Class 11 Mathematics Notes 2024 25 Chapter 14 Probability
Class 11 Mathematics Notes 2024 25 Chapter 14 Probability
Resource Material
For Session 2024-25
Best Notes
CBSE CLASS 11 MATHS
PROBABILITY
Key Concepts
1. The theory of probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with uncertain
or unpredictableevents. Probability is a concept which gives a numerical
measurement for the likelihood of the occurrence of an event.
4. The sample space S of an experiment is the set of all its outcomes. Thus, each outcome
is also calledthe sample point of the experiment.
8. A sample space is a set consisting of all the outcomes, its cardinality is given by n(S).
10.The empty set and sample space S describe events. In fact, is called an impossible
event and S, i.e. the whole sample space, is called a sure event.
11. Whenever an outcome satisfies the conditions given in the event, we say that the event
hasoccurred.
12. If an event E has only one sample point of a sample space, then it is called a simple (or
elementary)event. In the experiment of tossing a coin, the sample space is {H, T}, and the
event of getting a {H} or a {T} is a simple event.
13. A subset of the sample space which has more than one element is called a compound
event. Whena dice is thrown, the event of appearing of odd numbers is a compound
event because E = {1, 3, 5} has ‘3’ sample points or elements in it.
(1)
PROBABILITY
16
14. Events are said to be equally likely if we have no reason to believe that one event is
more likely tooccur than the other. The outcomes of an unbiased coin are equally
likely.
16.Certain event (sure event): If a random experiment occurs always, then the
correspondingevent is called a certain event.
17.Impossible event: If a random experiment never occurs, then the corresponding event
iscalled an impossible event.
18.Mutually exclusive event: In a random experiment, if the occurrence of any one of the
event prevents the occurrence of all other events, then the corresponding events are
said tobe mutually exclusive.
19.Exhaustive event: In a random experiment, if the union of two or more events is the
sample space, then the associated events are said to be exhaustive events.
20.Probability of an event E is the ratio of happening of the number of elements in the event
to thenumber of elements in the sample space.
22.The complement of an event A is the set of all outcomes which are not in A (or not
favourable to A).It is denoted by A’.
23.Events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if and only if they have no elements
in common.
(2)
PROBABILITY
16
24. When every possible outcome of an experiment is considered, the events are called
exhaustive events.
25. Events E1, E2,..., En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive if E1 E2 …. En = S and Ei ∩
Ej = φ, for every distinct pair of events.
26. When the sets A and B are two events associated with a sample space, ‘A B’ is the
event ‘either Aor B or both’.
27. If A and B are events, then the event ‘A and B’ is defined as the set of all the outcomes
(3)
PROBABILITY
16
which are favourable to both A and B, i.e. ‘A and B’ is the event A ∩ B. This is represented
diagrammatically as follows
28. If A and B are events, then the event ‘A − B’ is defined to be the set of all outcomes
which arefavourable to A but not to B. A − B = A ∩ B’ = { x: x A and x B}
30. Let S be the sample space of a random experiment. The probability P is a real valued
function withdomain the power set of S and range the interval [0, 1] satisfying the
axioms that
31. Addition theorem of probability: If ‘A’ and ‘B’ be any two events, then the probability of
the occurrenceof at least one of the events ‘A’ and ‘B’ is given by
(4)
PROBABILITY
16
32. Addition theorem for 3 events: If A, B and C are three events associated with a random
experiment,then
33. If ‘E’ is any event and E’ is the complement of event ‘E’, then P(E’) = 1 − P(E)
36. If A and B are two events, then the probability of occurrence of A only is
37. If A and B are two events, then the probability of occurrence of B only is
38. If A and B are two events, then the probability of occurrence of exactly one of A and B is
39. If A and B are two events associated to a random experiment such that A ⊂ B, then
40. If A and B are two events, then P(A ∩ B) ≤ P(A) ≤ P(A ∪ B) ≤ P(A) + P(B).
(5)
PROBABILITY
16
(6)
PROBABILITY
16
Important Questions
(7)
PROBABILITY
16
(d) 1/7
Question 6. Let A and B are two mutually exclusive events and if P(A) = 0.5 and P(B )̅
=0.6 then P(AUB) is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 0.6
(d) 0.9
Question 7. Seven white balls and three black balls are randomly placed in a row.
The probability that no two black balls are placed adjacently equals
(a) 1/2
(b) 7/15
(c) 2/15
(d) 1/3
Question 8. The events A, B, C are mutually exclusive events such that P (A) = (3x +
1)/3, P (B) = (x – 1)/4 and P (C) = (1 – 2x)/4. The set of possible values of x are in the
interval
(a) [1/3, 1/2]
(b) [1/3, 2/3]
(c) [1/3, 13/3]
(d) [0, 1]
Question 9. A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. The probability that none of the balls drawn is blue is
(a) 10/21
(b) 11/21
(c) 2/7
(d) 5/7
Question 10. If 4-digit numbers greater than 5000 are randomly formed from the
digits 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7, then the probability of forming a number divisible by 5 when
the digits are repeated is
(a) 1/5
(b) 2/5
(c) 3/5
(8)
PROBABILITY
16
(d) 4/5
Very Short Questions:
1. Three coins are tossed simultaneously list the sample space for the event.
2. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the prob. of getting doublet.
3. 20 cards are numbered from 1 to 20. One card is then drawn at random. What is the
prob. of a prime no.
3
4. If is the prob. that an event will happen, what is the prob. that it will not happen?
10
5. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events such that
1
P (A) = and
2
1
P (B) = find P (A or B)
3
1 1 𝟏
6. If E and F are events such that P(E) = P(F) = and P(E and F) = find P(not E and
4 2 𝟖
not F)
7. A letter is chosen at random from the word ‘ASSASSINATION’. Find the prob. that letter
is a consonant.
8. There are four men and six women on the city council. If one council member is
selected for a committee at random, how likely is it that at it is a woman?
9. 4 cards are drawn from a well snuffled deck of 52 cards what is the prob. of obtaining 3
diamonds and one spade.
10.Describe the sample space. A coin is tossed and a die is thrown.
Short Questions:
1. A coin is tossed three times consider the following event A : No head appears, B :
Exactly one head appears and C : At least two heads appears do they form a set of
mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
2. A and B are events such that P (A) = 0.42, P (B) = 0.48, and P (A and B) = 0.16 determine
(i) P (not A) (ii) P (not B) (iii) P (A or B)
3. Find the prob. that when a hand of 7 cards is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52
cards, it contains (i) all king (ii) 3 kings (iii) at least 3 kings
4. From a group of 2 boys and 3 girls, two children are selected at random. Describes the
sample space associated with
(i) E1 : both the selected children are boys
(ii) E2 : at least one selected child is a boy
(9)
PROBABILITY
16
(10)
PROBABILITY
16
(11)
PROBABILITY
16
Answer Key:
MCQ:
1. (d) P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B)
2. (b) 3/11
3. (d) 1/6
4. (c) 247/256
5. (d) 1/7
6. (d) 0.9
7. (b) 7/15
8. (a) [1/3, 1/2]
9. (a) 10/21
10.(b) 2/5
Very Short Answer:
1. S = HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, TTH, THT, TTT.
2. n = (s) = 36 S be the sample space
let E be the event of getting doublet
(12)
PROBABILITY
16
5.
6.
7
7. P (consonant) =
13
6 3
8. P (a woman member is selected) = =
10 5
9.
10.{H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6}
Short Answer:
1. Observations are 2, 7, 4, 6, 8 and p which are 6 in numbers n = 6
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
A = {TTT}, B = {HTT, THT, TTH}, C = {HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}
(13)
PROBABILITY
16
3.
4.
5.
(14)
PROBABILITY
16
Long Answer:
1. Let the tree letters be denoted by A1 A2 and A3 and three envelopes by E1 E2 and E3.
Total No. of ways to putting the letter into three envelopes is 3P3 = 6
No. of ways in which none of the letters is put into proper envelope = 2
Req. prob.
P (at least one letters is put into proper envelope) =1- P (none letters is put into proper
envelopes)
2
=1−
6
2
=
3
2. (i)
Thousand H T U
5,7
For a digit greatest then 5000 Thousand Place filled in 2 ways and remaining three place
be filled in 5 ways
No. 40. can be formed = 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 - 1 = 249
ATQ
Thousand H T U
5,7 0,5
If no. is divisible by 5
Unit place filled in 2 ways and thousand place also by 2 ways (5, 7)
No. formed =2 × 5 × 5 × 2 - 1 = 99
99
Req. prob.
249
(ii) Digit not repeated
Thousand H T U
5,7
Thousand place filled in 2 ways
4 digit no. greater than 5 thousand = 2 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 48
Thousand H T U
5 0
(15)
PROBABILITY
16
7 5,0
Favorable case = 1 × 3 × 2 × 2 + 1 × 3 × 2 × 1
7 at thousand place 5 at thousand places
= 12 + 6 = 18
18 3
Req. prob. = =
48 8
3. Let S be the sample space
S = {1,2,3,4,5,…………20}
Let E1, E2 and E3, E4 are the event of getting prime no., an odd no, multiple of 5 and not
divisible by 3 respectively
(16)
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