3/17/2025

Department of Avionics Engineering Classifications of Systems

Signals and Systems (208503)
• Continuous / Discrete time Systems
• Linear and Non Linear Systems
Lecture No 7 • Time Invariant and Invariant Systems
• Static and Dynamic Systems
Classification of Systems - III • Causal and non-Causal Systems
• Invertible and Non Invertible Systems
• Stable and Unstable Systems . . .
Tuesday 11th March 2025

Linear / Non Linear System Time variant / Time invariant Systems

• A system is time invariant, or fixed, it fits input-output
relationship (Characteristic) does not change with time.

1
 3/17/2025

Static (Memoryless) and Dynamic (With Memory) Systems Static (Memoryless) and Dynamic (With Memory) Systems
• A system is static or memoryless if, for any time t1, the value of
• A system for which the output is a function of the input the output at time t1 depends only on the value of the input at
at the present time only, is said to be instantaneous / time t1.
Static / Memoryless System. • A system that is Dynamic or not memoryless is said to have
memory.
• A system has memory if the output at time t1 depends in general
• On the other hand, a dynamic system is one whose
on the past values of the input x(t) for some range of values of t
output depends on past or future values of the input or up to t = t1.
past values of the output in addition to the present
input.

Example # 1 : Static / Dynamic System Example # 1 : Static / Dynamic System

• For CT System, the input and output relationship is given • For CT System, the input and output relationship is given
by by
𝑦 𝑡 = 3𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥2(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑡 = 3𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥2(𝑡)

• Determine Static / Dynamic System • Determine Static / Dynamic System

Static System

2
 3/17/2025

Example # 2 : Static / Dynamic System Example # 2 : Static / Dynamic System

• For DT System, the input and output relationship is given • For DT System, the input and output relationship is given
by by
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 1] 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]

• Determine Static / Dynamic System • Determine Static / Dynamic System

Dynamic System

Example # 3 : Static / Dynamic System Example # 3 : Static / Dynamic System

• For DT System, the input and output relationship is given • For DT System, the input and output relationship is given
by by

𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛]

• Determine Static / Dynamic System • Determine Static / Dynamic System

Dynamic System

3
 3/17/2025

Causal / Non-Causal Systems Causal / Non-Causal Systems

• A system is said to be Causal or Non-anticipative, if the • A system is said to be causal if its response is dependent
output of the system at any time depends on values of upon:
the input at the present time and in the past, i.e., the • Present input AND/OR
system output does not anticipate future values of the • Past input AND
input.
• NOT its FUTURE input
• Thus, in a causal systems, it is not possible to get an
• For a Non-Causal system whose input depends upon its
output before an input is applied to the system
future inputs ALSO.
• A system is said to be non-causal if it is not causal.

Example # 2 : Causal / Non Causal System Example # 2 : Causal / Non Causal System
• For CT System, the input and output relationship is given • For CT System, the input and output relationship is given
by by
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡 − 1) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡 − 1)

• Determine Causal / Non Causal System • Determine Causal / Non Causal System

Output depends on values of the input at the present time and in the past
Therefore Causal

4
 3/17/2025

Example # 3 : Causal / Non Causal System Example # 3 : Causal / Non Causal System
• For CT System, the input and output relationship is given • For CT System, the input and output relationship is given
by by
𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡 + 1) 𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡 + 1)

• Determine Causal / Non Causal System • Determine Causal / Non Causal System

Output depends on present and values of the future inputs

Therefore Non Causal

Example # 3 : Causal / Non Causal System Example # 3 : Causal / Non Causal System
• For CT System, the input and output relationship is given • For CT System, the input and output relationship is given
by by
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥[𝑛 + 1] 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥[𝑛 + 1]

• Determine Causal / Non Causal System • Determine Causal / Non Causal System

Output depends on present and values of the future inputs

Therefore Non Causal

5
 3/17/2025

Example: The Ideal Predictor Example: The Ideal Predictor

Output depends on values of the future inputs

Therefore Non Causal

Example: The Ideal Delay Example: The Ideal Delay

Output depends on values of the input at the present time and in the past
Therefore Causal

6
 3/17/2025

Few Observations Few Observations

• All non causal systems are dynamic. • All non causal systems are dynamic.

• But all dynamic systems may not be causal.

Few Observations Few Observations

• All non causal systems are dynamic. • All non causal systems are dynamic.

• But all dynamic systems may not be causal. • But all dynamic systems may not be causal.

• All static system are causal. • All static system are causal.

• But all causal systems may not be static.