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What Is SQL?: Data Definition Language (DDL)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used for managing and querying databases, commonly in relational database management systems like MySQL and PostgreSQL. It includes various components such as Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Query Language (DQL), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction Control Language (TCL), each serving specific functions for database management. SQL is user-friendly, efficient with large data sets, and integrates well with programming languages.

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5 views3 pages

What Is SQL?: Data Definition Language (DDL)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used for managing and querying databases, commonly in relational database management systems like MySQL and PostgreSQL. It includes various components such as Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Query Language (DQL), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction Control Language (TCL), each serving specific functions for database management. SQL is user-friendly, efficient with large data sets, and integrates well with programming languages.

Uploaded by

sujaysrinivasan.2632
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sure!

Here’s a comprehensive overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), a standard


programming language for managing and querying databases:

What is SQL?

●​ SQL is used to communicate with databases, enabling users to create, retrieve, update,
and delete data.
●​ It is commonly used in relational database management systems (RDBMS) like MySQL,
PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and Oracle.

Key Features

1.​ Data Definition Language (DDL):​

○​ Defines the structure of a database.


○​ Commands include:
■​ CREATE: Creates tables, databases, or other objects.
■​ ALTER: Modifies existing database objects.
■​ DROP: Deletes database objects.

Example:​
CREATE TABLE students (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
age INT
);

○​
2.​ Data Manipulation Language (DML):​

○​ Manipulates data within tables.


○​ Commands include:
■​ INSERT: Adds new data.
■​ UPDATE: Modifies existing data.
■​ DELETE: Removes data.

Example:​
INSERT INTO students (id, name, age)
VALUES (1, 'Alice', 21);
○​
3.​ Data Query Language (DQL):​

○​ Retrieves data from databases.


○​ Main command: SELECT.

Example:​
SELECT name, age
FROM students
WHERE age > 20;

○​
4.​ Data Control Language (DCL):​

○​ Manages permissions and access control.


○​ Commands include:
■​ GRANT: Gives permissions.
■​ REVOKE: Removes permissions.

Example:​
GRANT SELECT ON students TO user1;

○​
5.​ Transaction Control Language (TCL):​

○​ Manages database transactions.


○​ Commands include:
■​ COMMIT: Saves changes.
■​ ROLLBACK: Reverts changes.
■​ SAVEPOINT: Sets a point within a transaction.

Example:​
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
UPDATE students SET age = 22 WHERE id = 1;
ROLLBACK;

○​

SQL Clauses

●​ WHERE: Filters data based on conditions.


●​ GROUP BY: Groups data for aggregation.
●​ ORDER BY: Sorts data in ascending or descending order.
●​ HAVING: Filters aggregated data.

Example:​
SELECT age, COUNT(*)
FROM students
GROUP BY age
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

●​

Functions in SQL

●​ Aggregate Functions: Perform calculations on data (e.g., SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX).
●​ String Functions: Work with text (e.g., CONCAT, UPPER, LOWER).
●​ Date Functions: Manipulate dates (e.g., NOW, DATEDIFF).

Example:​
SELECT AVG(age) FROM students;

●​

Advantages of SQL

●​ Easy to learn and use.


●​ Handles large amounts of data efficiently.
●​ Allows integration with programming languages for dynamic applications.

Would you like to explore any specific concept in SQL or dive into advanced topics like joins,
normalization, or indexing? Let me know!

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