Question 1:

Assume standard atmosphere, we have the denisty at z = 2500m

( ) ( ) ( mkg )
4.256 4.256
288.15−0.0065 z 288.15−0.0065 ×2500
ρ=ρISA =1.225× =0.9568 3
288.15 288.15

Question 2:

C mA C =−0.116, C L α =aw =4.4

(w) ( w) ( rad1 ) , α =−5 o , X CG =0.295 C
0L

X CG
We define: hCG = , h AC =0.25
C

Since the wing angle of attack is not given, we assume that α w =0 o, therefore
C m o =C mA C +C L o ( hCG −h AC )
(w ) ( w) w

⇒ C L 0 =aw ( 0−α 0 L ) =4.4 × 0−

w ( −5 π
180 )
=0.3839

⇒ C m o =C mA C +C Lo ( hCG −h AC ) =−0.116+0.3839 × ( 0.295−0.25 )=−0.0987

( w) ( w) w

If α w ≠ 0 o, we can find the term that change with angle of attack of the wing
C m α =a w α w ( hCG −h AC ) =0.198 α w
(w )

⇒ C m =Cm o +C m α =−0.0987+0.198 α w
w ( w) (w )

Question 3:

With the same assumption α w =0 o, we have the moment at the tail

C m o =V H ηt at (ϵ 0 +i w −i t )
t

St l t 3.99 4.9
V H= = =0.6729
S w c 17.09 1.7

Assume that ηt =1 (Wake effect is not considerable)

Downwash angle can be calculated using the following formula:
2 C Lo 2 ×0.3839
ϵ 0= w
= =0.0403(rad )
π AR π ×6.06
 ⇒ C m o =0.6729× 1× 3.91× 0.0403+
(t) ( π
−
−π
180 180 )
=0.1978

If α w ≠ 0 o, we can find the term that change with angle of attack of the wing

C m α =−V H ηt at 1−
(t ) ( dϵ
α
dα w )
The rate of change of downwash angle is calculated using the formula:
dϵ 2 aw 2 × 4.4
= = =0.4622
d α π AR π × 6.06
⇒ C m α =−0.6729 ×1 ×3.91 × ( 1−0.4622 ) α w =−1.4149 α w
(t )

⇒C m =C m o +C m α =0.1978−1.4149 α w
t (t) (t )

Question 4:
The total pitching moment coefficient of the plane is modeled as:
C m=C m +C m +Cm w t f

In which: C m =C m o +C m α
f (f ) (f )

Assume that fuselage contributes no moment at zero angle of attack (C m o =0) (f )

∂ Cm
Cmα = f
α =0.2539 α w
( f)
∂α w

⇒ C m=(−0.0987+0.1978+ 0 ) + ( 0.198−1.4149+ 0.2539 ) α w =0.0991−0.963 α w

Question 5:
The plane is statically stable in longitudinal axis.
Question 6:
If we consider the elevator movement of the plane:
∂ Cm
C m=C m +C m +Cm + δ
w t f
∂ δe e

If the elevator angle at 0 and the plane achieves trim condition:

C m=C m +C m +Cm =0 ⇒0.0991−0.963 α w =0
w t f

o
⇒ α w =0.103 ( rad ) =5.89

⇒C L (w )=C L o + aw α w =0.3839+ 4.4 × 0.103=0.8371

w

⇒ C L =at (α w −i w +i t −ϵ )
t

dϵ
In which ϵ=ϵ 0+ α =0.0403+0.4622× 0.103=0.08 79(rad )
dα w

⇒ C L =3.91 × 0.103−
t ( π
−
π
180 180
−0.0803 =−0.077 )
Total lift coefficient:
St 3.99
C L =C L + ηt C L =0.8371+1 × ×−0. 077=0. 819
w
Sw t
17.09

Speed required for the plane in straight level flight

V=
√ 2W
ρS C L
=
√
2 ×1248.5 ×9.81
0.9568 ×17.09 ×0.819
=42.77
m
s ( )
Question 7: At trim conidtion
∂ Cm ∂C
C m =C m + C L + m δ e =0
CG o
∂C L
∂ δe

At C L =1.4 , and assume that C L ≈ a w α−C Lo , we can find that: w

∂ Cm ∂ Cm 1 ∂C m 1 1
= = =−0.963 × =−0.22
∂ CL ∂α ∂ CL ∂α a w 4.4
∂α

Elevator angle to trim:

 ∂C m
−C m + C
0
∂ C L L −0.0991+ (−0.2 2× 1.4 ) o
δe = = =−0.226 ( rad )=−12.97
trim
∂ Cm −0.923
∂ δe

Since this is in the range of elevator, the plane can be trimmed.

Question 9: Neutral point when sticked fixed

∂ Cm
=0
∂ CL

dϵ ∂ C m
⇒ aw ( h NP−h AC )−V H η t at 1− ( dα)+
∂α
=0
f

∂ Cm f

at
⇒ h NP =h AC + V H ηt 1−
aw
dϵ
dα
− (
∂α
aw
=0.25+
3.91
4.4 )× 0.67 3 × ( 1−0.46 )−
0.2539
4.4
=0.514

Question 10: Forward CG limit

Since the plane is nose-heavy, the elevator needs to go up to trim back the airplane

At maximum deflection: δ e =−15o andC L =1.4

At trim condition:
∂ Cm ∂C
C m =C m + C L + m δ e =0
CG o
∂C
L
∂ δe

( )
∂C m −15 π
−C m + δ −0.0991−0.923 ×
∂ Cm o
∂ δe e 180
= = =−0.243
∂C
L
CL 1.4

∂ Cm ∂ Cm
h NP =hCG − ⇒ hCG =h NP + =0.514−0.243=0.271
∂C
L
∂C L

Therefore the forward CG limit is 0.271 when landing

Question 11: CG should be in range 0.271 – 0.514, out of this the plane could be either
unstable or not in trim state
Question 12:
Fuselage contribution to directional stability:
 ( )
S fs l f 9.77 × 8.6 1
C n β =−k n k ℜ =−1.31× 0.0015 × =0.00095
( f)
Sw b 17.09× 10.18 rad

Quesiton 13: Directional contribution of vertial tail:

C n =V v η v a v (β+ σ )
v

∂ Cn dσ
⇒ v
=V v η v av (1+ )
∂β dβ

The tail efficiency factor is given by:

S v /S w
( )
dσ zw
η v 1+ =0.724+3.06 + 0.4 +0.009 AR
dβ 1+ cos ⁡( Λ c ) d
w
4

1.88/17.09
¿ 0.724 +3.06 × + 0.4 ×0.34 +0.009 ×6.06=1.083
1+1
∂ Cn
⇒
∂β
v
=0.053× 2.8 ×1.083=0.16 ( rad1 )
Question 14: Total directional stability of the airplane
∂ Cn
∂ Cn
∂β
=C n β +
∂β
=0.00095+ 0.16=0.16
( f)
v 1
rad ( )
This plane is statically directional stable.
Question 15: