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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Microprocessor Model Answer Subject Code: 22415
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with
model answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M
a) Draw the labeled format of 8086 flag register 2M

Ans Correct
diagram: 2 M

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b) State any two difference between TEST and AND instructions. 2M
Ans 1 M for each
point of
TEST AND comparison

This instruction logically ANDs the This instruction logically ANDs the
source with the destination but the result source with the destination and stores the
is not stored anywhere. result in destination.
.

e. g .TEST BL ,CL e.g. AND BL , CL

The result is not saved anywhere. The result is saved in BL register

c) State the function of editor and assembler. 2M

Ans Editor: The editor is a program which allows the user to enter and modify as well as 1 M for each
store a group of instructions or text under a file name. function
Assembler: The assembler is used to convert assembly language written by a user or a
program into a machine recognizable format.

d) Write any two difference between NEAR and FAR procedure. 2M

Ans 1 M for each

point of
comparison

e) Write an ALP to add two 8 bit numbers. 2M

Ans .model small Correct

.data

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a db 06h program: 2 M
b db 12h
ends
.code
start:
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
mov al,a
mov bl,b
add al,bl
int 3
ends
end start

f) Define immediate addressing mode with suitable example 2M

Ans An instruction in which 8 bit or 16 bit operand (data) is specified in instruction itself then Definition :1M
the addressing mode of such instruction is called as immediate addressing mode.
Example:1M
Eg.
MOV AX,7120H

g) State the use of DAA instruction in BCD addition. 2M

Ans The DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition) instruction makes the result in Packed BCD Explanation: 2
from after BCD addition is performed. It works only on AL register. M

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe the directives used to define the procedure with suitable example 4M
Ans Directives used for procedure: PROC directive: The PROC directive is used to identify Description: 2
the start of a procedure. The PROC directive follows a name given to the procedure. M
After that the term FAR and NEAR is used to specify the type of the procedure.
Example: 2 M
ENDP Directive: This directive is used along with the name of the procedure to indicate
the end of a procedure to the assembler. The PROC and ENDP directive are used in
procedure.

Example:

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b) Write the function of following pins of 8086: 4M

(i)
(ii) ALE
(iii) READY
(iv) RESET
Ans Each pin
(i) : BHE stands for Bus High Enable. It is available at pin 34 and function 1 M
used to indicate the transfer of data using data bus D8-D15. This signal is
low during the first clock cycle, thereafter it is active.
(ii) ALE: ALE stands for address Latch Enable, as address and data bus are
multiplexed; ALE is used to lock either Address or Data.
(iii) READY: It is used as acknowledgement from slower I/O device or
memory. It is Active high signal, when high; it indicates that the peripheral
device is ready to transfer data.
(iv) RESET: This pin requires the microprocessor to terminate its present activity
immediately

c) Describe any four assembler directives with suitable example. 4M

Ans 1. DB – The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE type variable – A BYTE is Each assembler
made up of 8 bits. directive 1 M
Declaration examples:
Num1 DB 10h

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Num2 DB 37H
2. DW – The DW directive is used to declare a WORD type variable – A WORD
occupies 16 bits or (2 BYTE).
Declaration examples:
TEMP DW 1234h
3. DD – The DD directive is used to declare a double word which is made up of 32
bits =2 Word’s or 4 BYTE.
Declaration examples:
Dword1 DW 12345678h
4. EQU - This is used to declare symbols to which some constant value is assigned
each time the assembler finds the given names in the program, it will replace the
name with the value or a symbol. The value can be in the range 0 through
65535 and it can be another Equate declared anywhere above or below.

.Num EQU 100

5. SEGMENT: It is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. It is the
name given to the segment. Example: the code segment is used to indicate to
the assembler the start of logical segment.
6. PROC: (PROCEDURE) It is used to identify the start of a procedure. It follows a
name we give the procedure
After the procedure the term NEAR and FAR is used to specify the procedure
Example: SMART-DIVIDE PROC FAR identifies the start of procedure
named SMART-DIVIDE and tells the assembler that the procedure is far.

d) Describe DAS instruction with suitable example. 4M

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Ans DAS: Decimal Adjust after Subtraction: - This instruction converts the result of the Description 2
subtraction operation of 2 packed BCD numbers to a valid BCD number. The subtraction M
operation has to be only in the AL. If the lower nibble of AL is higher than the value 9,
this instruction will subtract 06 from the lower nibble of the AL. If the output of the Example 2 M
subtraction operation sets the carry flag or if the upper nibble is higher than value 9, it
subtracts 60H from the AL. This instruction modifies the CF, AF, PF, SF, and ZF flags.
The OF is not defined after DAS instruction. The instance is following:
Example:

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe memory segmentation in 8086 with suitable diagram. 4M

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Ans Diagram: 2 M
Explanation:
2M

Memory Segmentation: The memory in 8086 based system is organized as segmented

memory. 8086 can access 1Mbyte memory which is divided into number of logical
segments. Each segment is 64KB in size and addressed by one of the segment register.
The 4 segment register in BIU hold the 16-bit starting address of 4 segments. CS holds
program instruction code. Stack segment stores interrupt & subroutine address. Data
segment stores data for program. Extra segment is used for string data.

 The number of address lines in 8086 is 20, 8086 BIU will send 20bit address, so
as to access one of the 1MB memory locations.
 The four segment registers actually contain the upper 16 bits of the starting
addresses of the four memory segments of 64 KB each with which the 8086 is
working at that instant of time
 A segment is a logical unit of memory that may be up to 64 kilobytes. Starting
address will always be changing. It will not be fixed.
Note that the 8086 does not work the whole 1MB memory at any given time. However, it
works only with four 64KB segments within the whole 1MB memory.

b) Write an ALP to multiply two 16 bit signed numbers. 4M

Ans .model small Program Code:
4M
.data

A db 2222h
B db 1111h

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Ends
.code
Mov ax,@data
Mov ds,ax
Mov AX,a
Mov BX,b
IMul BX
Int 03h
Ends
End

c) Write an ALP to count odd numbers in the array of 10 numbers 4M

Ans . Model Small Program Code:
4M
.data

BLK DB 10h,40h,30h,60h
e db ?h
o db ?h
ends
.code
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
lea si, BLK
mov bl, 00h
mov bh, 00h
mov cl, 04h
up: mov al, [si]
ror al, 1
jc go
inc bl
jmp next
go: inc bh
next: inc si
dec cl
jnz up
mov e,bl
mov o,bh
int 3
ends
end
d) Write a MACRO to perform 32 bit by 16 bit division of unsigned 4M
numbers.
Ans .model small Program Code:
4M
Div1 macro no1,no2

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mov ax,no1

div no2

endm

.data

num1 dw 12346666h

num2 dw 2222h

.code

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

div1 num1,num2

ends

end

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe how 20 bit Physical address is generated in 8086 microprocessor 4M
with suitable example.

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Ans Formation of a physical address:- Segment registers carry 16 bit data, which is also Describition:
known as base address. BIU attaches 0 as LSB of the base address. So now this address 2M
becomes 20-bit address. Any base/pointer or index register carry 16 bit offset. Offset
address is added into 20-bit base address which finally forms 20 bit physical address of Example: 2 M
memory location.

Example
Assume DS= 2632H, SI=4567H

DS : 26320H............0 added by BIU(or Hardwired 0)

+ SI : 4567H

2A887H

b) Write an ALP to find largest number in the array. 4M

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Ans .model small Program Code:
4M
.data

Array db 02h,04h,06h,01h,05h

Ends

.code

Start: Mov ax,@data

Mov ds,ax

Mov cl,04h

Lea si,array

Mov al,[si]

Up : inc si

Cmp al,[si]

Jnc next

Mov al,[si]

Next : dec cl

Jnz up

Int 03h

Ends

End start

c) Write an ALP to count number of 0' in 8 bit number. 4M

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Ans .MODEL SMALL Program Code:
4M
.DATA
NUM DB 08H
ZEROS DB 00H
.CODE

START:

MOV AX,@DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV CX, 08H ; initialize rotation counter by 8

MOV BX, NUM ;load number in BX
UP: ROR BX, 1 ; rotate number by 1 bit right
JC DN ; if bit not equal to 1 then go to
DN INC ZEROS ; else increment ZEROS by one
DN: LOOP UP
;decrement rotation counter by 1 and if not zero then
go to up
MOV CX, ZEROS ;move result in cx register.

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

ENDS

END ; end of program.

d) Write an ALP to subtract two BCD number using procedure. 4M

Ans .model small Program Code:
4M
.data

num1 db 13h

num2 db 12h

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ends

.code

start:

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

call sub1

sub1 proc near

mov al,num1

mov bl,num2

sub al,bl

das

sub1 endp

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

ends

end start

end

e) Describe re-entrant and recursive procedure with suitable diagram. 4M

Ans 1)Recursive procedure: Recursive
procedure: 2 M
A recursive procedure is procedure which calls itself. This results in the procedure call
to be generated from within the procedures again and again. Re-entrant
procedures:
The recursive procedures keep on executing until the termination condition is reached. 2M

The recursive procedures are very effective to use and to implement but they take a large
amount of stack space and the linking of the procedure within the procedure takes more
time as well as puts extra load on the processor.

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2) Re-entrant procedures:

In some situation it may happen that Procedure 1 is called from main program
Procrdure2 is called from procedure1And procedure1 is again called from procdure2. In
this situation program execution flow re enters in the procedure1. These types of
procedures are called re-entrant procedures.

A procedure is said to be re-entrant, if it can be interrupted, used and re-entered without

losing or writing over anything.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) (a) Calculate the physical address if: 6M
(i) CS 1200H and IP = DE00OH
(ii) SS = FFOOH and SP = 0123H
(iii) DS 1IFOOH and BX= IA00H for MOV AX, [BX]
Ans Physical address = segment address x 10H + offset address Each correct
answer 2 M
(i) Physical address = CS X 10H + IP
= 1200H X 10H + DE00H
= 12000H + DE00H

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= 1FE00H
(ii) Physical address = SS X 10H + SP
= FF00H X 10H + 0123H

= FF000H + 0123H

= FF123H

(iii) Physical address = DS X 10H + BX

= 1F00H X 10H + 1A00H
= 1F000H + 1A00H
= 20A00H

b) Describe how an assembly language program is developed and debugging 6M

using program developments tools.
Ans Assembly language development tools: Each
development
EDITOR: tool 1.5 M
It is a program which helps to construct assembly language program with a file
extension .asm, in right format so that the assembler will translate it to machine
language. It enables one to create, edit, save, copy and make modification in source file.

Assembler:

Assembler is a program that translates assembly language program to the correct binary
code. It also generates the file called as object file with extension .obj. It also displays
syntax errors in the program, if any.

Linker:

It is a programming tool used to convert Object code (.OBJ) into executable (.EXE)
program. It combines, if requested, more than one separated assembled modules into one
executable module such as two or more assembly programs or an assembly language
with C program.

Debugger:

Debugger is a program that allows the execution of program in single step mode under
the control
of the user. The errors in program can be located and corrected using a debugger.
Debugger generates .exe file.

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c) State the addressing mode of following instructions: 6M

(i) MOV AX, 3456H

(ii) ADD BX, [2000H]

(iii) DAA
(iv) MOV AX, [Si]
(v) MOV AX, BX
(vi) SUB AX, [BX +SI +80H]

Ans (i) MOV AX , 3456H---------IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING MODE

(ii) ADD BX , [2000H]---------DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE
Each correct
(iii) DAA----------------------IMPLIED ADDRESSING MODE
answer 1 M
(iv) MOV AX , [SI]----------INDEXED ADDRESSING MODE
(v) MOV AX , BX----------REGISTER ADDRESSING MODE
(vi) SUB AX , [BX+SI+80H]-------BASE RELATIVE INDEX
ADDRESSING MODE

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Describe how string instructions are used to compare two strings with suitable 6M
example.

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Ans CMPS /CMPSB/CMPSW: Compare string byte or Words.

Syntax: Explanation of
CMPS destination, source string compare
instruction 4 M
CMPSB destination, source
CMPSW destination, source And
Operation: Flags affected < DS:[SI]- ES:[DI]
Example 2 M
It compares a byte or word in one string with a byte or word in another string. SI holds
the offset of source and DI holds offset of destination strings. CX contains counter and
DF=0 or 1 to auto increment or auto decrement pointer after comparing one
byte/word. e.g.

b) Write an instructión to perform following operations: 6M

(i) Multiply BL by 88H
(ii) Signed division of AL by BL
Example
(iii) Move 4000H toExplanation
DS register
CMPS
(iv) m8, m8 Compares byte attoaddress
Rotate content of AX register DS: SI with byte at address ES: DI
left 4 times.
(v) andofsets
Shift the content BXthe status to
register flags accordingly.
right 3 times.
CMPS
(vi) m16, m16 Compares
Load SS with FF0OH. word at address DS:SI with word at address ES:DI
and sets the status flags accordingly.
CMPSB Compares byte at address DS:SI with byte at address ES:DI
accordingly.
CMPSW Compares word at address DS:SI with word at address ES:DI
and sets the status flags accordingly.

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Ans (1) Multiply BL by 88h
MOV AL, 88H Each correct
answer 1 M
MUL BL

(2) Signed division of AL by BL

IDIV BL

(3) Move 4000H to DS register

MOV DS, 4000H

(4) Rotate content of AX register to left 4 times

MOV CL,04

ROL AX, CL

(5) Shift the content of BX register to right 3 times

MOV CL,03H

SHR BX, CL

(6) Load SS with FF00H

MOV AX, FF00H

MOV SS, AX

c) Write an ALP to concatenate two strings. 6M

Ans DATA SEGMENT Correct
STR1 DB "hello$" program 6 M
STR2 DB "world$"
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS:DATA
MOV AX,@ DATA
MOV DS, AX

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MOV SI, OFFSET STR1
NEXT: MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL,’$’
JE EXIT
INC SI
JMP NEXT
EXIT: MOV DI, OFFSET STR2
UP: MOV AL, [DI]
CMP AL, "$"
JE EXIT1
MOV [SI], AL
INC SI
INC DI
JMP UP
EXIT1: MOV AL,’$’
MOV [SI], AL
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

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