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SNS Lecture No. 8

The document discusses the classification of systems in avionics engineering, focusing on various types such as continuous/discrete time, linear/non-linear, and causal/non-causal systems. It emphasizes the importance of invertible and non-invertible systems, particularly in encoding applications, and introduces the concept of stability in systems. Additionally, it highlights the significance of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems and their properties, including additivity and homogeneity.

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10 views7 pages

SNS Lecture No. 8

The document discusses the classification of systems in avionics engineering, focusing on various types such as continuous/discrete time, linear/non-linear, and causal/non-causal systems. It emphasizes the importance of invertible and non-invertible systems, particularly in encoding applications, and introduces the concept of stability in systems. Additionally, it highlights the significance of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems and their properties, including additivity and homogeneity.

Uploaded by

manal484gb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3/17/2025

Department of Avionics Engineering Classifications of Systems


Signals and Systems (208503)
• Continuous / Discrete time Systems
• Linear and Non Linear Systems
Lecture No 8 • Time Invariant and Invariant Systems
• Static and Dynamic Systems
Classification of Systems &
• Causal and non-Causal Systems
LTI Systems
• Invertible and Non Invertible Systems
th
Wednesday 12 March 2025 • Stable and Unstable Systems . . .

Few Observations Invertible and Non Invertible Systems


• But all dynamic systems may not be causal. • A system is said to be invertible if an inverse system exits
that when cascaded with the original system, yields an
• Dynamic system is one whose output depends on past or future output 𝑤 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑤 𝑛 equal to the input 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑛 to the
values of the input or past values of the output in addition to original (first) system.
the present input.

• A system is said to be Causal, if the output of the system at any


time depends on values of the input at the present time and in
the past values of the input.

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Invertible and Non Invertible Systems Example # 2 : Invertible and Non Invertible Systems
• For the continuous-time case, if a system is invertible, then
an inverse system exists.

Example # 4 : Invertible and Non Invertible Systems Example # 4 : Invertible and Non Invertible Systems
• For DT System, the input and output relationship is given by • For DT System, the input and output relationship is given by
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑥[𝑛 − 2] 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑥[𝑛 − 2]

• Determine Invertible / Non Invertible Systems • Determine Invertible / Non Invertible Systems

Non Invertible

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Invertible / Non invertible Invertible / Non invertible


𝒕 𝒕
𝒚(𝒕)=∫ ∝
𝒙 𝝉 𝒅𝝉 𝒚(𝒕)=∫ ∝
𝒙 𝝉 𝒅𝝉 Invertible

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔[𝒙 𝒕 ] 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔[𝒙 𝒕 ] Non Invertible

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙 𝒏 +𝟑 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙 𝒏 +𝟑 Invertible

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 [𝒏] 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 [𝒏] Non Invertible

Invertible and Non Invertible Systems Stable / Unstable Systems


• The concept of invertibility is important in many contexts. One
• A system is said to be bounded-input/bounded output
example arises in systems for encoding used in a wide variety of
communications applications. (BIBO) stable, if for any bounded 𝑥 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑛 , the
• In such a system, a signal that we wish to transmit is first applied as corresponding 𝑦 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 is also bounded. i.e.,
the input to a system known as an encoder. There are many reasons
for doing this, ranging from the desire to encrypt the original
message for secure or private communication to the objective of where 𝑥 ≤ 𝐾1, the output 𝑦 ≤ 𝐾2
providing some redundancy in the signal (for example, by adding where K1 and K2 are finite real numbers.
what are known as parity bits) so that any errors that occur in
transmission can be detected and, possibly, corrected.
• For lossless coding, the input to the encoder must be exactly
recoverable from the output; i.e., the encoder must be invertible.

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Stable / Unstable Systems Stable / Unstable


• A stable system is one in which small inputs lead to 𝒅𝒙(𝒕)
responses that do not diverge. 𝒚(𝒕)= Stable
𝒅𝒕

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒘𝒄 n Stable

𝒕
𝒚 𝒏 = 𝑲𝒙( ) Stable
𝟐

Why Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems? LTI Systems


• Many physical systems possess these properties and thus
can be modeled as LTI systems.
• And second, as we know that the LTI systems possess the
super-position property as a consequence, if we can
represent the input or excitation or cause to an LTI system
in terms of a linear combination of a set of basic signals,
we can then use super-position to calculate the output or
response or effect of the system in terms of its response
to these basic signals.

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Basic System Properties: Additive Systems Basic System Properties: Homogeneous Systems

Basic System Properties: Linearity Basic System Properties: Linearity

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Representation of Discrete-Time Signals in Terms


Unit Impulse and Step Functions of Impulses
• Key idea is to visualize how the discrete-time unit impulse
can be used to construct any discrete-time signal
• To think of a discrete-time signal as a sequence of
individual impulses.

Representation of Discrete-Time Signals in Terms


of Impulses
Representing DT Signals using Unit Impulses

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Representation of LTI Systems

Additivity, Homogeneity, and Linearity Interconnection of LTI Systems

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