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00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SEB4SDG60871.2024.10629753

Application of Three Leaf Domain on a Subclass of

Bi-univalent Functions
1st , 2nd Timilehin Gideon Shaba 1st Serkan Araci 1st Babatunde Olufemi Adebesin
st st
1 1 1st
Department of Physical Sciences Department of Basic Sciences Department of Physical Sciences
Landmark University, Hasan Kalyoncu University Landmark University,
Omu-Aran 251103, Nigeria Gaziantep 27010, Türkiye Omu-Aran 251103, Nigeria
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
2nd Landmark University SDG 9
Sustainable Cities and Communities
Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria

zf ′ (z)
Abstract—In this manuscript, our inspiration stems from subclasses, one of two conditions holds true: either f (z)
recent advancements in research and the widely recognized ′′

notion of coefficient estimates applicable to analytic and bi- or 1 + zff ′ (z)

(z)
demonstrates subordination to a more all-
univalent functions(BF) categories. Initially, we introduce fresh encompassing function. Their approach involved utilizing an
subcategories, denoted as T DΣ , within the realm of analytic analytic function denoted as ψ, which possesses a positive real
functions(AF) and BF. These subcategories are intricately linked component within the domain E. This function ψ adheres to
with the concept of a three-leaf domain. Subsequently, we tackle certain conditions: 1 = ψ(0), ψ ′ (0) > 0, and the symmetry
the Fekete-Szegö problem within the scope of the T DΣ class
that pertains to a three-leaf domain. We concentrate on setting of ψ(E) concerning the real axis. The function ψ can be
boundaries for the coefficients, as well as defining a maximum expanded as a series in the following manner:
limit for the second Hankel determinant(HD). Notably, it should ∞
X
be emphasized that nearly all outcomes attain their utmost ψ(z) = 1 + h1 z + h2 z 2 + h3 z 3 + · · · = 1 + hk z k , h1 > 0.
precision, accompanied by the presentation of their respective
k=2
extreme functions.
Index Terms—Fekete-Szegö inequality; Bounded turning func- For each of f (z) as member of S as expressed in (1.1) have
tions; Biunivalent functions; Three leaf domain; hankel determi- inverse f −1 which is defined in the following manner:
nant.

1. I NTRODUCTION f −1 (f ) = z, z ∈ E, f (f −1 (ϖ)) = ϖ, ϖ ∈ Et0

Prior comprehension of principles in function theory is = {ϖ ∈ C : |ϖ| < t0 (f )}, 1/4 ≤ t0 (f )
necessary before delving into significant discoveries.
Within the domain which is the unit disk, knowing that H and
stands for the collection of AF. The combinations of functions
f −1 (ϖ) = ϖ + L2 ϖ2 + L3 ϖ3 + L4 ϖ4 + · · · , , ϖ ∈ Et0 ,
f belonging to H in the form of a Taylor series representation
(1.2)
∞
X where
f =z+ bk z k (z ∈ E), (1.1)
k=2 L2 = −b2 , L3 = 2b22 − b3 , L4 = −5b32 + 5b2 b3 − b4
is denoted using the notation A.
which is a fact that is commonly recognized.
Below, you can find a list of some of the most crucial
Refer to [5] for a concise overview and instances of
and extensively examined subclasses of S. These subclasses
functions belonging to the category Σ.
encompass S ∗ (ξ) and K(ξ) categories, defined as the sets of
convex functions(CF) and starlike functions(SF) of the order
The significance of the Fekete-Szego functional Lβ (f ) =
ξ(ξ[0, 1)). According to the provided definitions (refer to [
|b3 − βb22 | in geometric function theory lies in its role in
[1]–[3]]), we have:
determining the optimal upper bound for functions f (z) ∈ S.
S ∗ (ξ): This
h comprises functions f from S that satisfy the
′
i The functional has received a significant amount of focus
condition ℜ zff (z)(z)
> ξ for z ∈ E. (for example, [7]–[9]), especially in numerous subfamilies
C(ξ): This category includesi functions f from S that fulfill of AF and UF. The Fekete-Szego(FS) issue of S is the
′′
h
the condition ℜ 1 + zff ′ (z) (z)
> ξ for z ∈ E. determination of a sharp upper bound for functional Lβ (f )
Ma and Minda [4] presented a variety of subcategories for any family of functions S ⊂ A.
within the realm of starlike and convex functions. In these

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 Pommerenke [10] investigated and defined below the rth- 2. P RELIMINARIES
Hankel determinant. Definition 2.1. [23] Let f belonging to the set A is defined
as shown in equation (1.1). The collection of AF satisfying the
bk bk+1 ... bk+s−1 condition is denoted as BT 3l .
bk+1 bk+2 ... bk+s 4 1
bk+2 bk+3 ... bk+s+1 f ′ (z) ≺ 1 + z + z 4 z ∈ Φ.
Hs (k) = 5 5
.. .. ..
. . ... . In line with the class S ∗ (ϕ) studied by Ma and Minda [4],
∗
bk+s−1 bk+s . . . bk+2(s−1) Sharma at al. [24] established the set Scar = S ∗ (ϕ(z)) with
4 1 4
ϕ(z) = 1 + 5 z + 5 z , in which they located the image domain
For certain s and k values, of ϕ(z) = 1 + 45 z + 15 z 4 , which is restricted by the below
cardioid
b1 b2
H2 (1) = = |b3 − b22 | and (1.3) (5 − 18x + 9x2 + 9y 2 )2 − (1 − 6x + 9x2 + 9y 2 )16 = 0.
b2 b3
Definition 2.2. f ∈ T DΣ , assuming the following criteria are
b2 b3 satisfied:
H2 (2) = = |b2 b4 − b23 |. 4 1
b3 b4 f ′ (z) ≺ δ(z) = 1 + z + z 4
5 5
It is observed that the value of |H2 (1)| is linked with the FS and
4 1
functional L1 (f ), indicating that Lβ (f ) can be considered as (f −1 (ϖ))′ ≺ δ(ϖ) = 1 + ϖ + ϖ4
5 5
an extension of |H2 (1)| in this scenario (1.3). Recent studies
in this field feature the articles in [11], [12]. Pommerenke [10] in which z, ϖ ∈ Φ and f −1 (ϖ) can be found in (1.2).
explored various applications of HD. Another field where this
can be applied is in solving problems involving orthogonal Z z  
4 1 4
polynomials (refer to Junod [13]). fk (z) = 1 + tk + t4k · dt = z + z k+1
0 5 5 5(k + 1)
To begin, Lewin [14] defined the class of bi-univalent
1
functions and calculated the estimate |b2 | ≤ 1.51. In addition,√ + z 4k+1 .
Brannan and Clunie [15] improved Lewin’s result to |b2 | ≤ 2 5(4k + 1)
for f ∈ Σ. Netanyahu [16] shown that |b2 | ≤ 34 . Brannan These functions are extremal for several problems in the class
and Taha [15] defined various subclasses of the BF class T DΣ .
Σ, such as the bi-SF of order ξ and the bi-CF of order ξ In an effort to elaborate on the concepts introduced by
analogous to the function classes S ∗ (ξ) and K(ξ). Estimates Mustafa and Korkmaz in their publication [28], we introduce
that are not very precise for the initial two Taylor-Maclaurin a novel category of analytical and bi-univalent functions.
coefficients were discovered in [15], [17] for both the function These functions are distinct due to their definition based
categories SΣ∗ (ξ) and KΣ (ξ). Several interesting subclasses of on subordination and their association with the three-leaf
the BF class have been developed and examined by numer- domain. Previous studies have predominantly concentrated on
ous researchers (see [18], [19]), leading to the discovery of analyzing the interplay between analytic functions and the
imprecise estimates for the initial two coefficients. Then, the three-leaf domain, as evidenced in works such as [26], [27].
precise calculations for |bk |, k = 2, 3, 4, · · · continue to be a With the work of Mustafa and Murugusundaramoorthy [25]
challenge yet to be resolved (refer to [14], [16] for further gives the desired results.
information). Deniz et al. [20] recently found the maximum
Lemma 2.3. [1], [29] If that P in AF h of
limits of |H2 (2)| = |b2 b4 − b23 | for the categories SΣ∗ (ξ) and
∞
KΣ (ξ). Shortly afterwards, Orhan and colleagues examined X
the work of limits with the second HD of the BF subclass. h(z) = 1 + hk z k (2.1)
k=1

(  and ℜ(h(z)) > 0, z ∈ Λ and h(0) = 1.

zf ′ (z) zf ′′ (z)
 
ξ
MΣ (β) = ℜ (1 − β) +β 1+ ′ Lemma 2.4. [1], [29] If that P in AF h of
f (z) f (z) ∞
X
ϖ(f (ϖ)) −1 ′ h(z) = 1 + hk z k (2.2)
≥ ξ (z ∈ E)ℜ (1 − β) k=1
f −1 (ϖ)
! ) satisfying ℜ(h(z)) > 0, z ∈ Λ and h(0) = 1. So,
z(f −1 (ϖ))′′
 
+β 1+ ≥ ξ (ϖ ∈ Et0 ) 2h2 = h21 + (4 − h21 )n
(f −1 (ϖ))′
4h3 = h31 +2(4−h21 )h1 n−(4−h21 )h1 n2 +2(4−h21 )(1−|n|2 )z.
and Mustafa et al. [22] refined the results obtained in [20].

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Proposition 2.5. Suppose and
"
v12
X X  
h=1+ hj z j , v = 1 + vj z j v−1 1
g(ϖ) = = v1 ϖ + v2 − ϖ2 (3.5)
j≥1 j≥1 v+1 2 2
#
and h1 = −v1 , then v13
 
3
+ v3 + v1 v2 + ϖ + · · · , ϖ ∈ Et0 . (3.6)
(4 − h21 )(n − y) 4
h2 − v2 = (2.3)
2 Further substitutions gives
(4 − h21 )(n + y)
h2 + v2 = h21 + (2.4) 2

2 1

2 f ′ = 1 + h1 z + h2 − h21 z 2 (3.7)
5 5 5
and  
2 2 1 3 3
h31 (4 − h21 )(n + y) (4 − h21 )(n2 + y 2 ) + h3 − h1 h2 + h1 z + · · ·
h3 − v3 = + h1 − h1 5 5 10
2 2 4
(4 − h21 )[(−|n|2 + 1)z − (−|y|2 + 1)w] and
+ . (2.5)  
2 −1 ′ 2 2 1 2
(f ) = 1 + v1 ϖ + v2 − v1 ϖ2 (3.8)
3. R ESULTS 5 5 5
 
2 2 1
A. Coefficients bound estimates + v3 − v1 v2 + v13 ϖ3 + · · · .
5 5 10
Theorem 3.1. Allowing f ∈ T DΣ . Makes:
The following equations are derived for b2 , b3 , and b4 which
4 gives
|b2 | ≤ ,
10 2
8 b2 = h1 , (3.9)
|b3 | ≤ , 10
30 4 2 2
2 b3 = h2 − h , (3.10)
|b4 | ≤ . 30 30 1
10 2 2 1
All the outcomes are valid for b4 = h3 − h1 h2 + h31 (3.11)
20 20 40
4 1 and
fk = z + z k+1 + z 4k+1 .
5(k + 1) 5(4k + 1) 2
−b2 = v1 , (3.12)
Proof. Let f ∈ T DΣ . Then, there are AF a : E −→ E, 10
g : Eto −→ Eto with a = 0 = g, |a| ≤ 1, |g| < 1 holds for −5b3 + 30b2 = 2v2 − v12 ,
2
(3.13)
1
4 1 −20b4 + 100b2 b3 − 100b32 = 2v3 − 2v1 v2 + v13 . (3.14)
′
f (z) = δ(a(z)) = 1 + a + (a)4 , z ∈ E (3.1) 2
5 5
Using one of the above equations, gives
and
h1 = −v1 , h21 = v12 , h31 = −v13 . (3.15)
−1 ′ 4 1
(f (ϖ)) = δ(g(ϖ)) = 1 + g(ϖ) + (g(ϖ))4 , ϖ ∈ E.
5 5 Lemma 2.3 and some calculations gives |a2 |.
(3.2)
By understanding of substraction gives
The functions h, v ∈ P represent the following:
∞ 2(h2 − v2 )
1+a X b3 = b22 + ;
h(z) = =1+ hk z k , z ∈ E 30
1−a
k=1 Hence,
and 2h21 2(h2 − v2 )
∞ b3 = + . (3.16)
1+g X
k
50 30
v(ϖ) = =1+ vk ϖ , ϖ ∈ Eto .
1−g Additionally, by reducing (3.14) by (3.11), taking into account
k=1
the equalities (3.15) and (3.16), we have
So,
2 3 2 2 2
" b4 = h + h1 (h2 − v2 ) + (h3 − v3 ) − h1 (h2 + v2 ).
h21 80 1 60 40 40
 
h−1 1
a(z) = = h1 z + h2 − z2 (3.3) (3.17)
h+1 2 2
# Applying the preposition gives:
h31
 
3
+ h3 + h1 h2 + z + ··· , z ∈ E (3.4) 2h21 2
4 b3 = + (4 − h21 )(n − y).
50 60

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With futher understanding of notations gives: where
2d2 2(4 − d2 ) 2(4 − d2 )
|b3 | ≤ + (σ + ς), (σ, ς) ∈ [0, 1]2 . t1 (d) = ,
50 60 40
2(4 − d2 )
The function J follows thus t2 (d) = d,
120
2d2 2(4 − d2 ) 2(4 − d2 )(d − 2)
J(σ, ς) = + (σ + ς), (σ, ς) ∈ [0, 1]2 , t3 (d) = .
50 60 160
Using differentiation with w.r.t σ gives: To get the maximum of G, gives
2 Let d = 0, since t2 (0) = 0,
2(4 − d )
Jσ (σ, ς) = .
60 2
t1 (0) = and
Hence, 10
2
2d2 2(4 − d2 ) t3 (0) = −
max{J(σ, ς) : σ ∈ [0, 1]} = J(1, l) = + (1+ς), 20
50 60
We then have
for each ς ∈ [0, 1] and d ∈ [0, 2].
When σ = 1 and with differentiation gives: 2 2
G(σ, ς) = − (σ 2 + ς 2 ).
10 20
4 − d2
J ′ (1, ς) = . Hence, we get
30
2
It is clear that J(1, ς) is increasing then we have the following: G(σ, ς) ≤ max{Q(σ, ς) : (σ, ς) ∈ ∆} = G(0, 0) = .
10
2d2 2(4 − d2 ) Let d = 2. Then, since t2 (2) = t3 (2) = 0 and
J(1, 1) = + , d ∈ [0, 2].
50 30
Thus, we get t1 (2) = 0

2(4 − d2 ) 2dSo,
2
J(σ, ς) ≤ max{J(σ, ς) : (σ, ς) ∈ ∆} = J(1, 1) = + . G(σ, ς) = t1 (2) = t2 (2) = t3 (2) = 0.
30 50
Since |b3 | ≤ J(σ, ς), we have Thus, we attain
2
28 |b4 | ≤ .
|b3 | ≤ c × d + 10
30
where  
2 2 2
c= − + . B. The second HD and FS inequality
6 10 10
Theorem 3.2. Allowing f (z) ∈ T DΣ . Makes:
To have the maximum we have
32
2 4 |b2 b4 − b23 | ≤ .
λ(d) = c × d + 2 · 450
30
The outcome is sharp for
in the range of [0, 2].
By small differentiation gives: 8 3 2
f2 = z + z + z9.
30 90
4
λ(0) = 2 · Proof. Let f ∈ T DΣ . The following equality for b2 b4 − b23 is
30
therefore written from equations (3.15), (3.16), and (3.17):
and with some conditions gives
2 4 2h21 (h2 − v2 ) 2h1 (h3 − v3 ) 2h21 (h2 + v2 )
4 b2 b4 − b23 = h + + −
λ(2) = 5 · 400 1 300 200 200
50 2h14 2
4h1 (h2 − v2 ) 2(h2 − v2 ) 2

So, − − −
  1250 750 450
8 8
|b3 | ≤ max , . We obtain the following estimate for |b2 b4 − b23 | by using
30 50
equalities (2.3), (2.4) and (2.5), followed by triangle inequality
The following inequality for |b4 | is obtained from (3.17), using and setting |h1 | = d, |n| = σ, and |y| = ς.
(2.3), (2.4), (2.5), and triangle inequality.
|b2 b4 −b23 | ≤ T1 (d)+T2 (d)(σ+ς)+T3 (d)(σ 2 +ς 2 )+T4 (d)(σ+ς)2
2 2
|b4 | ≤ t1 (d) + t2 (d)(σ + ς) + t3 (d)(σ + ς ) := G(σ, ς) (3.18)

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where Thus, we get
2
2 4 2(4 − d ) 32
T1 (d) = d + d ≥ 0, |b2 b4 − b23 | ≤ .
1250 200 1250
2
2(4 − d ) 2 in the case d = 2.
T2 (d) = d ≥ 0,
3000 (c) For d ∈ (0, 2),
2
2(4 − d )(d − 2)
T3 (d) = d≤0 Ξ(Ψ) = Ψσσ (σ, ς)Ψςς (σ, ς) − (Ψσς (σ, ς))2 .
800
2 2
2(4 − d )
T4 (d) = ≥ 0.
1800 The equation
So,
Ξ(Ψ) = 4T3 (d)[T3 (d) + 2T4 (d)]
Ψ(σ, ς) = T1 (d) + T2 (d)(σ + ς) + T3 (d)(σ 2 + ς 2 )
holds. For two instance
+ T4 (d)(σ + ς)2 , (σ, ς) ∈ [0, 1]2
i Let T3 (d)+2T4 (d) ≤ 0 for same d ∈ (0, 2). In this
for each q ∈ [0, 2]. case, since Ψσ,ς (σ, ς) = Ψς,σ (σ, ς) = 2T4 (d) ≥ 0
Our aim now is to maximize the function to get the desired and Ξ(Ψ) ≥ 0.
result. ii and T3 (d) + 2T4 (d) ≥ 0 for d ∈ (0, 2).
(a) Let d = 0. Since T1 (0) = T2 (0) = T3 (0) = 0 and Hence:  
32 32
8 |b2 b4 − b23 | ≤ max , .
T4 (0) = 450 1250
450
the function Ψ(σ, ς) written as follows:
8 Theorem 3.3. Allowing f (z) ∈ T DΣ , χ ∈ C. Makes:
Ψ(σ, ς) = (σ + ς)2 , (σ, ς) ∈ ∆.
450  8 2
|1 − χ| ≤ 30
 30
With futher differentiation gives: 2
b3 − χb2 ≤
16  8|1−χ| 2
|1 − χ| ≥ 30 .
Ψσ (σ, ς) = (σ + ς) 50
450
The result obtained here are sharp for
for each ς ∈ [0, 1].
8 3 2
The function increases here. So f2 (z) = z +z + z9.
30 90
max{Ψ(σ, ς) : σ ∈ [0, 1]} = Ψ(1, ς) Proof. Allowing f ∈ T DΣ and χ ∈ C. Makes (3.15), (3.16),
8(1 + ς)2 (2.3) and (2.4) with b3 − χb22 to be:
= , ς ∈ [0, 1].
450
2h21 2(4 − h21 )
With ordinary differentiation gives b3 − χb22 = (1 − χ) + (n − y) (3.19)
50 60
16(1 + ς) which gives:
Ψ′ (1, ς) = > 0, ς ∈ [0, 1].
450
2|1 − χ| 2 2(4 − d2 )
Since Ψ′ (1, ς) > 0, the function Ψ(1, ς) is an increasing |b3 − χb22 | ≤ d + (σ + ς), (σ, ς) ∈ ∆.
50 60
function and maximum occurs at ς = 1. Hence, (3.20)
32 The function holds true
Ψ(1, 1) = .
450 2|1 − χ| 2 (4 − d2 )
Λ(σ, ς) = d + (σ + ς), (σ, ς) ∈ ∆.
So, 50 60
Ψ(σ, ς) ≤ max{Ψ(σ, ς) : (σ, ς) ∈ [0, 1]2 } Applying differentiations yields:
32 2(4 − d2 )
= Ψ(1, 1) = . Λσ (σ, ς) = . (3.21)
450 60
We know that |b2 b4 − b23 | ≤ Ψ(σ, ς), we can have Furthermore,
32 2|1 − χ| 2 2(4 − d2 )
|b2 b4 − b23 | ≤
. max{Λ(σ, ς) : ς ∈ [0, 1]} = Λ(1, ς) = d + (1+ς)
450 50 60
(b) Now, taking d = 2. Since T2 (2) = T3 (2) = T4 (2) = 0 for each ς ∈ [0, 1] and d ∈ [0, 2].
and With differentiation yields:
32
T1 (2) =
1250 2(4 − d2 )
Λ′ (1, ς) =
then 60
32
Ψ(σ, ς) = T1 (2) = . for each d ∈ [0, 2].
1250

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