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SLG 15.3 Probability, Part I - Mutually Exclusive and Complementary Events

This learning guide focuses on mutually exclusive and complementary events in probability. Students will learn to define these concepts and calculate probabilities related to them. The guide includes examples and exercises to reinforce understanding of the material.

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27 views4 pages

SLG 15.3 Probability, Part I - Mutually Exclusive and Complementary Events

This learning guide focuses on mutually exclusive and complementary events in probability. Students will learn to define these concepts and calculate probabilities related to them. The guide includes examples and exercises to reinforce understanding of the material.

Uploaded by

redox francisco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subject Code STATISTICS 1 Introduction to Statistics

Module Code 15.0 Probability, Part 1


Lesson Code 15.3 Mutually exclusive and complementary events
Time Frame 30 minutes

TARGET
By the end of this learning guide, the students should be able to:
1. define mutually exclusive and complementary events; and
2. find probabilities of complementary events.

HOOK

In the previous learning guide, we defined what an event is. If, for example, you are asked what is the
probability that when a fair 6-sided die is tossed, an even number and a 1 come up at the same time?
Of course, we know that 1 is not an even number, thus these two happening at the same time is
impossible, so the probability that they happen at the same time is zero. That is an example of a pair
of mutually exclusive events. In this learning guide, you will know when two or more events are
called mutually exclusive and the concept of complementary events.

IGNITE

Before we discuss the concept of mutually exclusive events, let us first understand the difference
between ‘inclusive or’ and ‘exclusive or’.

INCLUSIVE OR

When

Example: “For example, if you were asked to find the probability of selecting a queen or a heart
when one card is selected from a deck, you would be looking for one the 4 queens or one of the 13
hearts. In this case, the queen of hearts would be included in both cases and counted twice. So there
would be 4 + 13 – 1 = 16 possibilities.” (Bluman, 2014)

EXCLUSIVE OR

Example: Let us consider the scholarship categorization where there are 35 Full, 16 Partial 1, 19
Partial 2, and 20 Partial 3. You were asked to determine the probability of choosing a Full or Partial 1
scholar. So, in this situation you have 35 + 16 = 51 possibilities.

Example: Let A = {weekdays} and B = {weekends}. Determine the probability of choosing a


weekday or a weekend. There are 5 + 2 = 7 possibilities.

Statistics 1 | Page 1 of 4
In these examples, both events cannot happen at the same time.

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS

As defined by Bluman (2014), “two events are mutually exclusive events or disjoint events if they
cannot occur at the same time (i.e. they have no common outcomes).”

Example: A = {choosing a Pisay scholar}


B = {choosing a Partial 2 scholar}
The events are not mutually exclusive since we can choose a Pisay scholar who is a Partial 2 scholar
at the same time.

Example: C = {choosing a vowel in the English alphabet}


D = {choosing a consonant in the English alphabet}
The events are mutually exclusive since we cannot choose a letter that is both a vowel and a
consonant in the English alphabet.

Example: Find the probability of the following when a card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards.
a. a 7 or a jack
b. a 9 or a diamond

Solution:
𝑛(7)+𝑛(𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘) 4+4 8 2
a. 𝑃(𝑎 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘) = 𝑛(𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
= 52
= 52 𝑜𝑟 13

The events are mutually exclusive.

𝑛(7)+𝑛(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑)−𝑛(9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑)


b. 𝑃(𝑎 9 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) =
𝑛(𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
4 + 13 − 1 16 4
= = 𝑜𝑟
52 52 13

The events are not mutually exclusive.

Remember: You will use the concept of mutually exclusive events in the next learning guides.

COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS

The concept of complementary events is just like the concept of complement of a given set in
Algebra.

“The complement of an event E is the set of outcomes in the sample space that are not included in
the outcomes of event E. The complement of E is denoted by 𝐸̅ (read as “E bar”).” (Bluman, 2014)
Some authors denote the complement with 𝐸′ or 𝐸 𝑐 .

Example: A = {choosing a scholar who has a type “O” blood} then,


𝐴̅ = {not choosing a scholar who has a type “O” blood} or {choosing a scholar who

Statistics 1 | Page 2 of 4
has a type “A” or “B” or “AB” blood}

Example: B = {choosing a weekday}


𝐵̅ = {not choosing a weekday} or {choosing a weekend} = {Saturday, Sunday}

Formula:
𝑃(𝐸̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸)

Where:
𝑃(𝐸̅ ) is the probability of the complement of event E
𝑃(𝐸) is the probability of event E

It follows therefore that: 𝑃(𝐸) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) or 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) + 𝑃(𝐸) = 1.

Example: A scholar’s cabinet contains 5 black, 2 white, and 3 khaki pants. The scholar gets a pant at
random. Find the probability of not getting a black pant.

Solution:
5 1
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 1 − =
10 2
or
2+3 1
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 𝑃(𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑘ℎ𝑎𝑘𝑖 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡) = =
10 2

Example: Given: A = {counting numbers less than 100}. Select a number at random. Find the
probability of not selecting an even number.

Solution:
49 50
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) = 1 – 𝑃(𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) = 1 − =
99 99
or
50
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) = 𝑃(𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) =
99

Statistics 1 | Page 3 of 4
NAVIGATE

It’s your time to work on the exercises that follow in notebook/bond paper. Upload your answer in
your Moodle account by using the filename format 15.3ex_classcode. This is a graded exercise.

Exercises:

1. Write two events that are mutually exclusive.


2. Write two events that are not mutually exclusive.
3. A purse contains 20 one-peso coins, 10 five-peso coins, 5 20-peso bills, 3 500-peso bills,
and 2 1000-peso bills. Select money at random. What is the probability of not selecting a
1000-peso bill?
4. If a card is drawn from a deck, find the probability of getting these results: (Bluman,
2014)
a. A 6 and a spade
b. A black king
c. A red card and a 7
d. A diamond or a heart
e. A black card

KNOT

In summary, mutually exclusive events are events that have no common elements. For any event E,
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐸) = 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸).

References:
1. Albarico, J.M. (2013). THINK Framework. Based on Ramos, E.G. and Apolinario, N. (n.d.).
Science LINKS. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.
2. Bluman, A. (2014). Elementary Statistic A Step by Step Approach (9th Ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
3. Moore, D. et.al. (2017). Introduction to the Practice of Statistics (9th ed.). New York, W.H.
Freeman Company.
4. Walpole, R. et.al. (1998). Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists (6th Ed.).
New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Prepared by: Ronnie R. Calanno Reviewed by: Joseph S. Tabadero Jr.


Position: Special Science Teacher V Position: Special Science Teacher IV
Campus: Ilocos Region Campus: Cordillera Administrative Region

© 2020 Philippine Science High School System. All rights reserved. This document may contain proprietary information and may only be
released to third parties with approval of management. Document is uncontrolled unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are
not subject to update notification.

Statistics 1 | Page 4 of 4

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