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Discrete Structure 1

The document outlines a syllabus for a course on Discrete Mathematics, covering topics such as logic, set theory, functions, relations, and graphs. It emphasizes the importance of discrete mathematics in understanding computer processes and problem-solving in various fields. Additionally, it includes examples of propositional logic and a proof related to tiling a chessboard.

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2 views

Discrete Structure 1

The document outlines a syllabus for a course on Discrete Mathematics, covering topics such as logic, set theory, functions, relations, and graphs. It emphasizes the importance of discrete mathematics in understanding computer processes and problem-solving in various fields. Additionally, it includes examples of propositional logic and a proof related to tiling a chessboard.

Uploaded by

anour1042
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISCRETE STRUCTURE Eng.

Asmaa Ossama

[email protected]
SYLLABUS
Logic and Proofs
Basic Structures: Set Theory and Functions
Relations
Graphs
MAIN POINTS
What is Mathematics?
Why study Discrete?
Propositional Logic
Tiling a chess board
WHAT IS MATHEMATICS?
It’s called language of the universe or the mechanism of the universe
Geometry
Calculus
Number Theory
Discrete Mathematics
GEOMETRY

• Geometry is one of the oldest parts of


mathematics. It's roughly, 2,000 or 3,000
years old.

• This Chinese book from roughly third


century, they used geometry to measure
their land and build houses.

• You probably cannot build the pyramids


without some knowledge of geometry.
CALCULUS

• It's about functions with real numbers,


derivatives and integrals. It really got
going in the 17th, 18th century with
Newton and Leibniz.

• They started to study calculus because of


some application. So, in the case of
Newton, he developed calculus because he
wanted to understand how objects
move. For example, All the planets move
around the sun.
NUMBER THEORY
• It is one of the oldest parts of math, but for
2,000 years it was basically just a beautiful
game without any application.
• Until in the 70s, two mathematicians, Diffie and
Hellman, used some number theoretic concepts to
start something that is called public heat
topography.
• This scheme shows how two partners, Alice and
Bob can agree upon a common secret, a shared
key without ever meeting in private.
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
•Discrete math really got going in the second half of the
20th century and the technology that motivated people to
study it was computer.

•If you think about how the Earth revolves around the
sun. It's a continuous motion that's why we need calculus.

•On the other hand, computers are not continuous, they


move in discrete steps, they do a step then a second step
then a third step. So, to understand how computers process
information, how information is structured, you need
discrete math. Therefore, discrete math became big since
the second half of the 20th century.
DISCRETE VS. CONTINUOUS
EXAMPLES ON DISCRETE MATH
WHY STUDY DISCRETE?
It develops your mathematical thinking.
Improves your problem-solving ability.
Its important to survive in subjects like compiler design, database, computer security,
operating system, automata theory etc.
Many problems can be solved using discrete mathematics.
✔ Sorting list of integers
✔ Finding shortest path from A to B
✔ How many different combinations of passwords are possible with just 8 characters
✔ Encrypt a message
INTRODUCTION TO
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
The phrase Propositional Logic is composed of two words 🡪 Propositional and Logic.
What is Logic?
Logic is the science of reasoning (It helps to understand and reason about different
mathematical statements).
With rules of logic, we would be able to prove or disprove those mathematical
statements precisely.
Example: For every +ve int n, the sum of positive integers not exceeding n is
n(n-1)/2
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC (CONT.)
Purpose of logic is to construct valid arguments (proofs).
Once we prove a mathematical statement is TRUE then we call is a Theorem.

Example: ”Famous Knight and Knaves Puzzle”


In and Island there are two kinds of inhabitants, Knights, who always tell the truth,
and their opposite, knaves, who always lie. You encounter two people Alice and Bob.
Who are Alice and Bob if Alice says, “Bob is knave” and Bob says “neither of us are
knaves”
🡪These type of problems can be very easily solved using an area of logic called
Propositional Logic.
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC (CONT.)
What is proposition?
🡪Proposition is a declarative sentence (sentence that is declaring a fact or stating an
argument) which can be either TRUE or FALSE but cannot be both.
For Example:
1) Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
2) Water froze this morning.
3) 1 + 1 = 2.
Sentence which are not propositions:
1) What is the time?
2) X + 1 = 2 (can be T or F)
3) Send us your CV BEFORE 11 PM
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC (CONT.)
Which of the following is/are propositions(s).
TILING A CHESS BOARD
CAN WE TILE THIS BOARD?
ANOTHER TRIAL
Did we find a tiling?
Did we prove that tiling does not
exist?
Can we do one of these proofs?
PROOF
One cell will always remain because ….
8 x 8 = 64 , 64 – 1 = 63 , 63 is an odd number.
31 tiles cover 62 cells, one remains
TWO CORNERS CUT
🡪 64 – 2 = 62 cells, 62/2 = 31 tiles
Is this argument, OK?
TWO CORNERS CUT (CONT.)
32 white , 30 black

🡪 2 whites remain
TWO CORNERS CUT (CONT.)
Theorem: a chess board 8 x 8 without two opposite corners cannot be tiles by 1 x 2
dominos.
Proof:
Since the board consists of Black and white cells
Opposite corners are (say) black
30 black and 32 white
Domino will cover two different colors
At least two white remain
Any Questions?

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