4. Explain the following.

a) Scattering of light b) Tyndall effect
Ans: a) Scattering of light
i) The blue colour of the sky, colour of water in deep sea, the reddening of the sun at sunrise and the sunset
are some of the wonderful phenomena.
ii)The scattering of light by colloidal particles. The path of a beam of light passing through a true solution is
not visible. However, its path becomes visible through a colloidal solution where the size of the particles is
relatively larger.
b) Tyndall effect
i) The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles. These particles include smoke,
tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air.
ii) When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible.
iii) The light reaches us, after being reflected diffusely by these particles.
iv) The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles is Tyndall effect.

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5. Explain the following
a) Myopia b) Hypermetropia c) Presbyopia d) Power of accommodation of eye lens
Ans: a) Myopia
i) Myopia is also known as nearsightedness.
ii) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly.
iii) A person with this defect has the far point nearer than infinity. Such a person may see clearly upto a
distance of a few metres.
iv) This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
b) Hypermetropia
i) Hypermetropia is also known as farsightedness.
ii) A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly.
iii) The near point, for the person, is farther away from the normal near point (25 cm). Such a person has to
keep a reading material much beyond 25 cm from the eye for comfortable reading.
iv) This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power.
c) Presbyopia
i) The defect of find it difficult to see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye-
glasses are called Presbyopia.
ii) This defect can be corrected by using bi-focal lenses.
d) Power of accommodation of eye lens
i) The power of accommodation of the eye is the maximum variation of its power for focusing on near
and far objects.
ii) For a normal eye, the power of accommodation is about 4 dioptres.
6. Explain the following.
a) Ciliary muscles b) Atmospheric refraction
Ans: a) Ciliary muscles
i) The change in the curvature of the eye lens can thus change its focal length.
ii) When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin. Thus, its focal length increases. This
enables us to see distant objects clearly.
iii) When the ciliary muscles contract, the lens becomes thicker. Thus, its focal length decreases. This
enables us to see nearby objects clearly.
b) Atmospheric refraction
The air just above the fire becomes hotter than the air further up. The hotter air is lighter (less dense) than
the cooler air above it, and has a refractive index slightly less than that of the cooler air. Since the
physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not stationary, the apparent position of the object,
as seen through the hot air, fluctuates. This wavering is thus an effect of atmospheric refraction on a
small scale in our local environment. The twinkling of stars is a similar phenomenon on a much large
scale.

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3. Metals and Non-metals

Q.No: 4 1 Mark AS1

1. Write any one physical property of metals.

Ans: Metallic lustre, Malleability, Ductility, Good conductors of heat and electricity (Any One)
2. What are amphoteric oxides?
Ans: Such oxides which react both with acids as well as bases to form salts and water are known as amphoteric
oxides.
3. Write any one of ways or method to prevent the rusting of iron or corrosion.
Ans: Painting oiling or greasing
4. What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?
Ans: Acidic oxides
5. Which metals do not corrode easily?
Ans: Gold, Platinum
6. Name the alloy of copper and zinc.
Ans: Brass
7. Name the alloy of iron and carbon.
Ans: Steel
8. Give an example of a metal which is liquid at room temperature.
Ans: Mercury
9. Give an example of a metal which can be easily cut with a knife.
Ans: Sodium and Potassium
10. What is meant by ductile?
Ans: The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires is called ductility.
11. Write any one general properties of ionic compounds?
Ans: High melting and boiling points (or) Soluble in water.
12. What is gangue?
Ans: Ores mined from the earth are usually contaminated with large amounts of impurities is called gangue.
13. Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.
Ans: Gold, Platinum
14. What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?
Ans: Reduction
15.Give one example of amphoteric oxides?
Ans: Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide
16. Name a non-metal which is lustrous.
Ans: Iodine
17. What are alloys?
Ans: An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal.

Q.No: 17 8 Marks AS3

1. Explain the experimental procedure to investigate the conditions under which iron rusts.
(or)
Suggest an activity to prove that the presence of air and water are essential for corrosion. Explain the
procedure

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Ans:
Aim: Investigate the conditions under which iron rusts.
Required Materials: Test tubes, Iron nails, Water, Boiled distilled water, Anhydrous calcium chloride.

Procedure: i) Take three test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of them.
ii) Label these test tubes A, B and C. Pour some water in test tube A and cork it.
iii) Pour boiled distilled water in test tube B, add about 1 mL of oil and cork it. The oil will float on water and
prevent the air from dissolving in the water.
iv) Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test tube C and cork it. Anhydrous calcium chloride will absorb
the moisture, if any, from the air. Leave these test tubes for a few days and then observe figure.
Observation: i) We observe that iron nails rust in test tube A, but they do not rust in test tubes B and C.
ii) In the test tube A, the nails are exposed to both air and water. In the test tube B, the nails are
exposed to only water, and the nails in test tube C are exposed to dry air.
2. How do metals react with solutions of other metal salts? Describe an activity.
Ans:
Aim: Observe the reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in solution.
Required Materials: Copper wire, Iron nail, Iron sulphate solution, Copper sulphate solution, Test tubes

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Procedure: i) Take a clean wire of copper and an iron nail.
ii) Put the copper wire in a solution of iron sulphate and the iron nail in a solution of copper sulphate taken
in test tubes figure.
iii) Record your observations after 20 minutes.
iv) The reaction occurs in the test in which iron nail is placed in a solution of copper sulphate.
v) The blue colour of copper sulpahte solution starts fading.
vi) This is a displacement reaction.
Observation: i) Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in solution.
ii) Iron metal displaces copper metal from its solution, iron is more reactive than copper

3. Describe an activity on metals react with water (Action of steam on a metal)

Ans:
Aim: Observe the reactions of different metals with water.
Required Materials: Different metals, Stands, Burner, Test tube, Delivery tube, Glass jar.

Procedure: i) Collect the samples of some metals

ii) Put small pieces of the samples separately in beakers half-filled with cold water.
iii) The reactivity of metals with cold water increasing in order is Mg < Ca < Na < K
iv) Sodium and Potassium catch fire on water
v) Calcium starts floating after some time.
vi) Put the metals that did not react with cold water in beakers half - filled with hot water.
vii) Copper, Silver and Gold metals did not react even with steam.
Observations: Lead, Copper, Silver and Gold metals do not react with water at all.

4. How to show that metals are good conductors of heat with help an activity.
Ans:
Aim: To show that metals are good conductors of heat.
Required Materials: Copper/Aluminium wire, Stand, Clamp, Burner
Procedure: i) Take an aluminium or copper wire.
ii) Clamp this wire on a stand, as shown in Fig.
iii) Fix a pin to the free end of the wire using wax.
iv) Heat the wire with a spirit lamp, candle or a burner near the place where it is clamped.

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Observations: i) When aluminium or copper wire is heated at one end, heat reaches the other end, melting the
wax, and the pin gets detached.
ii) Metals are good conductors of heat.

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11. Electricity

Q.No: 7 1 Mark AS5

1. Draw the symbol of an electric cell. 6. Draw the symbol of the electric bulb.
Ans: Ans:

2. Draw the symbol of a battery or combination of 7. Draw the symbol of a resistor of resistance.
cells Ans:
Ans:

8. Draw the symbol of rheostat or variable

resistance.
3. Draw the symbol of Plug key or switch Ans:
Ans:

9. Draw the V (Potential difference) –

I (Current) graph for Ohm’s law.
4. Draw the symbol of an ammeter. Ans:
Ans:

5. Draw the symbol of a voltmeter.

Ans:

Q.No: 8 1 Mark AS1

1. What is the SI unit of resistance of a conductor connected in an electric circuit?

Ans: ohm (or) Ω
2. What is the SI unit of electric charge?
Ans: coulomb (or) C
3. What is the SI unit of electric circuit?
Ans: ampere (or) A
4. What is the SI unit of potential difference?
Ans: volt (or) V
5. What is the SI unit of electric power?
Ans: Watt (or) W
6. What is commercial unit of electrical energy?
Ans: Kilo Watt Hour (or) KWH

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7. 1 KWH how many joules? (or) How many joules are there in one kilowatt hour?
Ans: 3.6x106J
8. What is the SI unit of resistivity?
Ans: ohm-metre (or) Ω m
9. How is an ammeter connected in a circuit?
Ans: Series in a circuit
10. How is voltmeter connected in a circuit?
Ans: Parallel in a circuit
11. If two resistors 3Ω, 6Ω are connected in parallel, then what is the equivalent resistance of
combination of resistors?
𝑅1𝑥 𝑅2 3 𝑥 6 18
Ans: 𝑅 = 𝑅1+𝑅2 = 3+6 = 9 = 2Ω
12. If three resistors 1Ω,4Ω, 7Ω are connected in series, then what is the equivalent resistance of
combination of resistors?
Ans: R = R1 + R2 + R3 = 1+ 4 + 7 = 12 Ω
13. An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. The current is 0.50 A. What is the power of the
bulb?
Ans: Power (P) = VI = 220 x 0.5 = 110 W
14. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?
Ans: Length, Area of cross-section, nature of the material.
15. Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor. (or) How can we
measure the potential difference across the ends of a conductor?
Ans: Voltmeter
16. Write the mathematical expression for Ohm’s law.
Ans: V= IR

Q.No: 11 2 Marks AS2

1. Pose any two questions to understand the concept of Ohm’s law
Ans: 1. What is Ohm’s law?
2. What is the formula for Ohm’s law?
3. What is the definition of 1 ohm?
4. What are the applications of Ohm’s law?
5. Does Ohm’s law apply to all materials?
6. When does Ohm’s law not apply? (Note: Write any two relevant questions)
2. Pose any two questions to understand the concept of resistance.
Ans: 1. What is resistance?
2. What is the SI unit of resistance?
3. Draw the symbol of resistor of resistance.
4. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend? (Note: Write any two relevant questions)
3. Pose any two questions to understand the electric power.
Ans: 1. What is electric power?
2. What is the formula of electric power?
3. What is the SI unit of electric power?
4. 1 KWH how many joules? (Note: Write any two relevant questions)
4. Why is the tungsten used almost exclusively for filament of electric lamps?
Ans: Tungsten has a high resistivity and high melting point. So, it used as filament in electric lamps.
5. Why is the series arrangement not used for domestic circuits?
Ans: In case of series arrangement, if one component fails the circuit is broken and none of the components

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works. So,the series arrangement is not used for domestic circuits.
6. How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross-section?
Ans: Electrons move more freely through a thick wire than through a thin wire. The resistance of conductor is
directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to the area of cross-section.
7. Why are copper and aluminium wires usually employed for electricity transmission?
Ans: Copper and Aluminium wires possess low resistivity and as such are generally used for electricity
transmission.
8. Why should we connect electric appliances in parallel in a household circuit? What happens if they are
connected in series?
Ans: If we connect electric appliances in parallel in a household circuit, then one of component fails the circuit
does not break and remaining components are works.
In case of series arrangement, if one component fails the circuit is broken and none of the components works.
9. Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
Ans: Resistivity of alloys is generally higher than that of its constituent metals and do not oxidized easily. So,
coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy.
10. What happens to the resistivity of a conductor if its length is doubled?
Ans: No change in the resistivity. Because its depends on the nature of conductor.
11. What happens to the resistance of conductor if its length is double and area of cross-section is halved?
Ans: 4 times increased. Because resistance of conductor is directly proportional to its length and inversely
proportional to the area of cross-section.

Q.No: 15 8 Marks AS1

1. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors connected in parallel in an
electric circuit.
Ans: In parallel connection of resistors there is same potential difference at the ends of the resistors. .Hence,
the potential difference is equal to V.
On applying Ohm’s law to each resistor
I1 =V/R1
I2 =V/R2
I3 =V/R3
Let R be the equivalent resistance of the combination of resistors in series.
Also I=V/Rp
I= I1+I2+I3
V/Rp=V(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3)
1/Rp= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of a parallel combination is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of
the individual resistances.
2. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors connected in series in an electric
circuit.
Ans: In series connection of resistors there is only one path for the flow of current in the circuit. .Hence, the
current in the circuit is equal to I
On applying Ohm’s law to each resistor
V1 =IR1
V2 =IR2 ;
V3 =IR3
Let R be the equivalent resistance of the combination of resistors in series.
Also V=IRs
V= V1+V2+V3

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IRs =IR1+IR2+IR3
IRs =I (R1+R2+R3)
Rs=R1+ R2+ R3
The resistance of the equivalent resistance in series combination is equal to the sum of their individual
resistance.
3. Explain the following
i) Electric current ii) Potential difference iii) Ohm’s law iv) Electric power
Ans: i) Electric current
The net charge flows across any cross-section of a conductor in unit time is called electric current.
Q
I= t
SI unit of electric current is ampere
ii) Potential difference
The amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to another point in the field.
W
V= Q
SI unit of potential difference is ‘volt’.
iii) Ohm’s law
The potential difference across the ends of a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it,
provided its temperature remains the same.
V = IR
SI unit of resistance is ‘ohm’.
iv) Electric power
The rate of doing electric work is called electric power.
P = VI
SI unit of electric power is ‘watt’.
4. Write the differences between resistance and resistivity.
Ans:
Resistance Resistivity
1.The obstruction to the motion of the electrons in a 1.The resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit
conductor is known as Resistance area of cross section is called Resistivity
2. It is denoted by ‘R’ 2.It is denoted by ‘ ρ’
3. S.I unit is ohm(Ω) 3. S.I unit is ohm-metre(Ω-m)
4. R=ρl/A 4. ρ= RA/l
5. Its depends on nature of the material, length, area 5. Its depends on nature of the material and
of cross section and temperature temperature
5. Derive H = I2Rt
Ans: Consider a current ‘I’ flowing through a resistor of resistance ‘R’. Let the potential difference across it be
‘V’ and ‘t’ be the time during which a charge ‘Q’ flows across.
The amount of charge, Q = It ---------- (1)
By the definition of potential difference V= W/Q
W= VQ ---------- (2)
From (1) & (2)
W= VIt
The energy gets dissipated in the resistor as heat, then the amount of heat produced is
H= VIt
Applying Ohm’s law
H = I2Rt

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4. Carbon and its Compounds

Q.No: 5 1 Mark AS6

1. Write any one use of carbon compound.

Ans: Carbon compound are used as fuels
2. Write any one industrial application of hydrogenation.
Ans: It is used in the production of saturated vegetable ghee from unsaturated vegetable oils
3. Write any one use of ethanol/Alcohol.
Ans: It is used good solvent, medicines and tonics.
4. Write any one use of ethanoic acid/acetic acid.
Ans: i) It is used as vinegar for preparing pickles ii) It is used for the preparation of aspirin.
5. Write any one use of detergents.
Ans: To make shampoos and products for cleaning clothes.
6. Write any one use of methane.
Ans: It is used as a fuel, Bio-gas and CNG
7. Write any one use of Vinegar.
Ans: It is used as a preservative in pickles.
6. Write any one use of saponification.
Ans: It is used in the preparation of soap.

Q.No: 9 2 Marks AS4

1. Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions.

C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Ans: C3H6, C2H2
2. Identify the alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Ans: Alkanes - C2H6, C3H8, CH4
Alkenes - C3H6
Alkynes - C2H2
3. General formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2.
Write the first two alkanes
Ans: CH4, C2H6
4. General formula of alkenes is CnH2n.
Write the first two alkenes
Ans: C2H4, C3H6
5. General formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2.
Write the first two alkynes
Ans: C2H2, C3H4
6. Collect the saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the following
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2, C4H6, C5H10 and CH4
Ans: Saturated hydrocarbons- C2H6, C3H8, CH4
Unsaturated hydrocarbons- C3H6, C2H2, C4H6, C5H10
7. A hydrocarbon is combination of four carbons and ten hydrogen.
i) Write the formula of this hydrocarbon ii) Write its name

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Ans: i) C4H10 ii) Butane
8. Complete the following table
Hydro carbon Methane Propane
Formula C2H6 C4H10
Ans:
Hydro carbon Methane Ethane Propane Butane
Formula CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10
9. Complete the table.
Class of compounds Alcohol Ketone
Formula of functional group -CHO -COOH
Ans:
Class of compounds Alcohol Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic acid
Formula of functional group -OH -CHO -CO- -COOH

Q.No: 16 8 Marks AS1

1. Explain the cleaning action of soap

(or)
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Ans: i) Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing
properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it interacts with water,while the
other end is hydrophobic, that is, it interacts with hydrocarbons.
ii) When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap
will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface
of water with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’
protruding out of water.
iii) Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that keeps
the hydrocarbon portion out of the water.
iv) Thus,clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the
interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster.
v) This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle is
able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the centre of the
micelle.
vi) The micelles stay in solution as a colloid and will not come together to
precipitate because of ion-ion repulsion.
vii) Thus, the dirt suspended in the micelles is also easily rinsed away.
2. Explain the following
i) Homologous series ii) Substitution reaction
Ans: i) Homologous series
A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is
called a homologous series.
A series in which every succeeding compound differs from the previous one by –CH2.
Example: CH4, C2H6, …. is the alkane homologous series.
ii) Substitution reaction
One type of atom or a group of atoms takes the place of another is called a substitution reaction
Example: In the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction. Chlorine
can replace the hydrogen atoms one by one. A number of products are usually formed with the
higher homologues of alkanes.

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CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl (In the presence of sunlight)

3. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical
properties?
(or)
How would you distinguish experimentally between a alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Ans: Physical properties:
i) Smell: Ethanol has a pleasant smell. Ethanoic acid has pungent smell.
ii) Melting point: Melting point of ethanol is very lower than ethanoic acid.
iii) Boiling point: Boiling point of ethanol is very lower than ethanoic acid.
Chemical properties:
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
It is a neutral compound It is an acidic compound
It does not reaction with metal carbonates It reacts with metal carbonates to form salt,
water and carbon dioxide
It does not give Brisk effervescence It gives Brisk effervescen ce
It is oxidized It is not oxidized

4. Explain any two chemical properties of Carbon compounds.

Ans: i) Combustion
Carbon compounds, burns in oxygen to give carbon dioxide along with the release of heat and light.
Saturated hydrocarbons will generally give a clean flame while unsaturated carbon compounds will give
a yellow flame with lots of black smoke.
Example: CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O + heat and light
ii) Oxidation
Carbon compounds can be easily oxidised on combustion.
some substances are capable of adding oxygen to others. These substances are known as oxidising agents.
Example: In the presence of acidified KMNO4, alcohols are converted to carboxylic acids

iii) Addition Reaction

Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give
saturated hydrocarbons.
Addition reaction is commonly used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst.

iv) Substitution reaction

One type of atom or a group of atoms takes the place of another is called a substitution reaction
Example: In the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction. Chlorine
can replace the hydrogen atoms one by one. A number of products are usually formed with the
higher homologues of alkanes.
CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl (In the presence of sunlight)
(NOTE: Write any two chemical properties of carbon compounds)

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5. Write the differences between soaps and detergents
Ans:
Soaps Detergents
Chemically, soaps are sodium or potassium salts of Chemically, detergents are sodium salts of
higher fatty acids. sulphonic acids.
Soaps are dissolve in water Detergents are dissolve in water
Soaps are easily biodegradable Detergents are not easily biodegradable
Soaps have relatively weak cleaning agents Detergents have a strong cleaning agents
Soaps are natural derivatives Detergents are derivatives
Soaps are not effective in hard water Detergents do not lose their effectiveness in hard
Ex:santoor,Mysore sandal and other shit soaps water. Ex:rin, Neelam, xxx detergent

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12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Q.No: 17 8 Marks AS3

1. Explain the procedure to show that compass needle is deflected on passing an electric current through
a metallic conductor (Oersted’s experiment)
(or)
How can it be shown with the help of an activity that a magnetic field is produced around a current
carrying wire?
(or)
Describe with the help of a diagram an activity to show that a current carrying wire behaves like a
magnet.
Ans:
Aim: To show that compass needle is deflected on passing an electric current through a metallic conductor.
Required Materials: Thick copper wire, Magnetic compass, Card board, Resistor, Ammeter, Key.

Procedure: 1. Take a straight thick copper wire and place it between the points X and Y in electric circuit as
shown in the figure.
2. The wire XY is kept perpendicular to the plane of paper.
3. Horizontally place a small compass near to this copper wire.
4. See the position of its needle.
5. Pass the current through the circuit by inserting the key into the plug.
Observations: 1. We observe that the needle is deflected.
2. The electric current through the copper wire has produced a magnetic field around it.
2. Describe an activity to show the direction of magnetic lines produced by a current-carrying conductor.
Ans:
Aim: To show the direction of magnetic lines produced by a current-carrying conductor.
Required Materials: Long straight copper wire, Battery, Plug key, Magnetic compass.

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Procedure: 1. Take a long straight copper wire, two or three cells of 1.5 V each, and a plug key.
2. Connect all of them in series as shown in (a).
3. Place the straight wire parallel to and over a compass needle.
4. Plug the key in the circuit.
5. Observe the direction of deflection of the north pole of the needle. If the current flows from
north to south, as shown in Fig. (a), the north pole of the compass needle would move
towards the east.
6. Replace the cell connections in the circuit as shown in Fig. (b). This would result in the change
of the direction of current through the copper wire, that is, from south to north.
7. Observe the direction of deflection of the south pole of the needle. If the current flows from
south to north, as shown in Fig. (b), the south pole of the compass needle would move
towards the west.
3. Describe an activity to draw the magnetic field produced around a current carrying straight
conductor.
Ans:
Aim: To study the magnetic field lines around a straight current carrying straight conductor.
Required materials: Battery, Variable resistance, Ammeter, Plug key, Thick copper wire, Cardboard, Iron
filings.

Procedure: 1. As shown in the figure, connecting the circuit.

2. Insert the thick wire through the centre, normal to the plane of a rectangular cardboard. Take care that
the cardboard is fixed and does not slide up or down.
3. Connect the copper wire vertically between the points X and Y, as shown in Fig. (a), in series with the
battery, a plug and key.
4. Sprinkle some iron filings uniformly on the cardboard.
5. Keep the rheostat at a fixed position and note the current through the ammeter. Close the key so that a
current flows through the wire. Ensure that the copper wire placed between the points X and Y
remains vertically straight.
6. Gently tap the cardboard a few times.
7. We Observe that the iron filings align themselves showing a pattern of concentric circles around the
copper wire
8. Place a compass at a point (say P) over a circle. The direction of the north pole of the compass needle
would give the direction of the field lines produced by the electric current through the straight wire at
point P.

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4. Describe an activity on force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.
(or)
Describe with the help of a diagram an activity to show that a current-carrying conductor experiences a
force when placed in a magnetic field.
Ans:
Aim: To show that the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.
Required materials: Small aluminium rod, Strong horse-shoe magnet, Battery, Plug key, Vertical stand,
Connecting wires.

Procedure: 1. Take a small aluminium rod AB (of about 5 cm). Using two connecting wires suspend it
horizontally from a stand, as shown in Fig.
2. Place a strong horse-shoe magnet in such a way that the rod lies between the two poles with the
magnetic field directed upwards. For this put the north pole of the magnet vertically below and south
pole vertically above the aluminium rod.
3. Connect the aluminium rod in series with a battery, a key and a rheostat.
4. Now pass a current through the aluminium rod from end B to end A.
5. We observed that the rod is displaced towards the left and rod gets displaced.
6. Reverse the direction of current flowing through the rod and observe the direction of its displacement. It
is now towards the right.
Observations: The aluminium rod gets displaced because a force is exerted on the current-carrying rod when
it is placed in a magnetic field.

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