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INTRODUCTION
TO THE INTERNET
Rheena Rafanan
 Liceria Tech

INTRODUCTION

The internet is a worldwide collection of

networks,gateways,servers and computers using
a common set of telecommunications protocols
to link them together.An intranet refers to a
private network that uses internet technologies
usually owned by the organizations using it and
regulated in use and content for distributing
pertinent information relating to the organization
of its industry to be used internally.an extranet is
a network for intranets.
 The internet is a system connecting millions of
computers around the world,which is also known as
the information super highway.
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Orginally called ARPANET after the advance research
projects of the US department of defense,this
1972,electronic network connects hosts together so

HISTORY OF
that one may go from one web page to another
efficiently.The electronic connection began as a
goverment experience in 1969 with four computers
connected together over the phone.By

INTERNET
1972,universities also had access to what then called
internet.
Its best-known feature,the world wide web,presents
rich content,including multimedia clips and even live
radio and video.You view this content on web pages
by using a web pages by using a web browser, such
as Microsoft Explorer.Typically the top-level page of a
web site is called Home Page,from which other pages
branch off. When you start Internet Explorer,the first
page you see is also called your home page.
 BRIEF TIMELINE ON THE
EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET
1972-The Internet started when RAND Corp.
Americas Foremost Cold War think tank issued
the paper "On Distributed
CommunicationNetworks". The paper proposed
solutions to an obvious problem of electronic
communications after the nuclear war.
1972-The Internetworking Group (INWG) was
created to address the need for establishing
agreed upon protocols. The NCP (Network
Control Protocol), ARPANET's original standards
for communication was superseded by TCIP/IP
(Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
 BRIEF TIMELINE ON THE
EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET
1983-The military ceased control of the ARPANET when its
military segment broke off and became MILNET (Military
Network).
1984-The National Science Foundation (NSF), with the aid of
NASA and the department of Energy established NSFNet with
5 super-computing centers to provide high computing for all.
1989-ARPANET expired.
1992-The Internet society was chartered; the World Wide Web
was released by CERN and the number of hosts breaks to 1
million.
1993-The Internic was created to provide directory and
database registration and information services; the US White
House went on-line, the Mosaic web browser for MS windows
was released; and commericialization of the internet started
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
ElectronicMail (e-mail)-is a fastanicelli (e-mail
communications. A person can send and receive
messages to and from one or more recipeficient way of
communiways, similar to the postal service. The main
difference is the speed in which incipiates mais in de
recipient would be able to receive his or her electronic
message in a matter of seconds.

Electronic Mail-The internet allows you to send and

receive e-mail over a computer network
This is one of the interactive services on the net and it's
for free.
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
Different Types of E-mail
1.)E-mail Program
ex. [email protected]
2.)Web-Based E-mail
ex. [email protected]
3.)Free Dial-Up E-mail
ex. [email protected]
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
Newsgroup s -or discussion groups are a world of their own. This world of news,
debate and argument is generally known as USENET (User-network). It is a public
access network that provides user news and e-mail. It is a giant, dispersed bulletin
board that is maintained by volunteers willing to provide news and mail feeds to
other nodes.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)- -Allow Internet users to access remote machines and
retrieve programs or text. Many Internet comput- ers allow any person to access
them anonymously and simply copy their public files, free of charge. FTP is the
protocol used for connecting to remote computer as an anonymous or guest user,
in order to transfer files back to the computer.
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
ARCHIE (Archive Listing Service) -A system that allows you to rapidly locate
various public domain programs stored on hundreds of sites across the net. To be
able to locate files located in various sites across the internet, a service called
Archie is available.

WWW (World Wide Web) -Describes a cross-platform, interactive network of

Internet sites that offer interconnected document access. Also known as the WWW
or simply the web, the WWW support as variety of data formats. The web was
initially developed to allow researchers to access documents of similar subjects.
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
The World Wide Web (WWW) -merges the technique of information retrieval and
hypertext to make an easy but powerful global informaion system. Almost
becoming synonymous to the Internet. It consists of linked documents which
makes searching for additional information faster.

Chat -A virtual community where people from all over the world can communicate
on-line by exchanging text data at almost real-time. Common examples of
downloadable software for chat are MIRC and ICQ.
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
Examples of Chat Software:
a. Messenger
1. Yahoo Messenger
2. ICQ
3. AOL Messenger
4. Windows Messenger
b. Third party downloadable software
1. MIRC
2. PIRCH
c. On-line Chat Website
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
Gopher-Provides a distributed delivery system around which a campus-wide
information system can readily be contstructed. It facilitates access to other
gopher and information server throughout the world.

Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives (VERONICA)-

A service that maintains an index file of gopher items and provides keyword
searches of those fides. The result of veronica is a set of gopher data llems which is
returned to the gopher
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
Wide Area Information Services (WAIS) -A networked information retrieval system
wherein client applications are able to retrieve text or multimedia documents
stored on the servers. Client applications request documents using keywords
Servers search a full text index for the documents containing the keyword.

TELNET -The terminal handler portion of the TCP/IP protocol suite, the comerstone
of this communications technology. It handles the remote login to another Internet
host.
INTERNET SERVICES AND TOOLS
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) -Offers standards for wireless network
transmissions and for scaling across various transport options and device type. It is
an open global specification that empowers mobile users with wireless devices to
easily access and interact with internet information and services instantly. It was
created and devel- oped by leaders in wireless communication industry which
includes Ericson, Nokia and Motorola.
 WEB BROWSER AND WEB SERVER
How the Web Browsers and Servers Work together
1. The user or client requests for a service using the
web browser. The browser then submits this request
to the media connected to the PC.

2. The request signal will then be passed to an ISP

(Internet Service Provider). The ISP will analyze the
signal and then locate the web server that will render
the request. If the web server is found, a session will
be established.
 WEB BROWSER AND WEB SERVER
How the Web Browsers and Servers Work together
3. The Web server receives the request signal and
retrieves pertinent documents or files involved in
processing the request.

4. The web server will then transmit html codes, with

the information requested, back to the ISP.

5. The user computer will receive a copy of the HTML

codes from the ISP. The browser program will then
interpret the html code and load the web page
requested.
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEB
BROWSER AND WEB SERVER
A web browser is an application that allows users to view documents within a
hypertext context. Web browsers allow text and graphics to be viewed and
formatted beside each other. The web supports transfer of files of many
different data types; some data types supported by the web includes text,
graphics and multimedia.A web server is a computer that responds to
requests from a web browsers. Servers transfer text files and corresponding
graphics and transfer this data to remote computers that are running web
browsers.
 HYPERTEXT AND HYPERLINKS,
HTTP AND BROWSER
An underlined text or an image that lets you jump from one
web page to another. Hypertext is a term Created by
visionary Ted Nelson to describe non-linear writing in which
you follow associative path created by wirid of textual
documents. The most common use of hypertext these days
is found in the links on world wide web pages.
 HYPERTEXT AND HYPERLINKS, HTTP AND BROWSER
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) -The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the set of
rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video and other multimedia files)
on the world wide web. Relative to the TCP/IP suite of protocols (which are the basis for
information exchange on the internet), HTTP is an application protocol.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) -Essential concepts that are part of HTTP include the
idea that files can contain references to other files whose selection will elicit additional
transfer requests. Any web server machine contains, in addition to the HTML and other files
t can serve, an HTTP daemon, a program that is designed to wait for HTTP requests and
handle them when they arrive. Your web browser is an HTTP client, sending requests by
either opening a web file or clicking on a hypertext link, the browser builds an HTTP request
and sends it to the Internet Protocol address indicated by the URL.

How does one find a web site ? -The Uniform Resource Locator or URL is the full address
used by a web browser to request information on the world wide web. The format of a URL
begins with the specific protocol, the domain name, the path to the requested information
and then the name of the file.
HYPERTEXT AND HYPERLINKS, HTTP AND BROWSER
Working with Browsers -A browser is a program
that you use to view the World Wide Web
(WWW). The WWW contain numerous web
pages that display the information you need in
an attractive format. The language that is used
to define the format of a web page is called
Hypertext Mark Up Language HTML. A browser is
needed to interpret the HTML files to a readable
format.The most commonly used browsers are:1)
Microsoft Internet Explorer 2)Netscape Navigator
Communicator
WHAT IS URL AND PARTS OF A BROWSER
What is URL URL is short for Universal Resource
Locator are web addresses to web sites on the
Internet. There are three parts in a URL:
1. The Protocol
2. The Domain name
3. The Resource location
 THE TOOLBAR BUTTONS
Back button-returns the user to previously visited site.
Forward button-returns the user to a visited page a step forward
Home-loads well known home pages
Reload or Refresh-reloads the web page, especially at times when
the browser encounters errors during loading.
Print-used to produce a hard copy of the currently loaded web
page
Stop button-stops the browser from loading te current page
Bookmarks or Favorites-where the user can record the addresses
of website or the URL to be revisited
 THE TOOLBAR BUTTONS
Address bar-this is where the user types in the address of the
website or the URL to be visited
Access Indicator-a small picture in the upper right hand corner of
the browser. When this image is animated, it means that your
browser is accessing data from a remote computer.
Status bar-the bar located at the bottom of the web browser which
displays information about the status of the request being
processed.
Scroll bar-allows users to view a wide or long webpage
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE/ FUTURE OF HTML GENERAL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Two General Types of Internet Programming Languages

1. Server-side Programming Language - a programming
language where validation of user input happens at the server itself
by acting on a data stream as it is sent out to the internet client.
Some of these programming languages are:
XML-Extensible Markup Language is a specification for defining
data with structure using meta- data tags. Primarily used in Server-
to-server communications for exchanging data.
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE/ FUTURE OF HTML GENERAL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Java Programming - is an object-oriented, multi-threaded

language that was created using the concepts of C++. Created by
Suns Microsystems with tout phrase "write once, run any- where."
the java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a component of Java technology
that allows Java codes to run on multiple platforms.
PERL-Practical Extraction Report Language is an interpreted
scripting language created by Larry Wall to integrate many useful
Unix utilities. it is well known for text manipulation fetaures. PERL
executes fast and maybe integrated with many Web Servers to
improve perfor- mances of CGI PERL scripts.
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE/ FUTURE OF HTML GENERAL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
ASP -Active Server Pages allows developer to utilize a web server,
such as the Internet Informa- tion Server to manage
communication with the client applications security issues and
connection logging. It is like an HTML document except that it uses
some special tags and is saved with an asp extension.
JSP-Java Server Pages is a server-side technology much like ASP
developed by sun microsystems. It is a cross platform language
used extensively in embedded systems (such as coffee makers,
timers used in manufacturing etc., and on the internet to create
animated effects on web sites.
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE/ FUTURE OF HTML GENERAL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
CFML-Cold Fusion Mark-up Language It is the server side markup
language used by Alliare's application server Cold Fusion. CFML
allows one to connect databases to the world wide web, generate
active web pageson demand, manage structured and semi-
structured data with nothing morethan a web browser, gather data
from web forms, and operate interac- tive web sites.
ACGI-Common Gateway Interface is the interface between an
HTTP server and the other resources of the server's host computer.
Common CGI scripting languages: a. Compiled - C, C++ b. Vbscript
- Apple Script, Unix shell, PERL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE/ FUTURE OF HTML GENERAL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
2. Client-side Programming Language - the program that runs at
the client side or end-user worksta tion. Common examples are the
following:
Javascript- is an object-based, java-like scripting language
developed by netscape. It is used to position HTML, handle events,
interface with plug-ins, validate user inputs, and manipu- late user
interface.
VBscript-is a Mircosoft proprietary scripting language for mark-up
language documents whose syntax resembles Visual Basic.
However, VBscript is only used for microsoft web prod- ucts.
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE/ FUTURE OF HTML GENERAL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
The Future of HTML
XML - is the unversal format for structured documents and data on the web.
XHTML-Extensible Hypertext Markup Language is a family of current and
future document types and modules that reproduce, subset and extend
HTML, reformulated in XML. XHTML family document types are all XML-based
and ultimately are designed to work in conjunction with.
XML-based user agents. XHTML is the successor of HTML.
DHTML-is an abbreviation for the term Dynamic HTML. but DHTML is just a
buzzoword.
DHTML does not exist. It is not a thing or a standard defined by the World
Wide Web consortium W3C
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE/ FUTURE OF HTML GENERAL
INTERNET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
The Future of HTML
DHTML-is just a term used for the combination of these application:
a. HTML 4.0
b. Style Sheets (CSS)
c. Javascript
VRML - Virtual Reality Modeling Language is a language for describing
multi-participant interactive simulations - virtual worlds networked via the
global Internet and hyper-linked with the www.
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INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia-is a various collection of media such as
-text
- graphics
- sounds
- animation and
- video
Presented through the computer to communicate a message. The internet
supports several multimedia file formats such as: For graphics:
1. BMP-Bit-mapped graphics It is the standard bit-map graphics format used in
the windows environment. By convention graphics files in the bitmap format end
with a .bmp extension
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INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA

2.TIFF-Tagged image file format One of the most widely supported file formats for
storing bit-mapped images on personal computers. Other popular formats are
bmp and .pcx. TIFF graphics can be any resolution and they can be black and
white, gray-scaled or color. Files in TIFF format often end with a .tiff or rif extension.
3. GIF- Graphics Interchange Format It is pronounced jiff or giff which stands for
graphics interchange format, a bit-mapped graphics file format used by the world
wide web, compuserve and many BBS's, GIF supports color and various resolutions.
It also includes data compression, but because it is limited to 256 colors, it is more
effective for scanned images such as illustrations rather than color photos.
 Liceria Tech

INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA

4. JPEG or JPG - Joint photographic Experts group Its pronouced as jay-peg. JPEG
is a lossy compression technique for color images. Although it can reduce files
sizes to about 5% of their normal size, some details are lost in the compression.

5. PNG - Portable network graphics-A new bit-mapped graphics format similar to

GIF. In fact PNG was approved as a standard by the world wide web consortium to
replace GIF because GIF uses a patented data compression algorithm called LZW.
In contrast, PNG is completely patent and license-free. The most recent ver- sions
of Netscape navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer now support PNG.
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INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA

For sounds:
1. AIFF - Audio Interchange File Format It is a common format for storing and
transmitting sampled sound. The format was developed by apple computer and is
the standard audio format for macintosh computers.

2. MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface It is prounounced as middy, a

standard adopted by the electronic music industry for controlling devices, such as
synthesizers and sound cards that emit music. At minimum a MIDI representation
of a sound includes values for the note's pitch, length and volume.It can also
include additional charac- teristics, such as attack and delay time.
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INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA

3. MP3 - MPEG audio layer 3-It is the file extension for MPEG audio layer 3. It uses
perceptual audio coding and psycho- acoustic compression to remove all
superfluous information, the redundant and irrelevant parts of a sound signal

. 4. AU - Audio-It is short ofr audio, a common format for sound files on UNIX
machines. It is also the stan- dard audio file format for the java programming
language. AU files generally end with a au extension. On PCs, two other popular
sound formats are wav and midi.

5. WMA - Windows Media Audio WMA is Microsoft's response to MP3, the windows
media audio-standard. As it is part of the media package, Windows Media Audio 8
was presented in early December 2000 and it is until now the best windows media
product.
 INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA
6. WAV- Wave -It is format for storing sound in files developed jointly by Microsoft
and IBM. support for WAV files was built into Windows 95 making it the de facto
standard for sound on PCs WAV sound files end with a .wav extension and can be
played by nearly all windows applications that support sound.
For Video and Animations
1. MOV - Movie-A.mov file is of course a movie file a.qt file is an alternate extension
for movie files..qtx and .qtr are pieces of quicktime extensions. A .qtx file contains
the data fork while a .qtr file con tains the resource fork.
2. AVI - Audio Video Interleave-It is short for audio Video interleave, the file format
for Microsoft's Video for windows standard
3. MPEG/MPG - Moving picture Experts group-Its prounounced as m-peg, a
working group of ISO. The term also refers to the family of digital video
compression standards and file formats developed by the group. MPEG generally
produces better-quality video than competing formats, such as Video for
Windows, Indeo and Quicktime. MPEG files can be decoded by special hardware or
by software.
 INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA
Plug-Ins and Extension
1. SWF and Flash player shockwave flash (.swf)-SWF is a file format used by
Macromedia to deliver graphics, animation and sound over the Internet. SWF files
are much like .gif files in that they will play in most browsers without installing a
plug-in. SWF files can be imported into Macromedia Flash and used as part of a
larger animation. SWF is pronounced as "swiff"

2. Shockwave-A technology developed by Macromedia, Inc. that enables Web

pages to include multimedia objects. To create a shockwave object, you use
Macromedia multimedia authoring tool called Director, and then compress the
object with a program called after burner.
 INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA
CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
In general, the Internet will not be existing without the presence
of the following:

. 1. Computer-With at least 8 megabytes of RAM Capable of

supporting an operating system Compatible with a browser.
2. Browser-A software which helps us to download and visit the
web sites. This program helps us to surf the Internet. Examples
3. Modem-Modulator/Demodulator. This is a device which
enables our computer to receive and send informa- tion
across the telephone lines. SUS. Robotics 56K Faxmodem
4. Connection through ISP
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THANK YOU!
SIR EDGAR