1.

100 Signals and Systems

N-1 N-1

n=0 n=0
N-1
ej2r(m-p)n/N
n=0

1-ej2r(m-p) n-1
1-d
1-er(m-p)}N n=0 1-a

Since mand p are integers e2r(m-p) = 1.

N-1
Hence n=0
*m(n)x(n) =0for m
#p
When m=p
N-1 N-1

n=0
~n(n)x(n)1=N n=0

Thus x(n) and xp(n) are orthogonal. Hence the sequençe erkn)N is orthogonal

Solved Problem 1.33 The function f() is defined as

f) =1 for 0<t<n
F for SS2r
Show that the above function is orthogonal to signals cost, cos 2t...cosnt 1or
non-zero integer values ofn over the interval 0 to 2.
Solution:

The signal f() is shown in figure. 21

The set of cosine signals is given by
Xn0) =cos nt
-1
The orthogonality of f(t) and cos nt
the interval 0 to 2n isexpressed as
 Introduction to Signals 1.101

2 27

|s)cosnt dt = cosnt dt +(-I)cosnt dt

Sin nt |T Sin nt |2r
lo n
=0for any n 0
will be or
Hence the set of functions cosnt for all non-zero integer value of n,
thogonal to f().

Practice Problem 1.13

Show that the set of functions

Vi cos abf, / cos2an!,../sin ab!, / sin2at... forms an
arthogonal set of functions overthe interval - to .

Questions and Answers

1. Definea signal.
space or
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time,
any other independent variable. (
2. Define deterministic and random signals.
value at all
Adeterministic signal is a signal exhibiting no uncertainity of its specifying
instants. Its instantaDeous' value can be accurately predicted by
a mathematical relation.
random signal is a signal characterized by uncertainity before its actual
A oc
occurance. (or) A random signal can not be predicted before its actual
curance.
AUNov. 2002
3. ,Define step function and Delta function.
i4 step function is defined as
x() =4. for, >0
=0 for t<0,
L102 Signals and Systems

Adelta function is defined as

S()dt =1
and

S(t) =0 for t0
4. Define periodic and
aperiodic signals.
Asignal x(t) is periodic with period. T. if
and.only i f t1o s si
xt+T)=x(t) for all
If there is no value of T that
aperiodic.
satisfies the above equation the signal is caled
5. Define symmetric and
Areal valued signal x(t)antisymmetric signals.it
is called symmetric if
9, ed wo

x(-)=x{)
on the otherhand, a signal x() is
called antisymmetric if
(-) =-xt)bs anolz
6. Define energy and power
The energy of a signal x(t) signals.
is defined
asnshneg abu0( 1

Asignal x() is
Zero. called an energy signals if the
energy is finite andI poweris
The average power ofa
signal x(t) is defined as
1
T/2
P= lim (0)dt
Asignal -T/2.
x(1) is called a
Enèrgy is infinite. power signal if the and
Pis. finite
ayerage power
 Introduction to Signals 1.103

7. What is the period T of the signal x()==2 cos () AUApril 2003

2t 2t
pokT= =87 secols
1/4

8. Define continuous-tim, discrete-time and digital signals.

Continuous-time signals: The signals that are defined at all instants of
time are known as continuous-time signals.
Discrete-time signals: The signals that are defined at discrete instants of
time are known as discrete-time signals.
Digital signals: The signals that are discrete in time and quantized in am
plitude are digital signals.
9. What is the value of the following integral?

x)5(at- b)dt

Ans:
)
10. What are the different types of representation of discrete-time signals.
1. Graphical representation
2. Functional representation
3. Tabular representation
4. Sequence representation

11. Consider the discrete-time signal x(n) = 1- k=3 8(7-1-). Determine

the value of the signals Mand kso that x(n) may be expressed as
x(n) =u(Mn-k) AUNov 2006
The signal x(n) is sketched in figure.
1.104 Signals and Systems

x(n)

The signal x(n) is equivalent to folding x(n) and then

signal by3to the right. Therefore x(n)=u(-n+ 3). shifting thhe foldea
with u(Mn-n) we get M=-1and k= -3 Comparing u(-n-
12. Consider a continuos-time signal x() = 8-2)
(-2). Calcul..
the value E. of for the signal y(t) = fx(1)dt

y(t)

-2 2 t

() =x(r)dr = ||8(+2) -8(r-2)] dt

y() =u(t +2)- u(t - 2)
2

E=pe)'d =
-2
=4

13. Find the even and components of the signal x(t) =e' AU No 2008

xe() = x)+x(-) el+ejt =COSt

2 2

xo() = x() +x(-t)

2
eil-ejt
2
=jsint

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following signals is/are periodic?
(a) s)= cos2 + cos 3t + cos 5t (b) st) = expJ8t)
(c) s(t) =e sin 10zt (d) s(0)=cos2t cos tu(t)
 Introduction to Signals 1.105

. Let S(t) denote the delta function. The value ofthe integral (t) cos
is
(a) 1 () -l (c)0 (0)
3. Ifa signal f() has energy E, the energy of the signal f(21) is equal to
E
(a) E (b) ; (c) 2E (a) 4E
4. The function x(1) is. shown in figure. Even and odd parts of a unit-step
function u) are respectively
11 11
(a) ) ) -;;x)
1 1 1 1.
(c). ) ()

5. The period of the function cos (-1) is

(a) sec (9) 8sec (c) 4 sec (d) sec
6. A signalx)=Acos(lot + ) is
(a) An energy signal
(b) Apower signal
(c) An energy as well as a power signal
(a) Neither an energy nor a power signal
7. x1()=2sin t + cos4zt and x)= sin 5Tt + 3sin3rt then
(a) x and both are periodic.
(b) xË andx2 both are not periodic.
1.106 Signals and Systems

(c) x is periodic, but x2 is not periodic.

(d) x is not periodic, but x, is periodic.
8. The signal x(t) = 2(cos T1) +3 sin(21)
(a) is periodic (b) is not periodic (C) may or may not
be periodic
9. The odd and even components of signal
u(t) are
(a)cost, sint (b) sint,- cost
(C)cost, j sint (d) cost, -j sint

10. The odd and even

components of sequence x(n) ={!,,0.5}
(a) {0.25,0,-0.25),{0.75, 1,0.75)
(b) {1.5,0.- 1.5), {1.5, 1, 1.S)
(c) {0.25,0,-0.25).{0.5, 1,0.5}
() {0.25,0,-25)
(1.5,1, 1.5)
11. The signal x()
=eult)
(a) power signal (b)
is
(c) neither power nor energy signal
energy signal (d) either
12. The signal x(r) = 2T power or energy signal
(a) causal, cosu(n) is
aperiodic () causal, periodic
(c) non causal
periodic (d) non-causal
13. The value of
the integral aperiodic
S(at-b) =
14. The time
(a) 2sec peri(b)od5 the signal xt) =
of
sec (c) 10 sec cos27:t +sin 5t is 1
15. The (d) 2.5 sec
(a)
signal x(n) = cos 2n is
(c) periodic with period n (b)
periodic with period 4r (d)periaperiodir
odic with 2
 Introduction to Signals 1.107

relation between x(1) and

16. Consider the following signals x(t) and y(t). The
y(t) can be y(t) =
x(t)

1 21
2 -1

(a) x(t+ 1) (b)x(2:+2) (c) x(t-1) ()x(21- 1)

singularity functions
17. Represent the following signal as sum of
10

1 2

(a) -r) +2r()-u(t -1)

(b) r(-t+ 1) +r(i-1)+ 2u(t-2) -r(t-2)
(c) r(-t+1)u() +2r(t -1) -r(t-2)-u(t2)
(d) r(-t+1)u(1) +r(-1)-r-2)-u o)

18. The ms value of thesignal x() =10cos(i00r+)+16sin (1501 +)

is

(a)160 (b) V356 (c)89 (d) 178

19. For the signal x() shown in figure which of the following is x(3 )

0
1.108 Signals and Systems
(a) (6)

(c) (d) 3

Multiple Choice Answers

1. (a) and (b)
Explanation
(a) s(t) =cos2t+ cos3t+ cos5t
T;=; h=;=
T=2r, periodic
(b) s()= expj8nt)
T== periodic
(c) s() =e sin 10nt,
() s(T) =cos2t Nonperiodic.
since u(1) =0cosu(t),
for t < 0.nonperiodic,
2 (a) f ö() cos dt=cos
3. (a) ()=1
4. (a)

u() +u-1). 1

uo() =u(1)-u(-t)
2
=0.5 for t>0
=-0.5 for t<0
hence uo()-) 1
 Introduction to Signals 1.109

5. (b) T = =8sec
6. (b) Power signal
7. (a) Period of x(r) is 4
period of n(t) is 2
8. (b)
x) =2cos Tt+3 sin 2t
2T
T==2
2T
T; = 2
T 2
not a rational number
T

9. (c) cost,j sint

10. (a) {0.25, 0, -0.25}
T

11. )E= lim ) d= lim je dt=}

because x(n) = 0 for
12. (a)Causal Because x(n) =0 for n <0. Aperiodic
n<0.

13. (b)
14. (a)
2T 22
T = 2t =1;h= 5T 5
;2/5;T=27=5T; = 2sec
15. (d)Aperiodic since o is not multiple of n
16. (b) x(4+2)
17. (c) r(-t+1)u(() +2rt-1)-r(t-2) - u(-2)
18. () ms value / + =50+ 128= V178
19. (a)
2.2 Signals and Systenns

2.2 Classification of Systems

The systems may be classified as follows.

1. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems

2. Lumped-parameter and distributed-parameter systems
3. Static and dynamic systems
4. Causal and Non-causal systems
5. Linear and Non-linear systems
6. Time-invariant and time-variant systems
7. Stable and unstable systems

2.2.1 Continuous-time and discrete-time systems

Continuous-time system

Definition: A
continuous-time system is one which operates on a continuod
time input signal and produces acontinuous-time output signal.
If the input and Output of
continuous-time system are x(t) x(t) Continuous-time
and y(t), then we can say that x(1) Input system Qutp
is transformed to yt). That is
Fig. 2.2 A Continuous-time system
(
y() = Tk())
Examples for continuous-time system are amplifiers, filters, motors etc.
Discrete-time system
discrete-ti
Definition: Adiscrete-time system is one which operates on a
input signal and produces a discrete-time output signal.
If the input and output of discrete-time
system are (n) and y(n) respectively, then x(n) Ou
we can write Discrete-time
Input system
syste
y(n) = Tk(n)) (2.2b) Fig. 2.3 AI
Discrete-time
 Introduction to Systems 2.3

2.2.2 Lumped-parameter and distributed-parameter systems

In lumped-parameter systems,cach and every component is lumped at one-point
in space. These systems are described by ordinary differential equations. In
distributed-parameter systems, the signals are functions of space as well as time.
These systems are described by partial differential equations.
2.2.3 Static and dynamic systems
A system is called static or memoryless if its output at any instant depends on
the input at that instant but not on past or future values of input. Otherwise, the
system is said to be dynamic or with memory.

Examples y(t) =() in continuous-time Static systems (or)

y(n) =nx(n) in discrete-time memory less system
y() = dx() in continuous-time
di
Dynamic systems
y(n) =x(n-1) in discrete-time

Soived Problem 2.1 Find whether the following systems are dynamic or not.
() y()=xt-2) (1) y(n) =x(n+2) (ü) y() =*)
Solution:

) Given y() =x(t-2).

The output dependson past value of input. Therefore the system is dynamic.
(i) Given y(n) =x(1+2).
The output depends on future value of input. Therefore, the system is dy
namic, lat
: (ii) Given y() =().
The output at any time depends on the input at that time. Therefore the
system is static.
. ...3

2.2.4 Causal and non-causal systems

Acausal system is one for which the output at any time t depends on the present
and past inputs but not future inputs. These systems are also known as non
anticipative systems.
A'non-causal system is one whose output depends on füture values.
2.4 Signals and Systems

Examples for causal systems are

y) =x() +x(t-1)
(i
v(n) = nx(n) +x(n-3)
(23
Example for non-causal system are
y() =x(t +3) +x*()
y(n) =x(2n)
(2A, (

Solved Problem 2.2 Check whether the following systems are causal or nN
() y(n)= x(n) + x(n-1)
(i) y() =()+x(t -2)
(ii) y() =x(t-2) +x(2 -1)
(iv) y() = x(r)dr
(V) y(n) =x-n)
(vi) y(n) =x()
Solution:
1

For n = 0, 1
y(0) =x(0) +
x(-1)
For n=1 p(1)=(1)I
( x(0)
For n = -1 1
y{-1) =x-1)+:x(-2)
values of ing
For all values on nthe output depends on present and past
Therefore the system is cáusal.
Gi) y() =()+x(-2) -:
For t=0 (0) =*(0) +x(-2)
For t = 1
1) =(1)+x{-1)
For t=1 y(-1)=*-1) +x(-3) past values ofinp

For all values of t, the output depends an present and past,

Therefore the system is causal.
 Introduction to Systems 2.5

(i) y() =x(-2) +x(2 -)

Let = 0, then y(0) =x(-2) +x(2)
Here the output y(0) depends on the future input x(2). Therefore the system
is non-causal.
2

(iv) y() = x(t)dr : Let x()dt =z()

Let t = 0, then
v(0)=(r)dr =z(0) -z(-o).
-O

Let t= 1, then 2

y(1) =x(r)dr =z(2) -z{-o)

The output y(1) depends on the future value z(2). Therefore the system is
non-causal.
(v) y(n) =i(-n)
Let n = 0, then, y(0) =x(0); Let n = 1, then y(1) =x(-1); Let n =-1
then, y(-1) =x(1).
Let n= -2, then y(-2) =x(2)
For negative value of n the output depends on the future input. Thereforè
the system is non-causal.
(vi) y(n) = x(n)
For n = 0 and n = 1, the output does not require future values of input.
For n= -l:y(-1)=x(1). The output depends on future value of input.
For n=2, then y(2) =x(4).:
The output depends on the future values of input. Therefore the system is non
causal.
Revlew Questions

1. Define a system. How the systems are classified?

2. When a systemn is said to be static system?
3: What are causal and non-cau_al systems?
i4. How you can find whether the system is causal or not?
2.6 Signals and Systenis

Practlco Problom 2.1

Check whether the following systems are causal or not
(i) v(o) s x()x(-- 1) Ans: Caural. (v
Ans: Non rausal. Hint: take negative (vi
(ii) y(/) x(/2) values (víi
of
Solu
(ii) y(r) x(/2) Ans: Non-causal. Hint: take values of t<i
Ex: y(0.36) =x(0.6) (i

Ans: Non-causal.
(iv) y(n) = ) x(k)
Ans: Causal.
(v) y(n) = cos(n)]
2.2.5 Linear and non-linear systems
Superposition principle states that the response to a weighted sum of input signa,
be cqual to the weighted sum of the outputs corresponding to cach of the individ.
ual input signals. Asystem that satisfies the superposition principle is said to bea
linear system.
If an arbitrary input xi() produces output y; () and an arbitrary input xa()
produces output y2(1) then the system is lincar if the input ax1(t) + bxa)
produces an output ay1(1) +by2(), whereaand b are constants.
That is,
Tlaxi() +bxa()]= aT|i(0))+ 6T|*2()]
Similarly for a discrete-time lincar system
T(ax1 (n) + bxz(n)]=aT|i(n))+ bT[*ln))
From the superposition property we can find that a zero input results a zero outpu

Solved Problem 2.3 Check whether the following system are linear or no
dy
dt AU Nov 2009
(i)

dt
(Gi) y0) =/«()de
Gv) +20) =x()40 dt
 Introduction to Systems 2.7

(v) y(n) = Ax(n) + B

(vi) y(n) = 2r(n) + AU Nov 2009
x(n-1)
(v) y(n) = nx(n)
Solution:
(i) Given
dy(r)
dt + 3ty(r) = 'xt)
For an input x1()and for the corresponding output y1(1) the differential
equation can be written as

dy1() +3ty1(1) =tx() (2.5)

dt
Similarly for an input x2(t) and for the corresponding output y2() the dif
ferential equation can be written as
dy() +3ty(t) =t'nl) (2.6)
dt

Multiply Eq. (2.5) with 'a' and Eq. (2.6) with 'B' and add to obtain
adyn() +3aty1 () b436ry(1)
+ dt =az1(() +br'x2(:) (2.7)
dt
d
dt (on)+by ))+3t (gn) +b2())= la1()+ br)
weighted sum weighted sum weighted sum (2.8)
of outputs of outputs of inputs
From Eq. (2.8) we can note that the weighted sum inputs to the system
produces an output which is also equal to weighted sum of outputs corre
sponding toeach of the individual inputs.
Therefore, the system is linear.
Note

If RHS is function of weighted sum of inputs and LHS is function of weighted

sum of outputs, then the system is linear.
(i) Given
dyl)2y0) =)
dt

For an input x1(t), the output is y1(). Then

dy)
dt
+2y(t) =x0) (2.9)
2.8 Signals and Systemns

Similarly, for an input r2(t), the output is y2(1). Then

dy2(1) +2y2(1) =x)
dt
Multiply Eq. (2.9) with aand Eq. (2.10) with b and add. We obtain (20,
ady1() +2ay1
dn0 2ay (0) +b20+2byz()
dt
=ari() + bx3)
dt
d
dt (ayn) +by2()) + 2 {ay() +by2()} = ari(r) +bx )
weighted sum of weighted sum of not a lineat function of
outputs outputs weighted sum of (211
inputs
Superposition principle is not satisfied, therefore the system is nonlinear

Gi) y) = /x()dr -o

For an input x1(1) and output y1(1)

t

n)=(r)dr (2.12

Similarly
a()=(r)dr (2.13

Linear combination of the above equations equal to

n)t by2() =a ()dr +b x(t)dr

Linear
combination of (214
outputs - j(ax1(r) +bx2()dt
Linear
combination of
intputs
From Eq. (2.14) we can find that- for input ax() output
i
+ bizli) the
ay1(1) + by(). Therefore, the system is linear.
 Introduction to Systems 2.9

dy(:) dx()
(iv)+2y(4)
dt =x()i
dt

For an input x1() and the corresponding output y1 (t), the differential equa
tion can be written as

dy1(t) +2r(1) =x()21)u (2.15)

dt dt

Similarly for an input x2(t) and the corresponding output y2 (1)

dyzl9)2y(0)
+2y2(t) = drz()
x2()dt
n) (2.16)
dt

The linear combination of the above equations can be written as

ai42ay, (t) +b9202by() == a) 2(1)
dt ax (1) 10+brl) 2)
dt dt dt

lon() +bynl)] +2(an() +tby2l)|=ax1 ()di()

dt dt
(2.17)
From Eq. (2.17) we find that RHS, is not a function of weighted sum of
inputs. Superposition principle is not satistid. Therefore the system is
nonlinear.
(v) y(n) = Ax(n) +B
For an input x1 (n) the coresponding output y(n) is
i(a) =Tki (n)] =Ax1 (n) +B (2.18)

For an input x2(n) the corresponding output yln)is

a(n) =Tn()] =Axn(n) +B (2.19)

The weighted sum of outputs is

ay1 (n) +byn(a) = aAx(n) +B] + b[Ax2(n) + B (2.20)
The output due to weighted sum of inputs is

s(n) =T(ax (n) +bra(n)) =A|ax1(n) +brz(n)] +B (2.21)

ys(n) ayi (n) + by2(n)
Therefore, the system is non-linear.
2.10 Signals and Systems
1
(vi) y(n)= 2x(n) +
x(n-1)
Given 1
y(n) = Tx(n)]= 2x(n) + x(n- 1)
For an input x1 (n)
v(n) = T((n)] = 2ri (n) + 1
1
n-)
Similarly for an input x>(n)
1
n(n) =Tn(n)]= 2r2(n) +ln-1)
x2(n1) (22
Weighted sum of outputs is given byat o
ay (n) +byn(n) = 2ax1(n) ++2bx2(n)+
+ xi(n 1)
2ln-1) (23
The output due to weighted sum of inputs is
ys(n) =Tlax1 (n) + bxz(n)]
1
=2lax1 (n) +
bxz(n)]+ ax(n-1) +bxz(n 1)
ys(n) ay1(n) +by2(n) (21
Therefore, the system is
(vi) Given y(n) =nx(n) non-linear.
y(n) = Tk(n)] = nx(n) (22
For an input x1 (n), the output y1 (n) is
yi(n) = T1()) =nx (n) (20
For an input x2(n), the output
yz(n) is
The output due to
2(n) =T2(n)] =nx(n) (2

weighted sum of inputs is

ys(n) =T[ax1(n) +bx2(n)]= (21
nlax1(n)+ bxa(n)
= anx1 (n) + bnx2(n)
The weighted sum of
outputs is given by
ay1 (n) + byyz(n) =
anxi(n) + bnxz(n) (21

’y(n) = ay1 (n) + byz(n)

Therefore, the system is linear.
 Introductionto Systems' 2.11

Solved Problem 2.4 Check whether the following systems are linear or not
) y)=e) (ii) y(t) =t) (ii) y() =Px()
(i) Given y(r) = e),
For inputs x() and x(t),the corresponding output are
y1(1) =e) (2.32)
V2(1) =el) (2.33)

The output due to weighted sum of inputs is

vsl) =T[ax1 (r) +br()) = en1) +br,(0) =e)bra(0) (2.34)

The weighted sum of outputs is

ay1() +byz(t) = ae04 bea)
’y3(0) # ay1(t) +byz) (2.35)

Therefore, the system is non-linear.

(i) y() = )
The responses due to inputs x1(t) and x2(0) are given by
yi() = ) (2.36)
ya(0) = ) (2.37)

The output due to weighted sum of inputs is

ys()=T[ax1 (1) +bxn()]=(ax1() +bxz(1)]² (2.38)

The weighted sum of outputs is

ayn() +bya(t) =aj) +b~)
ys() ay1() +byz() (2.39)

Therefore, the system is non-linear.

(ii) y¢) =Px()
The output due to inputs x1() and x2(1) is given by
y1) =n) (2.40)
ya) =tl) (2.41)
 2.12 Signals and Systems

stos: The output due to weighted sum of inputs is

V3(0)=Tlax1(1) +bx2(1)] =lax1() + br2(1)]
(24 tic
The weighted sum of outputs is th

ay1 (1) + byz(r) = ar'x (1) + br'x2(r) E

J3() = ay1(1) +by2() (24
Therefore, the system is linear.
Si

Practice Problem 2.2 E

Check whether the following systems are linear or not.

()+h)
dt = 2r(0) (i) y(a) =x(n) cos on
It
Ans: (i) linear (ii) linear

22.6 Time-invariant and time-variant systems

A system is said to be time-invariant if its input-output characteristics do nm
change with time. Suppose that we applied a signal x(t) to a system ando De
tained an output ) as shown in Fig. 2.4. If we delay the input by T second an
then for a time-invariant system the output also willbe delayed by T seconds.
Y()
the
Time-invariant
system Co¬

cor
the.

ply
Fig. 2.4 A Time-invarlant system. sam

Systema
The output due to the delayed input x(t-T) for a time invariant
Del
given by
y(t -T) = Tk(t-T))
If the output due to input x( - T), is not equal to y(t-T) then the Sy
time-variant.
 Introduction to Systems 2.13

For a Linear Time-invariant system (LTI) the coefficiencts of differential equa

tion describing the system are constants. If the coefficients are function of time
then the system is a linear time-variant system.

Example l:
20) +4)
di +
fy() -r) all coefficients are constants

Since the coeficients are constants, the given system is an LTI system.
Example 2:

dy) +4,)+ 5y(t)= x()

dt2 dt
coefficient is a function of time

It isalinear time varying system, since all coefficients are not constant.
To test the time-invariant property of a system apply a signal x() and find
y). Now delay the input signal by Tand find the output signal and denote it as
y4,T) =T(x(t-T))
Delay the output signal by Tand denote it as y(t-T). If yt,T) =ylt- T) for
any value of T, then the system is time-invariant. On the other hand if the output

then the system is time-variant.

For discrete-time systems the time-invariance can be found by observing the
coefficients of adifference equation. If the coefficients of difference equation are
constants then the system is time-invariant. If the coefficients are function of time
then the system is time-variant.
To test the time-invariant property of the given discrete-time system, first ap
ply an arbitrary input sequence x(n) and find y(r). Delay the input sequence by k
samples and find the output sequence, denote it as
y(a, k) =Tlr(n-k)]
Delay the output sequence by ksamples denote it as y(n )
If y(a,k) =y(n - k)
2.14 Signals and Systems

for all possible values of k, the system is time-invariant, otherwise

the
time- variant. Example for linear time-invariant system(LTI) and
variant systems are shown below. Linsearysteimne i
Example 1:
v(n)-4y(n- 1) +3y(n-2) =x(n) -4LTI system
Example 2:
y(n) -3ny(n 1)+n'y(n -2) = x(n) +x(n -1)
A Linear time-variant system

Solved Problem 2.5 For each of the following systems, determine whether
not the system is time-invariant.

) y(t) = tx() AUNov 2009 (v) ylt) = et)

(ü) y¢) =x(t) cos 5Ort (vi) y(n) =x(2n)
(üü) y(e) =x() (vi) y(n) =x(n) +nx(n-1)
(iv) y¢) =x(-) (vii) y(n) =(n-1)
Solution:
) Given y() =t)
y) =Tk()] =tx)
The output due to delayed input is

y(t,T) =Tt-T)) =txlt--T)

If the output is delayed by T,
we get
ylt -T)=
Therefore, the system is time-variant.
((-T)x(-T)a
yt,T) +yl(-T)
() () =x() cos(50x)

If the input is y()=Tk()] =x(t) cos50mt

delayed by Tsec, the output
y(t,T) =T|(t-T)
=x{t-T)cos(50r:)
 Introduction to Systems 2.15

If the output is delayed by Tsec, we get

v(t-T)=x(t-T) cos[50r( -T))
We can observe that y(t, T) +yt -T)
Therefore, the system is time-variant.
(ii) y() =x(')
ylt) = Txt)) = x)
The output due to delayed input is
y(t,T) = T[r(t-T)) =x(t-)
The delayed output
vle-T) =xl(t -r))
y(t, T) #y(t-T)
Therefore, the system is time-variant.
(iv) y() =x-)
y(¢) =T*(0)] =x(-)
The output due to delayed input is
y(t,T) = Tk(t-T)]=x(-t-T)
The delayed output is
y(t-T) =x-(-T) =x(-t+T)
y(t,T) +y(t-T)
Therefore, the system is time-variant.
()y) =e)
yo) = Tk) =e0
The output due to delayed input is
,T) =T(t - T) =- )
The delayed output is
y{ T), =et-)
"y(,T) =y(t -T)
Therefore, the system is time-invariant.
2.16 Signals and Systems
(vi)

y(n) =x(2n)
y(n) = T[r(n)] =x(2n)
If theinput is delayed by kunits of time then the output is
y(n, k) = T*(n k)] =x(2n- k)
The output, delayed by kunits of time is
y(n -k) =x(2(n-)) =x2n 2k]
y(n,k) #y(n- k)
Therefore, system is time-variant.
(vii)
y(n) =x(n) +nx(n-1)
y(n) = Tk(n)] =x() +nx(n1)
The output due to delayed input is
y(n,k) = T|k(7k)] = x(nk) +nx(n1-k)
The delayed output is
y(7-) =x(nk)+ (n-k)x(n 1-k)
y(n,k) #y(nk) ol
Therefore, the system is time-variant.
(vii) y(r) =(n-1)
The output due to delayed input
y(n,k) =n-1-)
The delayed output
y(n-k) =(n-1-k)
y(n, ) =y(n-*)
Therefore, the system is time-invariant.