————————— Solid State Unit Cell and Lattice The simplest unit which can repeat itself over again and again to form Lattice Types of cubic unit cell Simple cubic (S.C) primitive yp Body centered cubic (B.C.C) nonprivitive “ Face centered cubic (F.C.C) nonprimitive i Simple cubic (primitive) X 8 corners => atoms 7 —4—) |. Sharing of corners = & per unit cell (2) Zap = Effective no. of atoms per unit cell sexton 3 (2) Nearest neighbours or CN = 6 (5) Relation blw radius of atom & edge length GO = 1 BC => 1 atom 8 corners => 8 atoms Sharing of corners 2 : =F per unit cell OZ at = Effective no. of atoms per unit cell 1 ~petize 5 +152 (2) Nearest neighbours or CN = (2) Relation blw radius of atom & edge He center z 6 FC=> 6 atom 8 comers => 8 atoms Sharing of corners = = | per Dee a unit S Sharing of Fc = £ eal @ (2) Zyp= Effective no. of atoms per unit cell saxtsextnrszng 8 2 (2) Nearest neighbours or C.N = 12 (3) Relation blw radius of atom & ae length Face center fee corner Packing Fraction or ome Efficiency The space or Fraction occupied by atoms in unit cell. iG P= Case 4: In S.C ZxV, (atom, vs ‘unit ell tx4ny? 3 %PF=—3__ x 400 (a= 2r) PF=Zx100 é PF= 52.4% % void = 100 - %PF = 476% & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 sore2 CN 3. Relation blw a and r 4% PF 5. %void Case 4: In S.C 2a CN Relation between r & a= 2r=a “PF = 52.4% void = 47.6 % Case 2: In BCC Relation between r & a = 2r = prs eax = (Bx) % Void = 32% Solid State Case 3: In FOC Saat CN = 12 Relation between a & r= ar = 2a, SPF 7am 3 UZ, % Void = 26% @ A—>+ Each corner B—> Alternate Face center Find simplest forrmula? Ang Ba [AB] . Na crystallizes in BCC unit cell of Edge length 4.3 A find radius of Na @ A—seach Corner (2) B— Bc @) c aha) D—> each EC (3) Find simplest formula Act By Cont DPraad [ABC, Ds] Q. A—> each Corner B—> each FC When one of the B is missing then find new EF? Ang Beg A Bs [ABs] & scanned with OKEN Scanner OnClosed Packing Case 1: In 2D 4, Square closed packing (a) Arrangement AAAAAA + type > Layer A a W2q2 4x Fe jene4 (@) Packing Fraction Aas * Kunit cell * 700 rer= 2222s 100 (21r=a) @0- es ‘void = 100 - 78.5 = 21.5% 2. Hexagonal closed packing (@) Arrangement W2qtteexE=a0223 (0 eNn=6 (A) Packing Fraction 3 xn PF = «100 ex 4 @) PF =>" x 100= 41% aS * pig * 1007 42 Area avoid = 4% # Stability « PF HCP(2D) > scP(2p) Closed Packing Ca 1. Simple cubic packing (a) Arrangement ID) Layer A eee) Layer A DDADAR ese type (0) Zyp = 2 (© CN =e (d) BPF = 52.4% avoid = 47.6% 2. Cubie closed packing (CCP) or (FCC) (@) Arrangement ABC ABC ABC ABC... (2) Layer A is HCP (2D) type (2) Layer B is placed over voids of Layer A (3) Layer C is placed over unoccupied voids of Layer A & B. (0) Zp = 4 (© ON =12 (d) %PF = 74% void = 26% 3. Hexagonal closed packing (HCP 3D) (a) Arrangement AB AB AB AB AB AB AB. type (1) Layer A is HCP (2D) (2) Layer B is placed over voids of Layer A Physical Chemistry & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 sore(9) 2% Layer A is same as that of first Layer A Bef. ay Layer A o i 2 (223 +2x F442 26 (CN = 32 @2rea SANS (@) Height of HCP (3D) (F) Base Area of HCP VE sex Ba Oe) 224/20" 3 Dunit cell 274A ( % void = 26% pes of Voids + Triangular void # CN=3 of void # HCP (2D) Tetrahedral voids (TLV or THY or Td void ) OQ) vat Cy # CCP or FCC # HCP (sD) * Octahedral void (O.H.V or OV or Od void ) # CN=6 # CCP or FCC # HCP (3D) Cubical void OO cans ¥) ps CX) # Simple cubic # Size of void Triangular < TH.V < O.H.V < cubical (sew #)° [IF No. of atoms (Z,r) = N Valid in { THV=2N; OHV=N HCP(SD) & (Closest packed store) ccP(fee) . A ——> HCP (3D) 4 B —> 100% 0HV4 Ae, A ——> CCP (Fee) 6 B—— 50% OHV EXE NBs A ——» COP (fee) 4 2 26 2 eS a —> Sn Snes ABre — AraBae 3 @ & scanned with OKEN Scanner OnQA —> HCP (SP) 6 4 2, o———aony 6xs 2 THY and O.AV in foo unit cell ABs THY Se Case 4: # Two THV on each body diagonal per FCC unit cell # Total THV = 8 Case 2: OHV 1. At Edge center C40 i a ana ——_a—___, +# Total ruevber of OHV at- eda center FOC per wit cel pa sazxtes q2x* 2. At Body center # OHV at body centre = 4 Total OHV = Bred Density of Unie. Cot d = density (gm/ec) Z = No. of atoms per unit cell M = Molar mass Ny = avogadro's No = 6 x 1077 a = edge length (cra) W = Weight (gna) N = No, of atoms Q. An clement with density 2.8 gm/ce forms 4 fee unit cell with edge length 400 pr Calculate Molar mass of element d= = 2:8x6x10"*x (400 x 10%} eran = 26.8 g/mol 2 . An element has BCC structure with a cell edge of 300 pw. the density of element i 8 g/cc. How many atoms are present in 200 gm of element? Zxw te ard = 2 x 200. 8 x (300 x 10%) ere sOLe 27%10 = 22x 10% atoms 27 Physical Chemis & scanned with OKEN Scanner o—[ Radls Ratio __ Radius Ratio] c zr t oN Examples 0455 <7 300% OHV etna SC (2) eset oe a are tet rg = BA Cs’ + Body center z S* — CCP or fee (3) Zr fe Ze Zn** 5 sok THV or 4 4:4 r,t, = Ta (Zine blende) 4 Alternate TH. |) Car, ca* — CCP or Fee ‘ bal ee ee periates structure) | F° —» 100% THV u (5) Nao OF — fee or CCP A 4:8 reer, = Te (érefuoritestructure)| Na’ —+ 400% THV a Sn ea @ & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 sore(©) Spinel cas as ABO, — Exp: MgAl,0, oF — cep or fee aw — 2tHv 8 B™ —. Lonv 2 (7) tnverse Spinel 3 ae 6g, FesO,: Fe(Fe Fe), B(ABYOg o 3 —> CCP or fee — tty z av — Zonv 4 3 B tony 4 . CsBr has cubic structure with edge length 4.24 find the shortest inter ionic distance? retry Se MBA 3.6, a cations and anions are D missing From the erystal in stoichiometric ratio # High Radius Ratio Stoichiometric Q. Edge length of M'X (fee structure) je Tak find radius of X° (Given ry, = 1.6 Ay 4a At ieee z. 2 26 Let? Z a=2A Ina solid ‘AB’ having the ‘NaCl structure ‘A’ atoms occupy the corners of cubic unig cell, If all the face centered atoms along ony of the axes are removed then find a B— Corner + F.C xb rand AEC+BC t2xtea Asser Bass A efects | # One of the ion (usualy cation) is dislocated From its usual Lattice point to sore other # High C.N interstitial site * ie a # Density remains ens decreases Sete Frenkel (Dislocation) S#™€ i) —. # Low CN # Exp @—O— 0-90 =O ano : a nave) lO FS ee exci, xe O-8—-O-@ o-o-—e-e) nS, AgCl ete Ose Agl ete O= 2-6) ® i) Exhibit both schottky and Frenkel defect Physical Chemist & scanned with OKEN Scanner 0 soreDefects Bae see: cl + Nal Cl ic : : | na Non -Stoichionvetvie “a ~ Na Oy Na’ + °° ois, i Feoas0 — Fear act Metal Excess Metal deficiency r —— gio Pik 3) at ane ue fo ann yatRhcy Fs: cation ®-8-8-8 Bae . ; a me ROMA 20% 204 1 | end nav ©) —~8,,6) ©-6-5-@ anisenronee 0-9-0 OYP-G O-G-O-€ wensty CS nor 4 @-8-8-@ of Foenters iY, " ois eer ZnO -» white when cold yellow when hot Impurity defect When NaCl is doped with SrCl, When AgCl is doped with CdCl, NaCl —> Na* + CI” @=O-~—@— OP) « Nerch cation vacance - | ig i @ = SrCl, —> S** + 21 ee | O-@-O2 OF AR | 2Na" —> 2 Sr i (ee | 2 2 @®—-O0-0-0 points one er 1. Different blw erystalline and Amorphous solid Amorphous Crystalline (2) Regular arrangement (2) Irregular arrangement (2) Isotropic (2) Anisotropic eee (3) Range of MP arp M Short range order (4) Long range order 4) at Exp: Sio,(quartz), NaCl, KCI, CsCl ete Exp: Si0,(Silica), Rubber, plastic @ Solid State & scanned with OKEN Scanner o—Sa a etworky —an| ao | vee charged kernel &| Covalently bond pagiver? Molecules fons eta ny bond particle forces Hydrogen bond & Electrostatic Metallic bond Covalent bong v.w forces Cu, Ag, Au ete |SIC, SiO,, Si, ¢, Ary lar COn, CCly, | Nacl, MgO, CSCI, CaF, | a : Horie 7 ete graphite, AIN ete Electrical Insulator Insulator in solid but Conductor Insulator & conductivity conductor in molten & cee aq sot” MP Low High Fairly high Very high 3. PF of Diamond cubic struc. C— Cép or Fee (4) Zap 2 8 e— son Tavs x3 =4) x 100 = 34% t6 eats NE 4. Effect of Temp and pressure on C.N of comp. Pt CNT Tt ONY eat CN 6:6e=t8:8 Tt Nacl csc Type Type 5. Coordination No. Type of Neighbour Distance | Number Nearest Neighbour se Next Nearest Bec Next Nearest Fcc Next a 6 | 2a 32 a 6 12 | | a Physical Chom & scanned with OKEN Scanner On’ _Interaxial angles Bravais Lattice (14) (SC, BCC, FCC) *=B=Y#40" |asc) ou ph — Rhombohedral te Tetragonal *=B=Y= 490" |2(SC, BCC) He —- Hexagonal «= B= 90"; ¥ = 420°/1(s¢) aur Orthorhombic atbec wH=B=Y= 90° |4(SC, BCC, FC, EC*) mona Monoclinic atbec &= Y= 90°; B # 90° |2(SC, EC) tere‘ Trielinic atbec aeBeveaoe |1(S¢) elise par practice Q. Which of the following is Pseudo Solid or Super cooled lig? @ Find % of Fe” ions in FegqsO? (A) si (B) CO, (FeesOxo0) Let Fe” ions = x (C) Ag D> Glass Fe™ ions = 93 - x Q. IF NaCl is doped with 207° mol % SrCl,, 2x + 3(93 - x) = 200 what is the cone” of cation vacancies? 2x +274 - 3x = 200 No. of cation vacancies = No. of Sr** ions x=74 Eaters 107 «107 «Ny of Fe ions = 22 x 4100 210% x6x10" = 6 x 10™* per mole Solid State @ & scanned with OKEN Scanner On