Unit 1 - Page 1 : I

Monday, June 10, 2024 11:11 PM

MathB1A Unit 1: Fundamentals of Algebra - Class Work

Topics
I. Real Numbers
II. Algebraic Expressions
III. Factoring
IV. Solving Equations
V. Modeling with Equations
VI. Inequalities
VII. Graphs in the Cartesian Plane and Circles

Unit 1 - I: Real Numbers

Order of Operations

Question: What is the order of operations? Exercise: Simplify.

1) 12 − 2 ⋅ 5

2) 10⁄5 ⋅ 2

3) 9 − 2(6 − 3)

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Exercise: Simplify.

(−2) + (−4)(−6) ÷ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 − (−2)

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Roots vs. Powers

Exercise: Complete the following.

0 = ⎯⎯
√0 =
1 = ⎯⎯
√1 =
2 = ⎯⎯
√4 =
3 = ⎯⎯
√9 =
4 = ⎯⎯⎯
√16 =
5 = ⎯⎯⎯
√25 =

Exercise: Complete the following.

0 = ⎯⎯
√0 =
1 = ⎯⎯
√1 =
2 = ⎯⎯
√8 =
3 = ⎯⎯⎯
√27 =
4 = ⎯⎯⎯
√64 =
5 = ⎯⎯⎯
√125 =

Exercise: Simplify the following.

⎯⎯⎯
1) √196 =
⎯⎯⎯
2) √343 =
⎯⎯⎯
3) √16 =
⎯⎯⎯
4) √243 =

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Properties of Roots
⎯⎯⎯
√𝑎𝑏 =
⎯⎯
𝑎
⎯⎯=
𝑏

Note: √⎯⎯
𝑎=

Exercise: Simplify the following.

⎯⎯⎯
1) √32 =

⎯⎯⎯
2) √40 =

⎯⎯⎯
3) √32 =

⎯⎯⎯
4) √288 =

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Intervals
In this class, there will be times where we need to describe a set of
numbers.
Exercise: Graph the following sets of numbers. What are the notations
we have to describe these sets?
1) Set of integers between -2 and 5.

2) Set of real numbers between -2 and 5.

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Exercise: Write the following situations using the three notations.

Set of real numbers between -2 and 5, including -2 and 5

Graph Set-Builder Interval Notation

Exercise: Given {𝑥 | − 5 < 𝑥 ≤ 8}, graph the set and write in interval
notation.

Exercise: Given the interval [−2,6), graph the set and write in set-
builder notation.

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Exercise: Given the following graphs, write in set-builder and interval

notation.
Graph 1:

5
Set-Builder:

Interval Notation:

Graph 2:

5
Set-Builder:

Interval Notation:

Graph 3:

5
Set-Builder:

Interval Notation:

Graph 4:

5
Set-Builder:

Interval Notation:

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Unit 1 - II: Algebraic Expressions

Rules of Exponents
Exercise: Complete the following.

𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 =

(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 ) =

𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯=
𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥 =
⎯⎯⎯=
𝑥

Exercise: Simplify.
1) (2𝑥 )(4𝑥 ) =

2) 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 =

3) 𝑥 𝑥 =

4) 𝑥 + 𝑥 =

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Exercise: Perform the indicated operation.

1) (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4)

2) (2𝑥 − 3) + (𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4)

3) (2𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4)

Exercise: Simplify

3𝑥 (2𝑥 − 5) − 2(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5)

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Exercise: Evaluate the following.

⁄
1) 25 =

⁄
2) 27 =

Exercise: Re-write with a rational exponent.

⎯⎯⎯
1) 𝑥 =

⎯⎯
2) 5 =

Exercise: Multiply.
⁄ (3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4) =
𝑥

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Absolute Value Expressions

Definition

Absolute Value
|𝑥 | = if 𝑥 ≥ 0
if 𝑥 < 0

Exercise: Evaluate.
1) |8| =

2) |−8| =

3) |8 − 3| =

4) |4 − 6| =

Exercise: Re-write the following without absolute value notation.

⎯⎯⎯
1) 8 − √15 =

⎯⎯⎯
2) 2 − √15 =

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Unit 1 - III: Factoring

Question: What does it mean to factor?

Warm-up Exercises: Multiply.

1) (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 5)

2) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5)

3) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 15)

4) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 15)

Question: How would we reverse the above process?

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Warm-up Exercises: Factor.

1) 𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 15

2) 𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 24

3) 3𝑥 − 10𝑥 − 8

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Exercise: Factor completely.

(𝑥 + 2𝑥 ) − 2(𝑥 + 2𝑥 ) − 3

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Special forms:

𝐴 −𝐵 =

𝐴 +𝐵 =

𝐴 −𝐵 =

Exercise: Factor completely.

1) 𝑥 − 16

2) 𝑥 − 16

3) 8𝑥 − 18𝑥

4) 8𝑥 + 27

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Exercise: Factor completely.

1) (2𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 3𝑦)

2) (x − 2𝑦) + 27

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Review Exercise: Factor completely.

1) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 6) − 3(𝑥 + 6)

2) x − 5𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 45

Factoring with negative/rational exponents

Review Exercise: Factor.

9𝑥 − 12𝑥

Exercise: Factor.
⁄ ⁄
9𝑥 − 12𝑥

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Exercise: Factor completely.

1) 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 2𝑥

⁄ ⁄ ⁄
2) 𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 6𝑥

Exercise: Factor completely.

⁄ ⁄
𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 6) + (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 6)

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Unit 1 - IV: Solving Equations

Exercise: Which of the following is a solution to the given equation?

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 7

1) x = 4 2) x = 12

Definition: To solve an equation means to find all of its solutions.

Linear vs. Quadratic Equations

Often we will be solving linear and quadratic equations. Other equations
you will see in this class will eventually reduce to these two types of
equations. Note that linear and quadratic equations require different
steps in order to solve them.
Exercise: Solve.

3𝑥 + 5 = 12

Exercise: Solve for x.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑐

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Exercise: Solve.

2 3 1 21 Question: What kind of equation is this

⎯⎯𝑥 − ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ and what steps are taken to solve this?
3 4 6 4

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Exercise: Solve.

(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 9) = 0 Question: Is this equation linear

or quadratic?

Exercise: Solve by factoring.

Zero-Product Property
3𝑥 + 14𝑥 = 5 𝐴𝐵 = 0 ⇔ 𝐴 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 0

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Exercise: Solve the following by applying the square root method.

1) 𝑥 = 4

2) 𝑥 = −4

Exercise: Solve by square root method.

(2𝑥 − 1) = 24

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Consider the problem of solving 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 1 = 0.

• Can we solve by factoring?

• Does the square root method apply?

When factoring does not apply, we could solve by completing the square.

Idea behind solving by completing the square:

Perfect square trinomials: (𝐴 + 𝐵) =

We can re-write as (𝑥 + 𝑏) =

Exercise: Complete the square.

1) 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + ____ = ( )

2) 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + ____ = ( )

3) 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + ____ = ( )

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Exercise: Solve by completing the square.

3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

Exercise: Prove the quadratic formula.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

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⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
±√
Quadratic Formula: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Exercise: Solve 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0.
1) Find the exact solution.

2) Find approximation. Round to two decimal places.

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Exercise: The surface area of a cylinder can with no top is given by

𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ where h is the height and r is the radius.
1) Solve for h.

2) Solve for r.

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Roots vs. Powers

The square root method allows us in the correct circumstances to use the
square root to eliminate square powers. What if an equation has a square
root? What about other roots and powers?

Exercise: Solve the following.

1) √⎯⎯
𝑥=4
Questions:
Previously, what was the issue in
squaring both sides of an equation?

2) √⎯⎯
𝑥 = −4

What is the issue of squaring both

sides of an equation?
3) 𝑥 = 8

Is there any issues when taking a

4) 𝑥 = −8 cube root or cube power to both sides
of an equation?

5) √⎯⎯
𝑥=8

6) √⎯⎯
𝑥 = −8

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Exercise: Solve.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1 + 7 = 𝑥

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Exercise: Solve.
1) (2𝑥 + 1) = 16

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2) √2𝑥 + 1 = 16

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Absolute Value Equations

Exercise: Solve.
1) |2𝑥 − 3| + 3 = 10

2) |2𝑥 − 3| + 9 = 2

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Quadratic Forms
Many equations can be difficult to solve! However, we do know how to solve
quadratic equations. In this section will learn how recognize a quadratic form
and hence use are knowledge of solving quadratics to find a solution.

Exercise: Solve.
⁄ /
𝑥 − 2𝑥 −8=0

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Exercise: Solve.

(𝑥 − 6𝑥 ) − 2(𝑥 − 6𝑥 ) − 35 = 0

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Unit 1 - V: Modeling with Equations

Mathematical modeling is the process of finding an equation that

describes a real-world situation.

For a real-world application, you will be required to do the following.

• Labeling the unknown(s).
• Find an equation that models the situation.
• Solving the equation.
• Stating the solution to the problem.
Exercise: A rectangle, with perimeter of 54 inches, has a length that is 3
inches more than the width. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.

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Exercise: Ricardo plans to have a 10 feet by 15 feet garden surrounded

by gravel along the perimeter. What should be the uniform width of the
gravel if he has 84 square feet of it?

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Question: Given a distance D, rate R, and time t, what is the equation for
motion.

In these next two problems we will work on the set-up only!

Exercise: (Set-up only)

Alana makes a road trip to visit Grandma who lives in Santa Barbara 110 miles
away. For the first 1.25 hours, she maintains a constant speed, but then increases
her speed by 10 mph for the last 0.5 hours. What speeds did she travel?

a) Label b) Equation

Exercise: (Set-up only)

Trey makes a 3.5 hour road trip to go visit a friend. He maintains a
constant speed for the first 150 miles, but in order to avoid tickets for the
second part, he decreases his speed by 10 mph for the remaining 97.5
miles. Find his speeds?

Label b) Equation

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Unit 1 - VI: Inequalities

Warm-up Exercise: Solve (Linear Inequalities)

1) 3𝑥 < 12 When do we need to

change the direction of the
inequality?

2) −3𝑥 < 12

3) 𝑥 + 3 < 12

4) 𝑥 − 3 < 12

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Exercise: Solve the following in two ways.

1) Isolate variable on the left side of inequality
−6𝑥 + 12 > 4𝑥 − 8

2) Isolate variable on the right side of inequality

−6𝑥 + 12 > 4𝑥 − 8

Question: Did 1) and 2) above result in equivalent solution?

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Exercise: Solve. Graph and write answer in interval notation.

3 < 2𝑥 + 5 ≤ 13 This is an example of a

compound inequality.

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Absolute Value Inequalities

Exercise: Solve. Graph and write answer in interval notation.
1) |2𝑥 − 3| + 3 ≤ 10

2) |2𝑥 − 3| + 3 ≥ 10

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Nonlinear Inequalities
Exercise: Grade this!

Problem: Solve (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5) > 0

Students solution

𝑥 + 3 > 0 and 𝑥 − 5 > 0

𝑥 > −3 and 𝑥 > 5

Exercise: Solve. Write answer in interval notation.

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 5) > 0

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Exercise: Solve. Write answer in interval notation.

𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 30 ≤ 0

Exercise: Solve. Write answer in interval notation.

𝑥 − 25
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯≤ 0
𝑥−1

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Exercise: Solve. Write answer in interval notation.

36𝑥 − 𝑥 > 𝑂

Exercise: Solve. Write answer in interval notation.

−5(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 5) > 0

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Exercise: Solve. Graph and write answer in interval notation.

3 2 Question: Why not clear the fractions

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯≤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥−3 𝑥+2 like we often do with equations?

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Unit 1 - VII: Graphs in the Cartesian Plane and Circles

Example: The equations and inequalities up to this point in Unit 1 have

focused mainly on a single variable. However, many applications use two
or more variables.

(Covid-19 Kern county data)

https://usafacts.org/visualizations/coronavirus-covid-19-spread-map/state/california/county/kern-county

(11/10/2022 9:08PM)

Questions:
1) What do the axes in the above graph represent?

2) What was so concerning in February 2024?

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Intercepts
In this class will be graphing 2-variable equations. One of the tools we utilize
is finding the intercepts.

Exercise: Use the equation and its graph to find the following.

1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 5)
10

1) From the graph, identify the intercepts.

2) From the equation, find the intercepts.

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Symmetry
In this section we will study 3 types of symmetry.

Exercise: Complete the graph so that it

has x-axis symmetry.

If the point (x, y) is on a curve with x-axis

symmetry, then the curve also contains the
point __________.

Test for x-axis symmetry: See if you get

equivalent equation when replacing
_____ with _____.

Exercise: Complete the graph so that it has

y-axis symmetry.

If the point (x, y) is on a curve with y-axis

symmetry, then the curve also contains the
point __________.

Test for y-axis symmetry: See if you get

equivalent equation when replacing
_____ with _____.

Exercise: Complete the graph so that it has

origin symmetry.

If the point (x, y) is on a curve with origin

symmetry, then the curve also contains the
point __________.

Test for origin symmetry: See if you get

equivalent equation when replacing
_____ with _____ and _____ with _____.

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Exercise: Algebraically test for y-axis, x-axis, & origin symmetry.

1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1

𝑥
2) 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1

3) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

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Exercise: Given |𝑥 | + |𝑦| = 4.

1) Show this equation has the following symmetries: y-axis, x-axis,
and origin

2) Graph.

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Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Recall: Pythagorean Theorem

𝑐 =

Exercise: Find x.

The distance formula comes from Pythagorean Theorem.

(𝑥 , 𝑦 )
d

(𝑥 , 𝑦 )

Distance between (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) and (𝑥 , 𝑦 ).

𝑑=

Midpoint =

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Circles
The set of points (x, y) that are a distance r from a fixed point (h, k) defines a
circle.

Standard Equation of a circle

Exercise: Graph.

(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 3) = 36

(𝑥 − 2) +(𝑦 + 3) = 16

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Exercise: Identify the center and radius of the following circles.

1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16

2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 2 = 0

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