1️⃣ Java Fundamentals

1.1 Introduction to Java

 History of Java
 Features of Java
 Why Java? (Comparison with Other Languages)
 Java Editions (SE, EE, ME)

1.2 Java Environment Setup

 Installing JDK, JRE

 Installing & Setting Up IDE (Eclipse, IntelliJ, VS Code)
 Configuring PATH and CLASSPATH
 Writing & Running a Java Program
 Java Compilation Process
 Java Development Kit (JDK) Components

1.3 Java Architecture

 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

 Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
 Java Compiler (javac)
 Java Execution Flow
 Bytecode & Class Files

1.4 Java Syntax & Basic Structure

 Java Program Structure

 Identifiers & Naming Conventions
 Java Keywords
 Data Types in Java
o Primitive Data Types (byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean)
o Reference Data Types (Objects, Arrays, Strings)
 Variables & Constants
 Type Casting & Type Promotion

1.5 Operators in Java

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Unary Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Ternary Operator
 instanceof Operator

1.6 Input & Output (I/O) in Java

  Using Scanner for Input
 BufferedReader & InputStreamReader
 Printing Output with System.out.println()
 Formatting Output (printf, String.format)

1.7 Comments in Java

 Single-line (//)
 Multi-line (/* ... */)
 Documentation (/** ... */)

2️⃣Control Flow Statements

2.1 Decision-Making Statements

 if Statement
 if-else Statement
 if-else-if Ladder
 Nested if Statement
 switch Statement
o switch with int, char, String, Enum
o switch with multiple cases
o switch expressions (Java 14+)

2.2 Looping Statements

 for Loop
 while Loop
 do-while Loop
 Nested Loops
 Enhanced for Loop (for-each)

2.3 Jump Statements

 break Statement
o Unlabeled break
o Labeled break
 continue Statement
o Unlabeled continue
o Labeled continue
 return Statement

3️⃣Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java

3.1 Classes & Objects

 Defining a Class
 Creating Objects
 Class Members (Fields & Methods)
 Constructors (Default & Parameterized)
 this Keyword

3.2 Encapsulation

 Getters & Setters

 Access Modifiers (private, default, protected, public)
 Immutable Classes

3.3 Inheritance

 Types of Inheritance (Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical)

 Method Overriding
 super Keyword
 final Keyword in Inheritance

3.4 Polymorphism

 Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)

 Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)
 Dynamic Method Dispatch

3.5 Abstraction

 Abstract Classes
 Abstract Methods

3.6 Interfaces

 Defining & Implementing an Interface

 Default & Static Methods in Interfaces (Java 8+)
 Multiple Inheritance using Interfaces

3.7 Inner Classes (Nested Classes)

 Member Inner Class

 Static Nested Class
 Local Inner Class
 Anonymous Inner Class

4️⃣Memory Management & Garbage Collection

  Stack & Heap Memory
 Reference Variable Behavior
 Object Creation & Memory Allocation
 Garbage Collection
 finalize() Method
 WeakReference & SoftReference

5️⃣Strings & String Manipulation

 String Class
 String Methods
 StringBuilder & StringBuffer
 String Pool & Immutability
 String Formatting
 Regular Expressions (Regex)

6️⃣Arrays & Collections Framework

6.1 Arrays

 One-Dimensional Arrays
 Multi-Dimensional Arrays
 Jagged Arrays
 Sorting & Searching Arrays

6.2 Java Collections

 List Interface (ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack)

 Set Interface (HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet)
 Map Interface (HashMap, LinkedHashMap, TreeMap)
 Queue Interface (PriorityQueue, Deque)
 Iterator & ListIterator

7️⃣Exception Handling
 Types of Exceptions (Checked & Unchecked)
 try, catch, finally Blocks
 throw & throws Keywords
 Custom Exceptions
8️⃣Multithreading & Concurrency
 Thread Lifecycle
 Creating Threads (Thread Class & Runnable Interface)
 Synchronization
 wait(), notify(), notifyAll()
 Executor Framework
 Callable & Future

9️⃣File Handling & I/O Streams

 FileReader & FileWriter
 BufferedReader & BufferedWriter
 InputStream & OutputStream
 Object Serialization & Deserialization

🔟 Java 8+ Features
 Lambda Expressions
 Functional Interfaces
 Streams API
 Optional Class
 Method References
 Default & Static Methods in Interfaces

1️⃣1️⃣JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

 JDBC Drivers & Connection
 Statement vs. PreparedStatement
 ResultSet Handling
 Connection Pooling

1️⃣2️⃣Java Networking
 TCP & UDP Sockets
 URL & HTTP Communication
 Java RMI (Remote Method Invocation)
1️⃣3️⃣Java Reflection API
 Accessing Private Fields & Methods
 Modifying Classes Dynamically

1️⃣4️⃣Design Patterns in Java

 Singleton Pattern
 Factory Pattern
 Observer Pattern
 MVC Architecture

1️⃣5️⃣Java Development Tools

 Maven & Gradle
 JUnit & TestNG for Unit Testing
 Logging Frameworks (Log4j, SLF4J)

1️⃣6️⃣Spring Framework (Advanced Java)

 Spring Core & Dependency Injection
 Spring Boot (Microservices)
 Spring Security
 Spring MVC & REST APIs

Advanced Topics (Additional)

1. Java Memory Model

 Memory Consistency Errors

 Happens-before Relationship
 Visibility & Atomicity
 Java Memory Model and Thread Safety

2. Java Performance Tuning

 JVM Performance Tuning

 Profiling Java Applications (JVisualVM, JProfiler)
 Memory Leaks in Java
  Garbage Collection Algorithms (Serial, Parallel, CMS, G1)

3. Java Concurrency (Advanced)

 Fork/Join Framework
 Atomic Variables
 Locking Mechanisms (ReentrantLock, ReadWriteLock)
 Semaphore & CountDownLatch
 CyclicBarrier & Exchanger

4. Java Security

 Cryptography (AES, RSA, SHA)

 Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
 Java Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS)
 Java Security Manager
 Digital Signatures
 Secure Coding Practices

5. Java Networking (Advanced)

 Sockets & Server Sockets

 Multithreaded Servers
 DatagramSockets (UDP)
 Java NIO (New I/O)
 Non-blocking I/O (Selectors)

6. Java Internationalization & Localization

 Working with Locale

 Formatting Dates, Numbers, Currencies
 Resource Bundles

7. Java Web Development

 Java Servlet API

 JSP (JavaServer Pages)
 Java Server Faces (JSF)
 RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)
 SOAP Web Services (JAX-WS)
 WebSockets

8. Java Cloud and Microservices

 Java in Cloud (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud)

 Microservices Architecture
 Spring Cloud
 Docker & Kubernetes with Java
 Java API Gateway
9. Reactive Programming in Java

 Reactive Streams (Java 9+)

 Project Reactor
 RxJava
 Asynchronous Programming Model

10. Java Build Tools

 Gradle
 Maven (Advanced Usage)
 Ant (Legacy Tool)

11. Java Virtual Machine Internals

 JVM Internals (Class Loaders, JIT Compilation)

 HotSpot JVM
 Java Native Interface (JNI)
 Understanding JVM Garbage Collection

12. Java and Kotlin

 Kotlin Interoperability with Java

 Advantages of Kotlin over Java
 Using Kotlin with Spring

13. Java Testing (Advanced)

 Test-Driven Development (TDD)

 Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)
 Mockito & Mocking in Unit Tests
 Integration Testing with Spring
 Performance Testing with JMeter

Extra/Optional Java Topics

1. Java Design Principles

 SOLID Principles
 DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) Principle
 KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid)
 YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It)

2. Java Annotations

 Built-in Annotations (@Override, @Deprecated, @SuppressWarnings)

 Custom Annotations
 Reflection with Annotations
  Retention Policy of Annotations

3. Java Functional Programming Concepts

 Higher-Order Functions
 Function Composition
 Lazy Evaluation
 Functional Interfaces & Lambdas

4. Java Agent-Based Programming

 Instrumentation API
 Java Agents
 Monitoring & Profiling with Java Agents

5. Java Serialization & Deserialization

 Object Serialization
 Transient Keyword
 Custom Serialization
 Externalizable Interface

6. Java IDE Features

 IntelliJ IDEA Features (Live Templates, Code Assistance)

 Eclipse Features (Refactoring, Plugins)
 VS Code Setup for Java
 Debugging & Profiling in IDEs

7. Java Logging Frameworks

 Log4j 2
 SLF4J (Simple Logging Facade for Java)
 java.util.logging
 Logback

8. Java CLI Tools

 Creating Command-Line Applications with Java

 Using Apache Commons CLI for Argument Parsing
 JavaFX for GUI Applications (alternative to Swing)