UNIT – 1 PHP Basic

BCA SEM – 2
WEB PROGRAMMING
Code : CS-09

1 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Topics :
 Introduction to PHP  User Defined Functions:
 PHP configuration in IIS &  argument function
Apache Web server  default argument
 variable function
 Understanding of PHP.INI file  return function
 Understanding of PHP .htaccess  Variable Length Argument
file Function
 PHP Variable  func_num_args , func_get_arg,
 Static & global variable func_get_args
 GET & POST method  Built in Functions –
 Variable Functions - String
 PHP Operator Function - Math Function - Date
 Conditional Structure & Function - Array Function -
Looping Structure Miscellaneous Function - File
handling Function
 Array

2 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 History of PHP :
 PHP was conceived sometime in the fall of 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf
(Common Gateway Interface(CGI)). Early non-released versions were
used on his home page to keep track of who was looking at his online
resume.
 The first version used by others was available sometime in early 1995
and was known as the Personal Home Page Tools.
 It consisted of a very simplistic parser engine that only understood a
few special macros and a number of utilities that were in common use
on home pages back then. A guestbook, a counter and some other stuff.
 The parser was rewritten in mid-1995 and named PHP/FI Version 2.
The FI came from another package Rasmus had written which
interpreted html form data. (PHP/FI : Personal Home Page /Forms
Interpreter)
 He combined the Personal Home Page tools scripts with the Form
Interpreter and added mySQL support and PHP/FI was born. PHP/FI
grew at an amazing pace and people started contributing code to it.
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 Logo of PHP :

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 Version Of PHP
Version of PHP Released date Version of PHP Released date
1.0 8th June 1995 5.3 30th June 2009
2.0 1st Nov. 1997 5.4 1st March 2012
3.0 6th June 1998 5.5 20th June 2013
4.0 22nd May 2000 5.6 28th August 2014
4.1 10th Dec. 2001 6.X Not released
4.2 22nd April 2002 7.0 3rd Dec. 2015
4.3 27th Dec. 2002 7.1 1st Dec. 2016
4.4 11th July 2005 7.2 30th Nov. 2017
5.0 13th July 2004 7.4 28th Nov. 2019
5.1 24th Nov 2005 8.0 26th Nov. 2020
5.2 2nd Nov 2006 8.1 25th Nov. 2021
8.2 24th Nov. 2022
5 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 Introduction to PHP:
 PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more
and more people found out how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf
unleashed the first version of PHP way back in 1994.
 PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor".
 PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML.
 It is used to create dynamic website.
 It is used to manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking,
even build entire e-commerce sites.

6 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
 PHP is pleasingly zippy in its execution, especially when compiled as an
Apache module on the Unix side. The MySQL server, once started,
executes even very complex queries with huge result sets in record-
setting time.
 PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as
 POP3(Post Office Protocol), IMAP(Internet Messaging Access
Protocol) and LDAP(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol).
 PHP4 added support for Java and distributed object architectures
(COM and COBRA), making n-tier development a possibility for the
first time.
 PHP is forgiving: PHP language tries to be as forgiving as possible.
 PHP Syntax is C-Like.

7 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Common uses of PHP
 PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it
can create, open, read, write, and close them.
 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to
a file, through email you can send data, return data to the
user.
 You add, delete, modify elements within your database
through PHP.
 Access cookies variables and set cookies.
 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of
your website.
 It can encrypt data.

8 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Characteristics of PHP
 Five important characteristics make PHP's practical nature
possible −
 Simplicity
 Efficiency
 Security
 Flexibility
 Familiarity

9 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 How PHP Works

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 What is Web Server :
 File servers, database servers, mail servers, and web servers use
different kinds of server software. Each of these applications can
access files stored on a physical server and use them for various
purposes.
 The job of a web server is to serve websites on the internet. To
achieve that goal, it acts as a middleman between the server and
client machines. It pulls content from the server on each user
request and delivers it to the web.
 The biggest challenge of a web server is to serve many different
web users at the same time — each of whom is requesting
different pages. Web servers process files written in
different programming languages such as PHP, Python, Java,
and others.

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12 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 What is IIS :
 IIS (Internet Information Services) is Microsoft’s web server
and has been around since 1995. The latest version, IIS 10,
comes bundled with Windows and as such, IIS is a free
product.
 There is a lightweight version of IIS called IIS Express that
can be installed separately, but is intended for development
purposes only. IIS Express only supports HTTP, HTTPS ,FTP,
FTPS, SMTP, NNTP protocols and by default, merely
supports local requests.

13 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 What is Apache web server :
 Apache is a free and open-source software that allows users
to deploy their websites on the internet.
 It is one of the oldest and most reliable web server software
maintained by the Apache Software Foundation, with the first
version released in 1995.

14 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 What is php.ini File :
 php.ini was a special file provided as a default configuration file.
 Purpose :
 It’s a very essential configuration file that controls what a user can or cannot do
with the website.
 Each time PHP is initialized, the php.ini file is read by the system.
 Sometimes you need to change the behavior of PHP at runtime, then this
configuration file is to use.
 All the settings related to registering global variables, uploading maximum size,
display log errors, resource limits, the maximum time to execute a PHP script
and others are written in a file as a set of directives that helps in declaring
changes.
 The php.ini file is the default configuration file for running applications that
require PHP. It is used to control variables such as upload sizes, file timeouts,
and resource limits.
 Keys in the file are case-sensitive, keyword values are not spaces and lines
starting with a semicolon are ignored. The file is well commented on. The
Boolean values are represented by On/Off, 1/0, True/False, Yes/No.
15 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 What is php .htaccess file :
 .htaccess is a configuration file for use on web servers running on the
web apache server software. when a .htaccess file is placed in a
directory which in turn loaded via the Apache web server, then the
.htaccess file detected and executed by the Apache server software.
 .htaccess files can be utilized to modify the setup of the Apache server
software to empower additional functionality and fetures that the apache
web server softwatre brings to the table. We can use the .htaccess file for
alteration various configuration in apache web server software.
 Like :
ErrorDocuments
Password protection
Redirection
Deny visitors by IP address
Adding MIME type

16 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP File structure/syntax :
 A PHP script can be placed <html>
anywhere in the document. <body>
 A PHP script starts with <?php and
ends with ?> <h1>My first PHP
page</h1>
 The default file extension for PHP
files is ".php".
<?php
 A PHP file normally contains HTML echo "Hello World!";
tags, and some PHP scripting code. ?>
 In PHP, keywords
(e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), </body>
classes, functions, and user-defined </html>
functions are not case-sensitive but
all variable names are case-sensitive!

17 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Tag Syntax :
 Full tags / Escaping To PHP / Canonical PHP Tags :
<? PHP PHP code ?>
 Short tags / SGML Tags (Standard Generalized Markup Language) :
(This will only work by setting the short_open_tag setting in the php.ini file to ‘on’)
<? PHP code ?>
 Script tags :
<script language = "PHP">…</script>

 ASP Style Tags :

(This will only work by setting the setting in the php.ini )
<%...%>

18 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Comments in PHP :
 Single Line Comment: As the name suggests these are
single line or short relevant explanations that one can add to
their code. To add this, we need to begin the line with (//)
or (#).
 Multi-line or Multiple line Comment: These are used
to accommodate multiple lines with a single tag and can be
extended to many lines as required by the user. To add this,
we need to begin and end the line with (/*…*/)

19 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Variables in PHP :
 Variables in a program are used to store some values or data that
can be used later in a program.
 The variables are also like containers that store character values,
numeric values, memory addresses, and strings. PHP has its own
way of declaring and storing variables.

20 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Rules :
 Any variables declared in PHP must begin with a dollar sign ($), followed by the variable
name.
 A variable can have long descriptive names (like $factorial, $even_nos) or short names (like
$n or $f or $x)
 A variable name can only contain alphanumeric characters and underscores (i.e., ‘a-z’, ‘A-Z’,
‘0-9, and ‘_’) in their name. Even it cannot start with a number.
 A constant is used as a variable for a simple value that cannot be changed. It is also case-
sensitive.
 Assignment of variables is done with the assignment operator, “equal to (=)”. The variable
names are on the left of equal and the expression or values are to the right of the assignment
operator ‘=’.
 One must keep in mind that variable names in PHP names must start with a letter or
underscore and no numbers.
 PHP is a loosely typed language, and we do not require to declare the data types of variables,
rather PHP assumes it automatically by analyzing the values. The same happens while
conversion. No variables are declared before they are used. It automatically converts types
from one type to another whenever required.
 PHP variables are case-sensitive, i.e., $sum and $SUM are treated differently.
21 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 Data types used by PHP to declare or
construct variables:
 Integers
 Doubles
 NULL
 Strings
 Booleans
 Arrays
 Objects
 Resources

22 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP: loosely typed language :
 PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable,
depending on its value. Since the data types are not set in a
strict sense, you can do things like adding a string to an
integer without causing an error.
 In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives an option
to specify the data type expected when declaring a function,
and by enabling the strict requirement, it will throw a "Fatal
Error" on a type mismatch.
 You will learn more about strict and non-strict requirements,
and data type declarations in the PHP Functions chapter.

23 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Example :

<?php
$a=10;
$b="abc";
$_x='a';
$f=12.1544544;
echo $a,$b,$_x,$f;
echo "hello";
?>

24 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Variable Scopes :
 Scope of a variable is defined as its extent in a program
within which it can be accessed, i.e. the scope of a variable is
the portion of the program within which it is visible or can
be accessed.
Depending on the scopes, PHP has three variable scopes:

1)Local Variable
2)Global Variable
3)Static Variable

25 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Local variables:
 The variables declared within a function are called local variables
to that function and have their scope only in that particular
function.
 In simple words, it cannot be accessed outside that function.
 Any declaration of a variable outside the function with the same
name as that of the one within the function is a completely
different variable.

26 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 EXAMPLE :
<?php
$num = 60;
function local_var()
{
// This $num is local to this function
// the variable $num outside this function
// is a completely different variable
$num = 50;
echo "local num = $num <br>";
}
local_var();
// $num outside function local_var() is a completely different Variable than that of
// inside local_var()
echo "Variable num outside local_var() is $num <br>";
?>
OUTPUT :
local num = 50
Variable num outside local_var() is 60

27 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Global variables:
 The variables declared outside a function are called global
variables.
 These variables can be accessed directly outside a function.
 To get access within a function we need to use the “global”
keyword before the variable to refer to the global variable.

28 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 EXAMPLE :
<?php
$num = 20;
// function to demonstrate use of global variable
function global_var()
{
// we have to use global keyword before
// the variable $num to access within
// the function
global $num;
echo "Variable num inside function : $num <br>";
}
global_var();
echo "Variable num outside function : $num <br>";
?>
OUTPUT :
Variable num inside function : 20
Variable num outside function : 20

29 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Static variable :
 It is the characteristic of PHP to delete the variable, once it
completes its execution and the memory is freed.
 But sometimes we need to store the variables even after the
completion of function execution.
 To do this we use the static keywords and the variables are
then called static variables.
 PHP associates a data type depending on the value for the
variable.

30 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 EXAMPLE : echo $sum, "<br>";
<?php }
// function to demonstrate static static_var(); // first function call
variables static_var(); // second function
function static_var() call
{ ?>
static $num = 5; OUTPUT :
// static variable 6
3
$sum = 2;
7
$sum++; 3
$num++;

echo $num, "<br>";

31 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 PHP $ and $$ Variables :
 The $x (single dollar) is a normal  Example :
variable with the name x that <?php
stores any value like string, $x = "abc";
integer, float, etc. $$x = 200;
 The $$x (double dollar) is a echo $x."<br/>";
reference variable that stores the echo $$x."<br/>";
value of the $variable inside it. echo $abc;
?>
$x abc  Output :
It works only by
using $ before
abc
the value of $x. 200
In this case : 200
echo $abc;
It will print 200

$$x 200
32 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 PHP echo statement :
 It is a language construct and never behaves like a function, hence no
parenthesis is required. But the developer can use parenthesis if they
want.
 The end of the echo statement is identified by the semi-colon (‘;’).
 It output one or more strings. We can use ‘echo‘ to output strings,
numbers, variables, values, and results of expressions. Below is some
usage of echo statements in PHP:
 Displaying Strings: We can simply use the keyword echo followed by
the string to be displayed within quotes. The below example shows
how to display strings with PHP.
 The (.) operator in the below code can be used to concatenate two
strings in PHP and the “<br>” is used for a new line and is also known
as line-break.

33 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 EXAMPLE :
<?php
// Defining the variables
$text = "Hello, World!";
$num1 = 10;
$num2 = 20;
// Echoing the variables
echo $text."<br>";
echo $num1."+".$num2."=";
echo $num1 + $num2;
?>
OUTPUT :
Hello, World!
10+20=30

34 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP print statement :
 The PHP print statement is similar to the echo statement and can be used
alternative to echo many times. It is also a language construct, and so we
may not use parenthesis i.e print or print().
 The main difference between the print and echo statement is that echo does
not behave like a function whereas print behaves like a function.
The print statement can have only one argument at a time and thus can
print a single string. Also, the print statement always returns a value of
1. Like an echo, the print statement can also be used to print strings and
variables. Below are some examples of using print statements in PHP:
 Displaying String of Text: We can display strings with
the print statement in the same way we did with echo statements. The only
difference is we cannot display multiple strings separated by comma(,)
with a single print statement. The below example shows how to display
strings with the help of a PHP print statement.

35 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 EXAMPLE :
<?php
// Defining the variables
$text = "Hello, World!";
$num1 = 10;
$num2 = 20;
// Echoing the variables
print $text."<br>";
print $num1."+".$num2."=";
print $num1 + $num2;
?>
OUTPUT :
Hello, World!
10+20=30

36 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Difference between echo and print
statements in PHP:
echo statement print statement
echo accepts a list of arguments print accepts only one argument
(multiple arguments can be at a time.
passed), separated by commas.
It returns no value or returns It returns the value 1.
void.
It displays the outputs of one or The print outputs only the
more strings separated by strings.
commas.
It is comparatively faster than the It is slower than an echo
print statement. statement.
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 Operators of PHP :
 What is Operator? Simple answer can be given using
expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called operands
and + is called operator. PHP language supports following type of
operators.
 Types of Operators :
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators
 String operators
 Conditional assignment operators
 Bitwise Operators

38 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Arithmetic Operators :
 The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values
to perform common arithmetical operations, such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and
$y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x
divided by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to
the $y'th power

39 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Assignment Operators :
 The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to
write a value to a variable.
 The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the
left operand gets set to the value of the assignment expression on
the right.
Assignment Same as... Description
x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the
value of the expression on the
right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x-y Subtraction
x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
x /= y x=x/y Division
x %= y x=x%y Modulus

40 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Comparison Operators :
Operator Name Example Result
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y

The PHP === Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they are of the
same type
comparison
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
operators are
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
used to
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are not
compare two of the same type
values > Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
(number or < Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
string) >= Greater than or equal to $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal to $y

<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to $y

<=> Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater
than zero, depending on if $x is less than, equal to,
or greater than $y. Introduced in PHP 7.

41 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Increment / Decrement Operators:
 The PHP increment operators are used to increment a
variable's value.
 The PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a
variable's value.
Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one,

then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then
increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one,
then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then
decrements $x by one

42 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Logical Operators :
 The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional
statements.
Operator Name Example Result
and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y
are true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y
is true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y
is true, but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y
are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y
is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true

43 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP String Operators :
 PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.

Operator Name Example Result

. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of

$txt1 and $txt2

.= Concatenation
assignment
$txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to
$txt1

44 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Conditional Assignment
Operators:
 The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a
value depending on conditions:
Operator Name Example Result
?: Ternary $x = expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 Returns the value of $x.
The value of $x is expr2 if expr1 =
TRUE.
The value of $x is expr3 if expr1 =
FALSE

?? Null coalescing $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of $x.

The value of $x
is expr1 if expr1 exists, and is not
NULL.
If expr1 does not exist, or is
NULL, the value of $x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7

45 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Decision Making/ Conditional
Structure /Flow Control Statements :
 PHP allows us to perform actions based on some type of
conditions that may be logical or comparative. Based on the
result of these conditions i.e., either TRUE or FALSE, an
action would be performed as asked by the user. It’s just like
a two- way path. If you want something then go this way or
else turn that way. To use this feature, PHP provides us with
four conditional statements:
 if statement
 if…else statement
 if…elseif…else statement
 switch statement

46 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 if Statement :
 This statement allows us to set a condition. On being TRUE, the following
block of code enclosed within the if clause will be executed.
 Syntax :
if (condition){ // if TRUE then execute this code }
 Example :
<?php
$x = 12;

if ($x > 0) {
echo "The number is positive";
}
?>
 Output :
The number is positive

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 Flowchart :

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 if…else Statement :
 We understood that if a condition will hold i.e., TRUE, then the block
of code within if will be executed. But what if the condition is not TRUE
and we want to perform an action? This is where else comes into play. If
a condition is TRUE then if block gets executed, otherwise else block
gets executed.
 Syntax:
if (condition)
{
// if TRUE then execute this code
}
else
{
// if FALSE then execute this code
}

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  Example :
<?php
$x = -12;
if ($x > 0) {
echo "The number is positive";
}
else{
echo "The number is negative";
}
?>
 Output :
The number is negative

50 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Flowchart :

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 if…elseif…else Statement :
 This allows us to use multiple if…else statements. We use
this when there are multiple conditions of TRUE cases.
Syntax:
if (condition) {
// if TRUE then execute this code }
elseif {
// if TRUE then execute this code }
elseif {
// if TRUE then execute this code }
else {
// if FALSE then execute this code }

52 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
$x = "August";
if ($x == "January") {
echo "Happy Republic Day";
}
elseif ($x == "August") {
echo "Happy Independence Day!!!";
}
else{
echo "Nothing to show";
}
?>
 Output :
Happy Independence Day!!!

53 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Flowchart :

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 switch Statement :
 The “switch” performs in various cases i.e., it has various
cases to which it matches the condition and appropriately
executes a particular case block. It first evaluates an
expression and then compares with the values of each case. If
a case matches then the same case is executed. To use switch,
we need to get familiar with two different keywords
namely, break and default.The break statement is used to
stop the automatic control flow into the next cases and exit
from the switch case.
 The default statement contains the code that would execute
if none of the cases match.

55 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Syntax :
switch(n) {
case statement1:
code to be executed if n==statement1;
break;
case statement2:
code to be executed if n==statement2;
break;
case statement3:
code to be executed if n==statement3;
break;
......
default:
code to be executed if n != any case;

56 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
$n = “A";
switch($n) {
case “B":
echo "Its B";
break;
case “C":
echo "Its C";
break;
case “A":
echo "Its A";
break;
default:
echo "Doesn't exist";
}
?>
Output :
Its A

57 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Flowchart :

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 Ternary Operators / Conditional
Statement :
 In addition to all this conditional statements, PHP provides a
shorthand way of writing if…else, called Ternary Operators.
The statement uses a question mark (?) and a colon (:) and
takes three operands: a condition to check, a result for TRUE
and a result for FALSE.
Syntax:
 (condition) ? if TRUE execute this : otherwise execute this;

59 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Example :
<?php
$x = -12;
if ($x > 0) {
echo "The number is positive <br>";
}
else {
echo "The number is negative <br>";
}
// This whole lot can be written in a
// single line using ternary operator
echo ($x > 0) ? 'The number is positive' :'The number is negative';
?>
Output :
The number is negative
The number is negative
60 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 Looping Structure in PHP :
 Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a
specified number of times. PHP supports following four loop
types.
 for − loops through a block of code a specified number of
times.
 while − loops through a block of code if and as long as a
specified condition is true.
 do...while − loops through a block of code once, and then
repeats the loop as long as a special condition is true.
 foreach − loops through a block of code for each element
in an array.

61 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 The for loop statement :
 The for statement is used when you know how many times you want to execute a
statement or a block of statements.
 Syntax :
for (initialization expression; test condition; update expression){
code to be executed;
}
 In for loop, a loop variable is used to control the loop. First initialize this loop variable to
some value, then check whether this variable is less than or greater than counter value. If
statement is true, then loop body is executed and loop variable gets updated . Steps are
repeated till exit condition comes.
 Initialization Expression: In this expression we have to initialize the loop counter to
some value. for example: $num = 1;
 Test Expression: In this expression we have to test the condition. If the condition
evaluates to true then we will execute the body of loop and go to update expression
otherwise we will exit from the for loop. For example: $num <= 10;
 Update Expression: After executing loop body this expression increments/decrements
the loop variable by some value. for example: $num += 2;
62 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 Flowchart :

63 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
// code to illustrate for loop
for ($num = 1; $num <= 10; $num += 2) {
echo "$num <br>";
}
?>
 Output :
1
3
5
7
9

64 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 while loop :
 The while loop is also an entry control loop like for loops
i.e., it first checks the condition at the start of the loop and if
its true then it enters the loop and executes the block of
statements, and goes on executing it as long as the condition
holds true.
 Syntax:
while (if the condition is true)
{
// code is executed
}

65 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Flowchart :

66 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Example :
<?php
// PHP code to illustrate while loops
$num = 2;
while ($num < 12) {
$num += 2;
echo $num, "<br>";
}
?>
Output :
4
6
8
10
12

67 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 do-while loop :
 This is an exit control loop which means that it first enters
the loop, executes the statements, and then checks the
condition. Therefore, a statement is executed at least once on
using the do…while loop. After executing once, the program
is executed as long as the condition holds true.
 Syntax:
do {
//code is executed
} while (if condition is true);

68 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Flowchart :

69 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
// PHP code to illustrate do...while loops
$num = 2;
do {
$num += 2;
echo $num, "<br>";
} while ($num < 12);
?>
 Output :
4
6
8
10
12

70 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 foreach loop :
 This loop is used to iterate over arrays. For every counter of
loop, an array element is assigned and the next counter is
shifted to the next element.

 Syntax:
foreach (array_element as value)
{
//code to be executed
}

71 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
$arr = array (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60);
foreach ($arr as $val) {
echo "$val <br>";
}
$arr = array ("Ram", "Laxman", "Sita");
foreach ($arr as $val) {
echo "$val <br>";
}
?>
 Output :
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ram
Laxman
Sita

72 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 break Statement :
 The PHP break keyword is used to terminate the execution
of a loop prematurely.
 The break statement is situated inside the statement block.
It gives you full control and whenever you want to exit from
the loop you can come out. After coming out of a loop
immediate statement to the loop will be executed.

73 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Flowchart :

74 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
$i = 0;
while( $i < 10)
{
$i++;
if( $i == 3 )
break;
}
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" );
?>
 Output :
Loop stopped at i = 3

75 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 continue statement :
 The PHP continue keyword is used to halt the current
iteration of a loop but it does not terminate the loop.
 Just like the break statement the continue statement is
situated inside the statement block containing the code that
the loop executes, preceded by a conditional test. For the
pass encountering continue statement, rest of the loop code
is skipped and next pass starts.

76 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Flowchart :

77 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
$value=1;
while($value<=5)
{
$value++;
if( $value == 3 )
continue;
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
 Output :
2
4
5
6
78 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 Difference between break and
continue :
Break Continue
The break statement is used to jump out The continue statement is used to skip
of a loop. an iteration from a loop
Its syntax is -: Its syntax is -:
break; continue;
The break is a keyword present in the continue is a keyword present in the
language language

It can be used with loops ex-: for loop, It can be used with loops ex-: for loop,
while loop. while loop.
The break statement is also used in We can use continue with a switch
switch statements statement to skip a case.

79 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Array :
 An array is a special variable that can hold many values under a
single name, and you can access the values by referring to an
index number or name.
 The arrays are helpful to create a list of elements of similar
types, which can be accessed using their index or key.
 Suppose we want to store five names and print them accordingly.
This can be easily done by the use of five different string
variables. But if instead of five, the number rises to a hundred,
then it would be really difficult for the user or developer to
create so many different variables. Here array comes into play
and helps us to store every element within a single variable and
also allows easy access using an index or a key.
 An array is created using an array() function in PHP.

80 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  There are basically three types of arrays in PHP:

 Indexed or Numeric Arrays: An array with a numeric

index where values are stored linearly.
 Associative Arrays: An array with a string index where
instead of linear storage, each value can be assigned a specific
key.
 Multidimensional Arrays: An array which contains single
or multiple array within it and can be accessed via multiple
indices.

81 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 1) Indexed or Numeric Arrays :
 These type of arrays can be used to store any type of elements, but an index is always
a number. By default, the index starts at zero. These arrays can be created in two
different ways as shown in the following example:
<?php
OUTPUT :
$name_one = array("Zack", "Anthony", "Ram"); // One way to create an indexed array
Accessing the 1st
echo "Accessing the 1st array elements : <br> "; // Accessing the elements directly
array elements :
echo $name_one[2], " <br> ";
echo $name_one[0], "<br> ";
Ram
$name_two[0] = "Zack"; // Second way to create an indexed array
Zack
$name_two[1] = "Anthony";
$name_two[2] = "RAM"; // Accessing the elements directly
echo "Accessing the 2nd array elements :<br>"; Accessing the 2nd
foreach( $name_two as $value ) array elements :
{
echo "Value is $value <br>"; Zack
} Anthony
?> Ram
82 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 2) Associative Arrays :
 These types of arrays are similar to the indexed arrays but instead of linear storage,
every value can be assigned with a user-defined key of string type.
<?php // One way to create an associative array
$name_one = array("a"=>"Zara", "b"=>"Any“,"c"=>"Rani"); OUTPUT :
echo $name_one['a'],"<br>"; Accessing the 1st
echo $name_one['b']; array elements :
// Second way to create an associative array
$name_two["zack"] = "abc"; Zara
$name_two["anthony"] = "xyz";
Any
$name_two["ram"] = "pqr";
// Accessing the elements directly
Accessing the 2nd
echo "Accessing the elements directly:<br>";
array elements :
foreach($name_two as $two)
abc
{
xyz
echo "$two";
} pqr
?>
83 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 Multidimensional Arrays :
 Multi-dimensional arrays are such arrays that store another
array at each index instead of a single element.
 In other words, we can define multi-dimensional arrays as an
array of arrays. As the name suggests, every element in this
array can be an array and they can also hold other sub-arrays
within.
 Arrays or sub-arrays in multidimensional arrays can be
accessed using multiple dimensions.
 Example:

84 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 <?php
// Defining a multidimensional array OUTPUT :
$favorites = array(
array(
"name" => "Dave Punk", Dave Punk email-id is:
"mob" => "5689741523", [email protected]
"email" => "[email protected]",
),
John Flinch mobile number is:
array(
9875147536
"name" => "Monty Smith",
"mob" => "2584369721",
"email" => "[email protected]",
), • We can access all data like this :
array(
echo "<pre>";
"name" => "John Flinch",
"mob" => "9875147536", print_r($favorites);
"email" => "[email protected]", echo "</pre>";
)
);
// Accessing elements
echo "Dave Punk email-id is: " . $favorites[0]["email"], "<br>";
echo "John Flinch mobile number is: " . $favorites[2]["mob"];
?> Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
85
<?php  OUTPUT :
// Defining a multidimensional array Array ( [Dave Punk] => Array ( [mob] =>
$favorites = array( 5689741523 [email] => [email protected]
) [John Flinch] => Array ( [mob] =>
"Dave Punk" => array(
9875147536 [email] =>
"mob" => "2584369721", [email protected] ) )
"email" =>
"[email protected]",
 We can also access all data using nested loop
), like this :
"John Flinch" => array( // Using for and foreach in nested form
"mob" => "9875147536", $keys = array_keys($favorites);
"email" => "[email protected]", for($i = 0; $i < count($favorites); $i++) {
) echo $keys[$i] . "<br>";
); foreach($favorites[$keys[$i]] as $key =>
echo "<pre>"; $value) {
print_r($favorites); echo $key . " : " . $value . "<br>";
echo "</pre>"; }
?> echo "<br>";
}
86 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 User Define Functions :
 PHP has a large number of built-in functions such as
mathematical, string, date, array functions etc.
 It is also possible to define a function as per specific
requirement. Such function is called user defined function.
 A function is a reusable block of statements that performs a
specific task. This block is defined with function keyword and
is given a name that starts with an alphabet or underscore.
 This function may be called from anywhere within the
program any number of times.

87 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Syntax  EXAMPLE :
//define a function <?php
function myfunction($arg1, //function definition
$arg2, ... $argn) function sayHello(){
{ echo "Hello World!";
}
statement1; statem //function call sayHello();
ent2; .. .. return $val; ?>
}
//call function  OUTPUT :
myfunction($arg1, $arg2, ... Hello World!
$argn);

88 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Types of UDF :

1. Argument Function
2. Default Argument
3. Variable Function
4. Return Function

89 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 1) function with arguments :
 We can pass the information in PHP function through
arguments which is separated by comma.
 Syntax
//define a function
function myfunction($arg1, $arg2, ... $argn)
{
statement1; statement2; .. .. return $val;
}
//call function
myfunction($arg1, $arg2, ... $argn);

90 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
function sayHello($name){
echo "Hello $name<br/>";
}
sayHello(“Bca");
sayHello(“Sem2");
?>
 Output :
Hello Bca
Hello Sem2

91 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 2) Function with default argument value :
 While defining a function , a default value of argument may
be assigned. If value is not assigned to such argument while
calling the function, this default will be used for processing
inside function
 Syntax :
function myfunction($arg1=[value], $arg2=[value], ... $argn)
{
statement1; statement2; .. .. return $val;
}
//call function
myfunction($arg1, $arg2, ... $argn);
92 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
  Example :  OUTPUT :
<?php Hello admin
function welcome($user="Guest") Hello Guest
{
echo "Hello $user
<br>";
}
//overrides default
welcome("admin");
//uses default
welcome();
?>

93 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 3) Function with variable number of
arguments (call by value) :
 It is possible to define a function with ability to receive variable
number of arguments. The name of formal argument in function
definition is prefixed by ... token.
 Syntax :
//define a function
function myfunction($arg1, $arg2, ... $argn)
{
statement1; statement2; .. .. return $val;
}
//call function
myfunction($var1, $var2, ... $var);

94 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
function Var_fun($str2)
{
echo $str2;
}
$str = 'Hello';
Var_fun($str);
?>
 Output :
Hello

95 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 4) Function return :
 It just echoed a couple of sentences based on the input. It is
entirely up to us to return anything inside any function we
define in PHP.
 When you want to return something, you need to use
the return statement.
 A function can return any type of value in PHP.

96 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
function sum($n1,$n2){
return $n1+$n2;
}
echo " Sum is: ".sum(3,5);
?>

 Output :
Sum is : 8

97 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Other Things About Function :

 Call By Reference
 function within another function
 Recursive function

98 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 PHP Call By Reference :
 Value passed to the function doesn't modify the actual value
by default (call by value). But we can do so by passing value
as a reference.
 By default, value passed to the function is call by value. To
pass value as a reference, you need to use ampersand (&)
symbol before the argument name.

99 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example : ?>
<?php  Output :
function adder(&$str2) Hello
{ After function Calling :
$str2 .= 'Call By Reference'; Call by Reference
}
$str = 'Hello ';
echo $str."<br>";
adder($str);
echo " After function Calling:
<br>";
echo $str;

100 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 function within another function :
 A function may be defined inside another function's body
block.
 However, inner function can not be called before outer
function has been invoked.

101 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example : welcome();
<?php ?>
function hello()
{  Output :
echo "Hello"; Hello
Welcome to BCA
function welcome(){ Now, Remove the comment to call
welcome() before hello(). Following
echo “<br>Welcome to error message halts the program −
BCA";
} Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to
undefined function welcome() in
} C:\xampp\htdocs\hello.php:77 Stack
trace: #0 {main} thrown
in C:\xampp\htdocs\hello.php on
//welcome(); line 12
hello();

102 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Recursive Function
/ Function Recursion :
 A function that calls itself is called recursive function.
 Calling itself unconditionally creates infinite loop and results
in out of memory error because of stack full.

103 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example : 5
<?php 4
function rec($n){ 3
if ($n >= 1) { 2
echo $n,"<br>"; 1
rec($n-1);
}
}
rec(5);
?>
 Output :

104 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Variable Length Argument Function
1. func_num_args
2. func_get_arg
3. func_get_args

105 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 1) func_num_args :
 The func_num_args() function can return the number of
arguments passed to a function.
 Syntax :
int func_num_args( void )
 The func_num_args() function can return the number of
arguments passed into current user-defined function. This
function can generate a warning if called from outside of a
user-defined function.

106 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
<?php
function demo()
{
echo "Number of arguments: ", func_num_args() ,"<br>";
}
demo(1, 2,"abc", 3);
demo(1, 2,"abc", 3,'x');
?>
 Output :
Number of arguments: 4
Number of arguments: 5

107 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 2) func_get_arg() Function :
 The func_get_arg() function is an inbuilt function in PHP
which is used to get a mentioned value from the argument passed
as the parameters.
 Syntax:
mixed func_get_arg( int $arg )
 Parameters: This function accepts a single parameter as
mentioned above and described below.
 $arg: This parameter holds the argument offset where the offset of
the arguments in the parameter is counted by assuming the first
argument to be 0.
 Return Value: This method returns the mentioned argument and
returns FALSE if an error occurs.

108 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

  Example :
function geeks($a, $b, $c) {
// Calling func_get_arg() function
echo "Print second argument: ". func_get_arg(1) . "<br>";
}
// Function call
geeks('hello', 'php', 'geeks');

 Output :
Print second argument: php

109 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 When does any error occur?
The error occurs in two cases.
 If the value of argument offset is more than the actual value
of arguments passed as the parameter of the function.
 If this function is not being called from within the user-
defined function.
 Note: For getting more than one
argument func_get_args() function can be used instead
of func_get_arg() function.

110 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 3) func_get_args() :
 The func_get_args() function can return an array comprising
a function's argument list.
 Syntax :
array func_get_args( void )
 The func_get_args() function can return an array in which
each element is a corresponding member of the current user-
defined function's argument list. This function can generate a
warning if called from outside of function definition.

111 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Example : echo $arr[$i],"<br>";
<?php }
function foo1() { }
$numargs = func_num_args(); foo1(1,'a',2,3,4,'bca');
// return the parameters contained in this function ?>
echo "number of argumets:"  OUTPUT :
.$numargs . "<br>";
number of argumets:6
Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => a [2] =>
$arr = func_get_args(); 2 [3] => 3 [4] => 4 [5] => bca )
// return an array to $arr 1
print_r ($arr); a
// output all parameters of this array 2
echo "<br>"; 3
for($i=0; $i< $numargs; $i++) 4
{ bca
112 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya
 Built in Functions :

1. Variable Functions
2. String Function
3. Math Function
4. Date Function
5. Array Function
6. Miscellaneous Function
7. File handling Function

113 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya

 Assignment Questions :
1. Write down History of PHP.
2. Write down .ini file.
3. Write down .htaccess file.
4. what is web server?
5. write down PHP tag.
6. why PHP is Loosely typed language?
7. Write down all scope of variable with example.
8. Write down difference between $ and $$ variable.
9. Write down difference between echo , print and print_r.
10. Write down difference between break and continue.
11. What is switch statement? explain in detail.
12. What is foreach loop in php? explain with example.
13. Explain all types of array in php with examples.
14. What is UDF? write down types of UDF and explain default argument function.
15. Explain function call by reference.
16. explain recursion in detail.
17. Explain all variable length argument function in detail
114 Presented By : Dharmesh Kapadiya