CLASS X – MATHEMATICS

SUBJECT CODE – 041

SESSION 2024 – 2025
COURSE STRUCTURE

Units Unit Name Chapters Marks

I Number System Real Numbers 06

Polynomials

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

II Algebra 20
Quadratic Equations

Arithmetic Progression

III Coordinate Geometry Coordinate Geometry 06

Triangles
IV Geometry 15
Circles

Introduction to Trigonometry
V Trigonometry 12
Some Applications of Trigonometry

Areas Related to Circle

VI Mensuration 10
Surface Areas and Volumes

Statistics
VII Statistics & Probability 11
Probability

Total 80

Internal Assessment 20 marks

Pen Paper Test & Multiple Assessment 10 marks
Portfolio 05 marks
Lab Activities 05 marks
 CHAPTER 1 – REAL NUMBERS
Key Concepts
Rational Numbers

The numbers which can be represented in the form of where q  0 and p and q are integers are

called rational numbers.

Irrational Numbers
Irrational numbers are the numbers which are non-terminating and non-repeating.

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes, and this

factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.

Theorem

Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides „a‟, where „a‟ is a positive integer.

Results
 Rational and irrational numbers together constitute Real numbers.

 A number ends with the digit zero if and only if it has either 2 or 5 as its prime factors.

 The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not always be

irrational number.

 There are more irrational numbers than rational numbers between two consecutive

numbers.

 Highest Common Factor (HCF) is the product of the smallest power of each common

prime factor in the numbers.

 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) is the product of the greatest power of each prime

factor, involved in the numbers.

Prime Factorisation Method to find HCF and LCM

 HCF(a, b) = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.

 LCM(a, b) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factors, involved in the numbers.

Note: HCF of two numbers is always less than or equal to their LCM. Also, LCM is always a

multiple of HCF.

an where n is a natural number can end with digit 0, if prime factors of „a‟ contain 2 m x 5n, where

m and n are natural numbers.

 CHAPTER 2 – POLYNOMIALS
Key Concepts

Polynomial
An expression consisting of the sum of two or more terms each of which is the product of a

constant and a variable raised to an integral power.

An algebraic expression of the form: a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + ………+anxn….. in which a0, a1,

a2, a3…an are coefficients and x is a variable having non-negative integral exponents is called a

polynomial in x.

Degree of Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the largest exponent in the polynomial.

Types of Polynomials
Constant Polynomial
A polynomial of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial.

Linear Polynomial
A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.

Quadratic Polynomial
A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.

Cubic Polynomial
A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.

Standard form of a Polynomial

If the terms in a polynomial are written in ascending or descending powers of the variable in it,
then the polynomial is said to be in Standard Form.

Value of Polynomial
If p(x) is a polynomial in x and if a is any real number, then the value of polynomial obtained by

replacing x by a in p(x) and it is denoted by p(a).

Zero of polynomial
If p x is a polynomial in x and if „a‟ is any real number, such that p a = 0, then „a‟ is called a

zero of the polynomial p(x).

For any linear polynomial ax + b, zero of the polynomial will be given by the expression P(- ).

Remark
In general, the number of zeroes a polynomial depends upon the degree of the polynomial. A

polynomial of degree „n‟ has „n‟ zeroes.

Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial

The graph of a polynomial p(x) of degree n can intersects or touches the x axis at at-most n

points. The number of real zeroes of the polynomial is the number of times its graph touches or

intersects x axis.

Graph of Polynomials

Linear Polynomial: The graph of a linear polynomial p(x) = ax + b is a straight line that

intersects X-axis at one point only.

Quadratic Polynomial: (i) Graph of a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a parabola

which opens upwards, if a > 0 and intersects X-axis at a maximum of two distinct points.

(ii) Graph of a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a parabola which opens downwards, if

a < 0 and intersects X-axis at a maximum of two distinct points.

Results

For a quadratic polynomial

 If the zeros are both positive, then a and c have the same sign and b has the opposite sign.

 If the zeros are both negative then a, b and c have the same sign.
 CHAPTER 3 – PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Key Concepts

Linear Equation in two variables

An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b, and c are real numbers such that a and b are

not both zero is called a linear equation in two variables.

Pair of Linear Equations in two variables

Two linear equations in same two variables x and y are called pair of linear equations in two

variables.

General form of Pair of Linear Equations

The general form of pair of linear equations in two variables is a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and

a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 where a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, c2 are real numbers.

Solution

The solution of pair of linear equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is the ordered

pair (x, y) which satisfies both the equations.

Consistent or Independent System

A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be consistent, if it has atleast one solution.

Dependent System

A system which represents a pair of equivalent equations and has an infinite number of solutions

is called as dependent system or consistent with infinite solutions.

Inconsistent System

A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent if it has no solution.

 Result

Ratio Graphical Representation Algebraic Interpretation Consistency

𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏
 Intersecting Lines Unique Solution Consistent
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
= = Co-incident Lines Infinitely many solutions Consistent
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐

𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
=  Parallel Lines No solution In-consistent
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐

(i) The graph of x = constant is a line parallel to the y-axis.

(ii) The graph of y = constant is a line parallel to the x-axis.

(iii) The graph of y = ± x is a line passing through the origin.

Algebraic Methods for Solving a Pair of Linear Equations

Substitution Method

Steps used in this method to solve a pair of linear equations are given below.

Step I: Find the value of one variable x (or y) in

terms of other variable i.e., y (or x) form an equation

Step II: Substitute this value of x (or y) in other

equation, then it reduces to a linear equation in one
Substitution Method variable. i.e., in term of y (or x) which can be
sloved easily.

Step III: Substitute the value of y (or x) obtained in

step II in the equation which is used to obtain the
value of other variable in step I.
Elimination Method

Steps used in this method to solve a pair of linear equations are given below.

Elimination Method

Step I: Firstly; make the coefficient of one variable (x or y)

numerically equal by multiplying both equations by some
suitable non-zero constant.

Step II: Now, add or subtract both equations, so that one

variable is eliminated and remaining equation has one
variable.

Step III: Solve the equation in one variable to get the value
of this variable (x or y).

Step IV: Substitute this value (x or y) in any one of the given

equations to get the value of other variable.

Relative Speed

Suppose two bodies are moving at a different speed in the same direction.

Let the speed of 1st body be x km/hr and the speed of the 2nd body is y km/hr.

So, their relative speed is = (x – y) km/hr [x > y]

 CHAPTER 4 – QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Key Concepts

Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real

numbers and a  0.

Roots of Quadratic Equation

real number α is said to be a solution/root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

if aα2 + bα + c = 0.

Methods to find roots of Quadratic Equation

 If ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be reduced to the product of two linear factors, then the root of the

quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be found by equating each factor to zero.

 Roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be obtained by using the formula:

√
x=

Nature of Roots

For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 expression D = b2 – 4ac is discriminant.

(a) If b2 – 4ac > 0, the quadratic equation has two distinct real roots

(b) If b2 – 4ac = 0, the quadratic equation has two real and equal roots

(c) If b2 – 4ac < 0, the quadratic equation has no real roots.

Results

For quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0

𝑐
o If a + b + c = 0 then roots of the quadratic equation are 1 and .
𝑎

𝑐
o If a + c = b or a – b + c = 0 the roots of the quadratic equation are -1 and -
𝑎
 CHAPTER 5 – ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Key Concepts

Sequence
Some numbers arranged in a definite order, according to a definite rule, are said to form a

sequence.

Arithmetic Progression

An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed

number d to the preceding term, except the first term.

A sequence is called an arithmetic progression (AP), if the difference of any of its terms and the

preceding term is always the same. i.e., an – an-1 = constant.

Term

Each of the number in the list of arithmetic progression is called a term of an A.P

Common difference of A.P

The difference between the two successive terms of an A.P is called the common difference.

d = a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 =.... = an – an-1

Finite and Infinite Arithmetic Progression

The arithmetic progression having finite number of terms is called a finite arithmetic progression.

The arithmetic progression having infinite number of terms is called an infinite arithmetic

progression.

General Form of an Arithmetic Progression

The general form of an .P is a, a+ d, a+ 2d, a+3d…..

If the A.P a, a + d, a + 2d………  is reversed to  ,  -d, -2d………a, then  the common

difference changes to negative of original sequence common difference.

96
General Term or nth term of an A.P

The general term of an A.P is given by: an = a + (n – 1)d, where a is the first term and d is the

common difference.

The nth term of an A.P is the difference of the sum to first n terms and the sum to first (n-1) terms

of it. i.e an = Sn – Sn-1.

Number of Terms in A.P

The number of terms in an A.P can be obtained by n = + 1, where l is last term of an A.P.

Consider an AP whose first term is a, common difference is d and number of terms is n.

𝑛
When n is odd, ( ) th term is the middle term. So, in this case the middle term is given by
𝑛
𝑎 ( ) 𝑑.

𝑛 𝑛
When n is even, th term and ( ) th terms are middle terms. So, in the case the middle
𝑛 𝑛𝑑
term is given by 𝑎 ( ) 𝑑 and 𝑎

Special Numbers of A.P

o Three special numbers in A.P are a – d, a, a + d.

o Four special numbers in A.P are a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d.

Results

If a, b, c, are in AP, then

 (a + k), (b + k), (c + k) are in AP

 (a – k), (b – k), (c – k) are in AP

 ak, bk, ck, are in AP.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
 , , are in A.P
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑎 𝑐
 b= 97
Sum of n term of an A.P

Sum of n terms of an A.P is given by: Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d] or Sn = [a + l].

Note: We use the 1st Form of the Sum Formula, when the common difference d is known and use

the 2nd Form when the last term l is known.

 CHAPTER 6 - TRIANGLES

Key Concepts

Similar Figures

Two figures having the same shapes are called the similar figures.

Similar Polygons

Two triangles are said to be similar if (i) their corresponding angles are equal (ii) their

corresponding sides are in proportional.

Criterion for Similarity of Triangles

AAA Similarity

If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same

ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.

AA Similarity

If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle, then the two

triangles are similar.

SSS Similarity

If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to(i.e., in the same ratio of ) the sides of

the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two triangles are

similar.

SAS Similarity

If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides including these

angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.

Important Theorems

Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem)

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct

points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.

Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem

If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third

side.
 CHAPTER 7 – COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Key Concepts
Cartesian Co-ordinate System
This system has X-axis called abscissa and Y-axis called ordinate. (0, 0) is the origin. Both the

axes divide the Cartesian plane into four parts called quadrants.

Distance Formula
The distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the cartesian plane is given

by d = √( ) ( ) .

The distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin O (0, 0) is given by d =√ .

Note: The co-ordinates of a point on the X-axis are of the form (x, 0) and that of the point on Y-

axis are (0, y).

139
Condition of Collinearity of Three Points

Points A B, and C are collinear, if they lie on the same straight line. e.g., B lies between A and C,

if AB + BC = AC.

Section Formulae
Internal Division

The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and

B(x2, y2) internally in the ratio m1: m2, are ( , ).

Mid-Point

The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which is the mid - point of the line segment joining

A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are ( , ).

Centroid of the triangle

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of the triangle Centroid of the triangle is

given by G = ( , ).

Result: The centroid of the triangle divides the median in the ratio of 2: 1.
 CHAPTER 8 – INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

Key Concepts

Trigonometric Ratios of the angle

In trigonometry, we deal with relations between the side and angles of a triangle.

Ratios of the sides of a right-angled triangle with respect to its acute angles are called

trigonometric ratios of the angle.

Six Trigonometric Ratios

sinθ = cosecθ =

cosθ = secθ =

tanθ = cotθ =

Relations between Trigonometric Ratios

(a) Reciprocal Relations

i cosecθ = or sinθ = or cosecθ x sinθ = 1

ii secθ = or cosθ = or secθ x cosθ = 1

iii cotθ = or tanθ = or cotθ x tanθ = 1

(b) Quotient Relations

i tanθ = ii cotθ =

160
Trigonometric ratios for angle of measure 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° in tabular form

θ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

sinθ 0 ⁄ √ ⁄ 1
√

cosθ 1 √ ⁄ ⁄ 0
√

tanθ 0 ⁄ 1 √ Not Defined

√

cosecθ Not Defined 2 √ ⁄ 1

√

secθ 1 ⁄ √ 2 Not Defined

√

cotθ Not Defined √ 1 0

√

Trigonometric Identities

An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is said to be a trigonometric identity if it is

satisfied for all values of θ for which the given trigonometric ratios are defined.

Identity 1 Identity 2 Identity 3

sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1 sec2θ – tan2θ = 1

sin2θ = 1 - cos2θ cosec2θ = 1 + cot2θ sec2θ = 1 + tan2θ

cos2θ = 1- sin2θ cot2θ = cosec2θ - 1 tan2θ = sec2θ - 1

161
 CHAPTER 9 – SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

Key Concepts

Line of sight

When an observer looks from a point O at an object P, then the line OP is called the line of sight.

Angle of elevation

The angle of elevation of an object viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the

horizontal when it is above the horizontal level. i.e. the case when we raise our head to look the

object.

Angle of Depression

The angle of depression of an object viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the

horizontal when it is below the horizontal level. i.e., the case when we lower our head to look at

the object.

184
(i) The angle of elevation of a point P as seen from a point O is always equal to the
angle of depressions of O as seen from P.

(ii) The angles of elevation and depressions are always acute angles.

(iii) If the observer moves towards the perpendicular line(tower/building), then the
angle of elevation increases and if the observer moves away from the perpendicular
line(tower/building), then the angle of elevation decreases.

(iv) If the height of the tower is doubled and the distance between the observer and foot
 CHAPTER 10 – CIRCLES

Key Concepts

Circle
A circle may be regarded as a collection of points in a plane at a fixed distance from a fixed point.
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle. The fixed distance between the centre of the
circle and the circumference, is called radius.

The perimeter of the circle is referred to as the circumference of the circle.

Tangent
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle only at one point.

Point of Contact
The common point of the circle and the tangent is called point of contact.

Length of Tangent
The length of the segment of the tangent from the external point P and the point of contact with
the circle is called the length of the tangent.

Secant
A line, which intersects the circle in two distinct points, is called a secant.

Chord
A chord of a circle is a line segment joining any two points on the circumference.

Results
 A tangent to a circle is a special case of the secant when the two end points of the

corresponding chord coincide.

 There is no tangent to a circle passing through a point lying inside the circle.

 There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point outside the circle.

 At any point on the circle there can be one and only one tangent.

 The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of

contact.

204
 The lengths of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

 The centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents.

 There can be infinite number of chords passing through a point which is inside the circle.

 Tangents drawn at the end points of a diameter of a circle are parallel.

 CHAPTER 11 – AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

Key Concepts

Circle

A circle may be regarded as a collection of points in a plane at a fixed distance from a fixed point.

The fixed point is called the centre of the circle. The fixed distance between the centre of the

circle and the circumference, is called radius.

A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle only at one point.

The perimeter of the circle is referred to as the circumference of the circle.

Chord

A chord of a circle is a line segment joining any two points on the circumference.

Arc

An arc of a circle is a part of the circumference.

Diameter

A diameter of a circle is a chord which passes through the centre of the circle.

Segment of a Circle

The portion (or part) of a circular region enclosed between a chord and the corresponding arc is

called a segment of the circle.

222
Sector of a Circle

The portion (or part) of the circular region enclosed by the two radii and the corresponding arc is

called a sector of the circle.

Perimeter of Circle

P = 2πr units

Area of Circle

= πr2 sq. units

Perimeter of Semi-Circle

P = πr + d or r π + 2 units

Area of Semi-Circle

A = πr2 sq. units

Area of Sector and Length of Sector

rea of the sector of angle θ = x πr2 sq. units

Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ = x 2πr units.

Area of Minor Segment APB = Area of the sector OAPB – rea of ΔO B

Area of Minor Segment AQB = Area of Circle – Area of minor segment APB

Area of Major sector OAQB = Area of circle – Area of minor sector OAPB

Area of a ring or Area of enclosed between two concentric circles

= π R + r R – r) sq.units.
223
Results

 The distance moved by a rotating wheel in one revolution is equal to the

circumference of the wheel.

 The number of revolutions completed by a rotating wheel in

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

one minute = .
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

 The sum of the arcs of major and minor sectors of a circle is equal to the

circumference of the circle.

 The sum of the areas of major and minor sectors of a circle is equal to the area of

the circle.

 Angle described by minute hand in 60 minutes = 360°.

 Angle described by minute hand in one minute = 6°.

 Angle described by hour hand in 12 hours = 360°.

 Angle described by hour hand in 1 hour = 30°.

 Angle described by hour hand in one minute = °.

Some Important Formulae

i rea of triangle Base Height
√
ii rea of equilateral triangle ( Side )

iii rea of rectangle = Length Breadth

iv rea of square ( Side )

 CHAPTER 12 – SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

Key Concepts

Surface Area
It is the sum of the total exposed area of three dimensional solid objects.

Volume
It is the amount of space occupied by an object.

Cuboid
cuboid has six faces. Let the length of cuboid be „l‟, breadth be „b‟ and height be „h‟.

 Volume = l x b x h.

 Lateral Surface Area 2(l + b)h

 Total Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl)

 Length of the diagonal = √ .

Cube
cube has six identical faces. Let each edge of a cube be „a‟.

 Volume = a3.

 Lateral Surface Area = 4a2

 Total Surface Area = 6a2

 Diagonal = √ a.

Right Circular Cylinder

A solid obtained by revolving a rectangular lamina about one of its sides is called a right circular

cylinder. Let „r‟ be the base radius and „h‟ be the vertical height of a cylinder.

 Volume = πr2h

 Curved Surface rea = 2πrh

 Total Surface rea = 2πr h + r .

243
Hollow Cylinder

Solid like pipes are in the shape of hollow cylinder. Let „R‟ be the external radius, „r‟ be the

internal radius and „h‟ be the height of a hollow cylinder.

 Area of cross-section = π R2 – r2)

 Volume = πh R2 – r2)

 Curved Surface rea = 2πh R + r

 Total Surface rea = 2π R + r R – r + h)

 Thickness of cylinder = R – r.

Right Circular Cone

A solid obtained by revolving a right-angled triangular lamina about any side (other than the

hypotenuse is called a right circular cone. Let „r‟ be the base radius, „h‟ be the vertical height and

„l‟ be the slant height of a right circular cone.

 Volume = πr2h

 Curved Surface rea = πrl

 Total Surface rea = πr l + r

 Slant height (l) = √ .

Sphere

sphere is a solid obtained on revolving a circle about any of its diameters. Let „r‟ be the radius

of sphere.

 Volume = πr3

 Curved Surface rea = 4πr2.

Hemisphere

When a sphere is cut by a plane through its centre into two equal parts, then each part is called a

hemisphere.
  Volume = πr3

 Curved Surface rea = 2πr2

 Total Surface rea = 3πr2.

Note:

 For Surface area of combination of the solid objects, only look at the uppermost/the

exposed portions of the objects.

 For volume of the combination the solid objects, simply take the sum of the volume of all

the objects involved.

 The total surface area of the solid formed by the combination of solids is the sum of the

curved surface area of each of the individual parts.

 CHAPTER 13 – STATISTICS

Key Concepts

Class Mark

Class Mark =

Class size

Class size (h) = Upper limit – Lower limit

Mean

The arithmetic mean is a mathematical representation of the typical value of a series of numbers,

computed as the sum of all the numbers in the series divided by the count of all numbers in the

series. The arithmetic mean is sometimes referred to as the average or simply as the mean.

(i) Direct Method

̅= , where f is frequency

(ii) Assumed Mean Method

̅=A+ , where A is assumed mean and d = x – A.

Mode

Mode is that value among the observations which occurs most often i.e, the value of the

observation having the maximum frequency. If in a data more than one value have the same

frequency, then the data is said to be multi-modal.

In a grouped frequency distribution, the class which has the maximum frequency is called modal

class.

Mode = l + ( )xh
Where l = lower limit

h = class size

f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class

f1 = frequency of the modal class

f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

Median

A median is the middle number in a sorted list of numbers. To determine the median value in a

sequence of numbers, the numbers must first be arranged in value order from lowest to highest. If

there is an odd amount of numbers, the median value is the number that is in the middle, with the

same amount of numbers below and above. If there is an even amount of numbers in the list, the

middle pair must be determined, added together and divided by two to find the median value. The

median can be used to determine an approximate average.

Median = l + ( ) x h,

l = lower limit of the median class

cf = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class

f = frequency of the median class

h = class size

Empirical Formula

3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean.

 CHAPTER 14 - PROBABILITY
Key Concepts
Probability
Probability is a concept which numerically measures the degree of certainty of the occurrence of

events.

Random Experiment

A random experiment is one in which the exact outcome cannot be predicted before conducting

the experiment. However, one can list out all possible outcomes of the experiment.

Sample Space
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called its sample space and it is

denoted by the letter S.

Sure event
The sample space of a random experiment is called sure or certain event as any one of its

elements will surely occur in any trail of the experiment.

Impossible event
An event which will not occur on any account is called an impossible event. It is denoted by φ.

Favourable outcomes
The outcomes corresponding to the occurrence of the desired event are called favourable
outcomes of the event.

Classical Definition of Probability

A be any event, P(A) denotes is probability and it is defined as follows

P(A) =

Results
 The probability of an event A lies between 0 and 1, both inclusive. That is

0≤P ≤ 1.

 The probability of sure event is 1.

 The probability of impossible event is 0.

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Remarks

o The word unbiased means each outcome is equally likely to occur. For example,

an unbiased die indicates that each of the outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 has equal

chances to occur.

o The pack or deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards, 26 of red colour and 26 of

black colour. There are four suits each of 13 cards namely hearts (♥), spades (♠),

diamonds (♦) and clubs (♣). Each suit contains ace, king, queen, jack or knave, 10,

9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. There are 4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks, 4 tens, and so on

in a pack. Kings, queens, and jacks are called face cards (or) picture cards.