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Nursing Informatics Lab | TERM 1

Prepared by: Michael Z. Cayabyab, RN, MSNc

What is Computer?
➢ is a machine that can store and process information. Most computers rely on a binary system, which
uses two variables, 0 and 1, to complete tasks such as storing data, calculating algorithms, and
displaying information.
➢ Computers come in many different shapes and sizes, from
handheld smartphones to supercomputers weighing more than 300 tons.
➢ device for processing, storing, and displaying information.
➢ is programmable machine capable of executing a programmed list of instructions, accepting input,
and returning output. While many mechanical devices can technically function as computers, the
term commonly refers to digital electronic computers.

Computing Basics
➢ The first computers were used primarily for numerical calculations. However, as any information
can be numerically encoded, people soon realized that computers are capable of general-
purpose information processing.
➢ Their capacity to handle large amounts of data has extended the range and accuracy of weather
forecasting.
➢ Their speed has allowed them to make decisions about routing telephone connections through a
network and to control mechanical systems such as automobiles, nuclear reactors, and robotic
surgical tools.
➢ They are also cheap enough to be embedded in everyday appliances and to make clothes dryers and
rice cookers “smart.” Computers have allowed us to pose and answer questions that were difficult
to pursue in the past. These questions might be about DNA sequences in genes, patterns of activity
in a consumer market, or all the uses of a word in texts that have been stored in a database.
➢ Increasingly, computers can also learn and adapt as they operate by using processes such
as machine learning.

Computing Limitations
➢ there are undecidable propositions whose truth cannot be determined within a given set of rules,
such as the logical structure of a computer. Because no universal algorithmic method can exist to
identify such propositions, a computer asked to obtain the truth of such a proposition will (unless
forcibly interrupted) continue indefinitely—a condition known as the “halting problem.”
➢ computers have progressed greatly in terms of processing data and using artificial
intelligence algorithms, they are limited by their incapacity to think in a more holistic fashion.
Computers may imitate humans—quite effectively, even—but imitation may not replace the human
element in social interaction.
➢ Ethical concerns also limit computers, because computers rely on data, rather than a moral compass
or human conscience, to make decisions.

Types of Computers

There are two bases on which we can define the types of computers. We will discuss the type of computers
on the basis of size and data handling capabilities. We will discuss each type of computer in detail. Let’s
see first what are the types of computers.

1. Supercomputer
When we talk about speed, then the first name that comes to mind when thinking of computers is
supercomputers. They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data).
Supercomputers are designed such that they can process a huge amount of data, like processing trillions of
instructions or data just in a second. This is because of the thousands of interconnected processors in
supercomputers. It is basically used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather forecasting,
scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It was first developed by Roger Cray in 1976.

Characteristics of Supercomputers
• Supercomputers are the computers that are the fastest and they are also very expensive.
• It can calculate up to ten trillion individual calculations per second, this is also the reason which
makes it even faster.
• It is used in the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency world such as
Bitcoin etc.
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• It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing data obtained from exploring the solar system,
satellites, etc.

2. Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or thousands of users at
the same time. It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can execute different processes
simultaneously. All these features make the mainframe computer ideal for big organizations like banking,
telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of data in general.

Characteristics of Mainframe Computers

• It is also an expensive or costly computer.
• It has high storage capacity and great performance.
• It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the banking sector) very quickly.
• It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.

3. Minicomputer
Minicomputer is a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are two or more
processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputer is similar to Microcontroller.
Minicomputers are used in places like institutes or departments for different work like billing, accounting,
inventory management, etc. It is smaller than a mainframe computer but larger in comparison to the
microcomputer.

Characteristics of Minicomputer
• Its weight is low.
• Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry anywhere.
• less expensive than a mainframe computer.
• It is fast.

4. Workstation Computer
A workstation computer is designed for technical or scientific applications. It consists of a fast
microprocessor, with a large amount of RAM and a high-speed graphic adapter. It is a single-user computer.
It is generally used to perform a specific task with great accuracy.

Characteristics of Workstation Computer

• It is expensive or high in cost.
• They are exclusively made for complex work purposes.
• It provides large storage capacity, better graphics, and a more powerful CPU when compared to a
PC.
• It is also used to handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation, and editing.

5. Personal Computer (PC)

Personal Computers is also known as a microcomputer. It is basically a general-purpose computer designed
for individual use. It consists of a microprocessor as a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input unit,
and output unit. This kind of computer is suitable for personal work such as making an assignment,
watching a movie, or at the office for office work, etc. For example, Laptops and desktop computers.

Characteristics of Personal Computer (PC)

• In this limited number of software can be used.
• It is the smallest in size.
• It is designed for personal use.
• It is easy to use.

6. Server Computer
Server Computers are computers that are combined data and programs. Electronic data and applications are
stored and shared in the server computer. The working of a server computer is that it does not solve a bigger
problem like a supercomputer but it solves many smaller similar ones. Examples of server computer are
like Wikipedia, as when users put a request for any page, it finds what the user is looking for and sends it
to the user.
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7. Analog Computer
Analog Computers are particularly designed to process analog data. Continuous data that changes
continuously and cannot have discrete values are called analog data. So, an analog computer is used where
we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed, temperature, pressure, etc. It can
directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. It
measures the continuous changes in physical quantity. It gives output as a reading on a dial or scale. For
example speedometer, mercury thermometer, etc.

8. Digital Computer
Digital computers are designed in such a way that they can easily perform calculations and logical
operations at high speed. It takes raw data as input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to
produce the final output. It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the raw input data is converted to
0 and 1 by the computer and then it is processed by the computer to produce the result or final output. All
modern computers, like laptops, desktops including smartphones are digital computers.

9. Hybrid Computer
As the name suggests hybrid, which means made by combining two different things. Similarly, the hybrid
computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers. Hybrid computers are fast like analog
computers and have memory and accuracy like digital computers. So, it has the ability to process both
continuous and discrete data. For working when it accepts analog signals as input then it converts them into
digital form before processing the input data. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both
analog and digital data are required to be processed. A processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts
the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price is an example of a hybrid computer.

10. Tablet and Smartphones

Tablets and Smartphones are the types of computers that are pocket friendly and easy to carry is these are
handy. This is one of the best use of modern technology. These devices have better hardware capabilities,
extensive operating systems, and better multimedia functionality. smartphones and tablets contain a number
of sensors and are also able to provide wireless communication protocols.

Components of a computer

All computers are a combination of hardware and software that are useless without each other. The term
"hardware" refers to the physical parts of a computer, while "software" refers to the programs that tell the
hardware what to do. All computers include a common set of hardware components:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU, often called the brain of the computer, processes instructions and manages tasks. It handles
everything from browsing the web to running games.
• Clock Speed: Determines how fast tasks are executed, measured in GHz.
• Cores: More cores allow better multitasking.
• Cache Memory: Stores frequently used data for quick access.

2. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is the computer’s short-term memory, temporarily storing data for quick access.
• Capacity: Measured in GB; more RAM enables smoother performance.
• Speed: Faster RAM improves system responsiveness.
• Volatility: Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off.

3. Motherboard
The motherboard connects all components, ensuring smooth communication.
• Slots and Ports: Houses CPU, RAM, storage, and peripheral connections.
• Chipset: Controls data flow between components.
• BIOS/UEFI: Ensures proper startup of the system.

4. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

The GPU handles image and video rendering, crucial for gaming, design, and video editing.
• Integrated GPUs: Built into the CPU for everyday tasks.
• Dedicated GPUs: Separate cards for intensive tasks, with VRAM for faster graphics performance.
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5. Power Supply Unit (PSU)

The PSU converts electricity into usable power for components.
• Wattage: Ensures sufficient power for all parts.
• Efficiency: Look for 80 PLUS-certified models for reduced energy waste.

6. Storage Devices
Storage holds your data, from operating systems to personal files.
• HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Affordable with larger capacities but slower.
• SSD (Solid-State Drive): Faster and more reliable, ideal for quick boot times and apps.
• Hybrid Systems: Combine SSD speed and HDD storage capacity.

7. Expansion Cards
Enhance functionality with add-on cards:
• Graphics Cards: Boost visuals for gaming and editing.
• Sound Cards: Improve audio quality.
• Wi-Fi Cards: Add wireless networking.

8. Cooling System
Proper cooling prevents overheating and improves longevity.
• Air Cooling: Uses fans and heatsinks.
• Liquid Cooling: Quieter and more efficient for high-performance systems.

9. Case (Chassis)
The case houses and protects components, aiding in airflow and organization.
• Airflow: Ensures components stay cool.
• Form Factor: Match the case size with your motherboard and parts.
• Cable Management: Keeps the setup tidy and improves airflow.

10. Input Devices

Input devices let you control and interact with your computer.
• Keyboard: For typing and commands.
• Mouse: For navigation.
• Other Devices: Touchpads, game controllers, and drawing tablets.

11. Output Devices

Output devices display or produce results from the computer.
• Monitor: Shows visuals; higher refresh rates are better for gaming.
• Speakers/Headphones: For audio output.
• Printers: Create physical copies of documents.

Difference between RAM and ROM

Memory is an important part of the computer which is responsible for storing data and information on a
temporary or permanent basis. Memory can be classified into two broad categories:
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory

What is Primary Memory?

Primary Memory is a type of Computer Memory that the Preprocessor directly accesses. It is used to store
data on which computer is currently working. It has less storage than Secondary Memory. It is basically of
two types:
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Read Only Memory (ROM)

What is Secondary Memory?

Secondary Memory is a type of Computer Memory which is used to permanently store the data and
information. It has a larger data storage capacity than Primary Memory. Secondary Memory is not directly
accessible from CPU. It is basically of four types:
• Hard Disk
• Compact Disc (CD)
• Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
• Floppy Disk
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Primary Memory is classified into two types: RAM and ROM. In this article, we are going to discuss the
differences between RAM and ROM.

Random Access Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM) is used to store the programs and data being used by the CPU in real time.
The data on the random-access memory can be read, written, and erased any number of times. RAM is a
hardware element where the data currently used is stored. It is a volatile memory. It is also called as Main
Memory or Primary Memory. This is user’s memory. The software (program) as well as data files are stored
on the hard disk when the software or those files are opened. They get expanded into RAM. It is the space
where temporary data are automatically stored until the user saves it into the secondary storage devices.

Advantages of RAM
• Speed: RAM is much faster than other types of memory, such as hard disk drives, making it ideal
for storing and accessing data that needs to be accessed quickly.
• Volatility: RAM is volatile memory, which means that it loses its contents when power is turned
off. This property allows RAM to be easily reprogrammed and reused.
• Flexibility: RAM can be easily upgraded and expanded, allowing for more memory to be added as
needed.

Disadvantages of RAM
• Limited capacity: RAM has a limited capacity, which can limit the amount of data that can be
stored and accessed at any given time.
• Volatility: The volatile nature of RAM means that data must be saved to a more permanent form
of storage, such as a hard drive or SSD, to prevent data loss.
• Cost: RAM can be relatively expensive, particularly for high-capacity modules, which can make
it difficult to scale memory as needed.

Read Only Memory

Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory where the data has been pre-recorded. Data stored in ROM
is retained even after the computer is turned off i.e., non-volatile. ROM is primary non-volatile memory. It
is generally used in Embedded Parts, where the programming requires almost no changes. It is a permanent
CNO4 erasable memory gets initiated when the power is supplied to the computer ROM is a memory chip
fixed on the motherboard at the time of manufacturing. It stores a program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System). This program checks the status of all the devices attached to the computer.

Advantages of ROM
• Non-volatile: ROM is non-volatile memory, which means that it retains its contents even when
power is turned off. This property makes ROM ideal for storing permanent data, such as firmware
and system software.
• Stability: ROM is stable and reliable, which makes it a good choice for critical systems and
applications.
• Security: ROM cannot be easily modified, which makes it less susceptible to malicious attacks,
such as viruses and malware.

Disadvantages of ROM
• Limited flexibility: ROM cannot be easily reprogrammed or updated, which makes it difficult to
modify or customize the contents of ROM.
• Limited capacity: ROM has a limited capacity, which can limit the amount of data that can be
stored and accessed at any given time.
• Cost: ROM can be relatively expensive to produce, particularly for custom or specialized
applications, which can make it less cost-effective than other types of memory.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) are two types of computer
memory that are important and have different features. RAM is high-speed, volatile memory used to store
and process temporary data. ROM, on the other hand, is non-volatile memory used to store lasting data like
firmware. RAM is more flexible, but it costs more, while ROM is more stable and secure, but it doesn’t
have as much freedom. Understanding the differences between these two types of memory is important for
running a computer and managing files well.

What is a Software?

➢ Software is a catch-all term for the programs and applications that run on a computer. Software
programs act as the instructions that tell a computer's physical components, known as its hardware,
what to do.
➢ It is made by software developers, who write the underlying source code in one of
many programming languages before compiling software into executable files that a computer can
understand.
➢ Software is virtual, with no tangible physical element. It exists solely as digital data on a
computer's storage disk and is loaded into system memory when executed.
➢ Software typically accepts some form of input from the user, performs some function or process
based on that input, then returns output for the user's benefit. Since it is digital data, software is
easier to modify or upgrade than hardware.

There are two main categories of software: system software and application software.

1. System software directly controls the hardware, consisting of the computer's operating
system, BIOS, and device drivers. It provides a platform on which application software can run.
2. Application software provides extra utility beyond the computer's basic operations and helps a
computer's user accomplish their tasks. Word processors, image editors, media players, games, web
browsers, and email clients are examples of application
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➢ You can install new software to customize your computer's capabilities to meet your needs.
Installing software puts all of a program's files and resources in the right place and tells the
operating system that it is available to open certain file types. Historically, you would install
software from physical media, like floppy disks, CD-ROMs, or DVD-ROMs. However, most
software is now distributed online through App Stores and other software downloads.

➢ Software is made available to users through some form of use license.

1. Commercial software requires payment in exchange for the software, either through a one-
time purchase or a subscription. Free software is available without payment, supporting the
developer through voluntary donations or in-app advertisements.
2. Open source software is also typically available for free along with its source code,
allowing anyone to contribute by improving it — adding new features, squishing bugs, or
improving performance.

Difference between Free Software and Open-Source Software

Free Software and Open-Source Software are two philosophies in software engineering. Free Software and
Open-Source Software both have common goals of collaboration and innovation but they are distinct in
terms of why they are doing it and prioritize different aspects of software development and distribution.

What is Free Software?

“Free software” means software that respects users’ freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the
users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software. The term “free
software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has nothing to do with price. It is about freedom.

Advantages of Free Software

• Cost: Free software is typically free to use, modify, and distribute.
• Freedom: Free software is often accompanied by a set of ethical principles that promote users’
freedom to use, study, modify, and share the software.
• Collaboration: Free software often encourages collaboration among developers and users, leading
to faster development and better-quality software.
• Transparency: Free software is often developed in a transparent way, with the source code and
development process available for public scrutiny.
• Flexibility: Free software can be used on a wide range of platforms and devices.

Disadvantages of Free Software

• Support: While free software does have a community of developers and users, it may not always
have the same level of professional support as commercial software.
• Compatibility: Free software may not always be compatible with other software applications and
hardware devices.
• Security: Because free software is available for everyone to use and modify, it may be easier for
malicious actors to identify and exploit vulnerabilities.
• Complexity: Free software can be more complex and difficult to use than commercial software,
especially for non-technical users.
• Documentation: Free software may not always have the same level of documentation and user
guides as commercial software.

What is Open-Source Software?

Open-Source Software is something that you can modify as per your needs, and share with others without
any licensing violation burden. When we say Open Source, the source code of the software is available
publicly with Open-Source licenses like GNU (GPL) which allows you to edit the source code and distribute
it. Read these licenses and you will realize that these licenses are created to help us.
1. Coined by the development environments around software produced by open collaboration of
software developers on the internet.
2. Later specified by the Open-Source Initiative (OSI).
3. It does not explicitly state ethical values, besides those directly associated with software
development.
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Advantages of Open-Source Software

• Cost: Open-source software is typically free to use, modify and distribute.
• Customization: The source code of open-source software is available to everyone, allowing users
to modify and customize it to suit their needs.
• Community support: Open-source software often has a large community of developers and users
who contribute to its development and provide support.
• Transparency: The source code of open-source software is open for everyone to see, making it
easier to identify and fix bugs and vulnerabilities.
• Flexibility: Open-source software can be used on a wide range of platforms and devices.

Disadvantages of Source Software

• Support: While open-source software does have a large community of developers and users, it
may not always have the same level of professional support as commercial software.
• Compatibility: Open-source software may not always be compatible with other software
applications and hardware devices.
• Security: Because the source code of open-source software is available to everyone, it may be
easier for malicious actors to identify and exploit vulnerabilities.
• Complexity: Open-source software can be more complex and difficult to use than commercial
software, especially for non-technical users.
• Documentation: Open-source software may not always have the same level of documentation and
user guides as commercial software.

Similarities between Free Software and Open Software

• Both free software and open-source software have access to the source code, allowing users to
modify and improve the software.
• Both types of software often rely on a community of users and developers to provide support and
contribute to the development of the software.
• Both free software and open-source software are often distributed under open licenses, allowing
users to use, modify, and distribute the software without restrictions.
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Conclusion
Free software and open-source software are two distinct concepts, each with its own strengths and
weaknesses. Free software is developed with the goal of promoting freedom and giving users complete
control over the software they use. Open-source software is developed with the goal of producing high-
quality software that can be used by anyone, regardless of their technical ability. Ultimately, the choice
between free software and open-source software depends on the needs of the user and the specific problem
they are trying to solve.

Frequently used computer shortcuts

This table shows the most frequently used shortcuts in Microsoft Word.

To do this Press
Open a document. Ctrl+O
Create a new document. Ctrl+N
Save the document. Ctrl+S
Close the document. Ctrl+W
Cut the selected content to the Ctrl+X
Clipboard.
Copy the selected content to the Ctrl+C
Clipboard.
Paste the contents of the Ctrl+V
Clipboard.
Select all document content. Ctrl+A
Apply bold formatting to text. Ctrl+B
Apply italic formatting to text. Ctrl+I
Apply underline formatting to Ctrl+U
text.
Decrease the font size by 1 point. Ctrl+Left bracket ([)
Increase the font size by 1 point. Ctrl+Right bracket (])
Center the text. Ctrl+E
Align the text to the left. Ctrl+L
Align the text to the right. Ctrl+R
Cancel a command. Esc
Undo the previous action. Ctrl+Z
Redo the previous action, if Ctrl+Y
possible.
Adjust the zoom magnification. Alt+W, Q, then use the Tab key in the Zoom dialog box to go
to the value you want.
Split the document window. Ctrl+Alt+S
Remove the document window Alt+Shift+C or Ctrl+Alt+S
split.

Preview and print documents

To do this Press
Print the document. Ctrl+P
Switch to print preview. Ctrl+Alt+I
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Commonly used Google Sheet shortcuts

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