Digital Logic Design

01 - Number Systems and Codes

Number Systems
 Decimal Number System
5 7 4 . 2 4
• Base (radix) = 10
• 10 digits
• {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
• Digit Position
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
• Integer & fraction
• Digit Weight
• 5*100 7*10 4*1 2*0.1 4*0.01
• Magnitude
500 + 70 + 4 + 0.2 + 0.04
• Sum of “Digit x Weight”
• Formal Notation 𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵
 Octal Number System
5 7 4 . 2 4
• Base (radix) = 8
• 8 digits
• {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
• Digit Position
64 8 1 1/8 1/64
• Integer & fraction
• Digit Weight
• 5*64 7*8 4*1 2*1/8 4*1/64
• Magnitude
320 + 56 + 4 + 0.25 + 0.0625
• Sum of “Digit x Weight”
• Formal Notation 𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵

28
 Hexadecimal Number System
• Base (radix) = 16 1 E 5 . 7 A
• 16 digits
• {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
• 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
• Digit Position 256 16 1 1/16 1/256
• Integer & fraction
• Digit Weight
1*256 14*16 5*1 7*1/16 10*1/256
•
• Magnitude
256 + 224 + 5 + 0.4375 + 0.0390
• Sum of “Digit x Weight” 625
• Formal Notation 𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵

29
 Binary Number System
1 0 1 . 0 1
• Base (radix) = 2
• 2 digits {0, 1}
• binary digits “bits”
• Digit Position
4 2 1 1/2 1/4
• Integer & fraction
• Digit Weight
• 1*4 0*2 1*1 0*1/2 1*1/4
• Magnitude
4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25
• Sum of “Digit x Weight”
• Formal Notation 𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵 +𝑎 ∗𝐵

30
Binary Number System

31
Number Base Conversion
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Integer Conversion
1. Divide the number by the “Base”
2. Take the remainder as a coefficient
3. Take the quotient and repeat the division

• Fraction conversion
1. Multiply the number by the “Base”
2. Take the integer part as a coefficient
3. Take the resultant fraction repeat the multiplication

33
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to binary More conveniently

Quotient Remainder Coefficient Integer Remainder

13/2 6 1 𝑎 =1 13
6/2 3 0 𝑎 =0 6 1
3/2 1 1 𝑎 =1 3 0
1 0 1 𝑎 =1 1 1
0 1

• Answer:

MSB LSB 34
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to binary Integer Remainder
Quotient Remainder Coefficient 41
41/2 20 1 𝑎 =1 20 1
20/2 10 0 𝑎 =0 10 0
10/2 5 0 𝑎 =0 5 0
5/2 2 1 𝑎 =1 2 1
2/2 1 0 𝑎 =0 1 0
1/2 0 1 𝑎 =1 0 1

• Answer:

35
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to octal

Integer Remainder
153
19 1
2 3
0 2

• Answer:

36
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to hexadecimal

Integer Remainder
1973
123 5
7 11
0 7

• Answer:

37
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to binary
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.6875*2 1 0.3750 𝑎 =1
0.3750*2 0 0.7500 𝑎 =0
0.7500*2 1 0.500 𝑎 =1
0.500*2 1 0.000 𝑎 =1

• Answer:

38
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to octal

0.513*8 4.104
0.104*8 0.832
0.832*8 6.656
0.656*8 5.248
0.248*8 1.984
0.984*8 7.872

• Answer: to seven significant figures

39
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Using the examples above

40
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to hexadecimal
Integer Remainder
834
52 2 0.25*16 4.00
3 4
0 3

• Answer:

41
Decimal to Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal
• Example: to hexadecimal
Integer Remainder
445
27 13 0.75*16 12.00
1 11
0 1

• Answer:

42