Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

Chapter# 1: Quadratic Equations

1) Quadratic Equation with its standard form:

An equation which contains the square of unknown quantity, but no

higher power is called quadratic Equation. Example: x2 + 3x + 1 = 0

Standard Form: ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0.

2) Linear Equation:

An equation having highest power of variable is one. Example: x+1 = 0

3) Reciprocal Equation:

An equation is said to be reciprocal equation, if its remains unchanged

when x is replaced by 1/x. Example: x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0

4) Exponential Equation:

An equation in which variable occurs in exponent is called exponential

equation. Example: 22x + 2x – 8 = 0

5) Radical Equation:

An equation having variable under the radical sign is called radical

equation. Example:

6) Zero Factor Property:

A product of factors are zero if and only if one or more of the factors
are zero. Example: if ab=0 , then either a=0 or b=0.

Chapter# 2: Theory of Quadratic Equations

1) Discriminant:
The discriminant of a standard quadratic equation is b2 - 4ac, that tells
whether there are two solutions, one solution, or no solutions to the given equation.

Page 1 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

2) Symmetric Function:
A symmetric function is a function in several variable which remains
unchanged for any permutation of the variables.

3) Simultaneous Equation:

Two or more equation having common solution is called simultaneous

equation.

Chapter# 3: Variations
1) Ratio:

A relation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio.

Example: a : b

2) Proportion:

Equality of two ratios is called proportion. Example: a : b :: c : d

3) Direct Variation:

If two quantities are related then increased or decrease in one quantity

causes increase or decrease in other quantity. Example: x = ky

4) Inverse Variation:

If two quantities are related then increased or decrease in one quantity

causes decrease or increase in other quantity. Example: x = k / y

5) Joint Variation:

Joint variation occurs when a variable varies directly or inversely with

multiple variables. Example: x = kyz

Page 2 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

Chapter# 4: Partial Fractions

1) Identity:

An identity is an equation which is true for all values of the variable.

Example: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

2) Fraction:

A fraction is a number which is written in the form of N / D.

Example: 2 / 3

3) Partial Fraction:

A partial fraction involves the process of breaking down a rational

expression into its simpler forms.

4) Rational Fraction:

An expression of the form , where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials

in x with real coefficients and D(x) ≠ 0 is called rational fraction.

Example:

5) Proper Rational Fraction:

An rational fraction , with D(x) ≠ 0 is called a proper fraction if

degree of polynomial N(x) in the numerator is less than the degree of the
polynomial D(x) in the denominator. Example:

6) Improper Rational Fraction:

An rational fraction , with D(x) ≠ 0 is called a proper fraction if

degree of polynomial N(x) in the numerator is greater or equal to the degree of the
polynomial D(x) in the denominator. Example:

Page 3 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

Chapter# 5: Sets & Functions

1) Set:

A set is a collection of well-defined and distinct object. Example: {1, 2}

2) Empty Set:

A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the
null set. Example: {}

3) Union of Set:

The union of two sets A and B written as A U B is the set consisting of

all the elements which are either in A or in B or in both.

4) Intersection of Set:

The intersection of two sets A and B written as A ∩ B is the set

consisting of all the common elements of A and B.

5) Ordered Pair:

Any two numbers x and y written in the form (x, y) is called an ordered
pair. Example: (2, 3)

6) Binary Relation:

If A and B are any two non empty sets, then a subset R ⊆ A × B is

called binary relation from set a into B.

7) Function:

If A and B are two non empty sets, then relation f : A → B is called a

function if a) Dom f = A b) every x appears in one and only one ordered pair in f.

Example:

Page 4 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

8) One-One Function:

A function f : A → B is called an one-one function, if all distinct

elements of A have distinct images in B.

Example:

9) Into Function:

A function f : A → B is called an into function, if at least one element

in B is not an image of some element of set A.

Example:

10) Onto or Surjective Function:

A function f : A → B is called an onto function, if every element of set

B is an image of at least one element of set A.

Example:

11) Bijective Function:

A function f : A → B is called an bijective function, iff function f is

one-one and onto.

Example:

Page 5 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

12) Injective Function:

A function f : A → B is called an injective function, iff function f is

one-one and into.

Example:

13) Domain of Function:

Domain of function is the set consisting of all first elements of each

ordered pair in function.

14) Range of Function:

Range of function is the set consisting of all second elements of each

ordered pair in function.

Chapter# 6: Basic Statistics

1) Statistics:

Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation,

presentation, and organization of data.

2) Data:

Data is a collection of facts and figures that can be in any form

numerical or non-numerical.

3) Frequency:

The number of times observation occurs in the given set of data is called
frequency.

4) Frequency Distribution:

A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement for classifying data

into different groups.

Page 6 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

5) Cumulative Frequency polygon or Ogive:

A cumulative frequency polygon or ogive is a graph of less than

cumulative frequency distribution.

6) Histogram:

A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangles constructed on XY-plane.

7) Arithmetic Mean:

Arithmetic mean is defined as dividing the sum of all observations of

the variable by their number of observations.

8) Geometric Mean with its Formula:

Geometric mean of variable X is the nth positive root of the product of

the x1, x2, x3, ………., xn observations. Formula: G.M = (x1, x2, x3, ………., xn)1/n

9) Harmonic Mean with its Formula:

Harmonic mean refers to the value obtained by reciprocating the mean of the
reciprocal of x1, x2, x3, ………., xn observations. Formula: H.M =

10) Properties of Arithmetic Mean:

i. Mean is affected by change in origin.

ii. Mean is affected by change in scale.

iii. Sum of the deviations of variable X from its mean is always zero.

11) Median:

Median is the middle most observation in an arranged data set. It divides

the data set into two equal parts.

12) Mode:

Mode is the most frequent occurring observation in the data.

Page 7 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

13) Dispersion:

Dispersion means the spread or scatterness of observations in a data set.

14) Grouped Data:

A data in the form of frequency distribution is called grouped data.

15) Ungrouped Data:

A data does not in the form of frequency distribution is called

ungrouped data.

16) Range:

Range measures the extent of variation between two extreme

observations of a data set.

17) Variance:

Variance is the mean of the squared deviations of given observations

from their arithmetic mean.

18) Grouped Data:

Standard deviation is the positive square root of mean of squared

deviations of given observations from their arithmetic mean.

Chapter# 7: Introduction to Trigonometry

1) Angle:

An angle is the union of two non collinear rays with some common end
point.

2) Degree:

We divide the circumference of a circle into 360 equal arcs. The angle
subtended at the centre of circle by one arc is called Degree.

Page 8 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

3) Radian:

The angle subtended at the centre of circle by one arc, whose length is
equal to the radius of the circle is called one radian.

4) General Angles (Coterminal angles):

Two or more than two angles with the same initial and terminal sides are
called coterminal angles.

5) Angle in standard positon:

A general angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the

origin and its initial side is directed along the positive direction of x-axis of a
rectangular coordinate system.

6) Angle in standard positon:

The term angle of elevation denotes the angle from the horizontal
upward to an object. An observer’s line of sight would be above the horizontal.

7) Angle in standard positon:

The term angle of depression denotes the angle from the horizontal
downward to an object. An observer’s line of sight would be below the horizontal.

Page 9 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

Chapter# 8: Projection of a Side of a Triangle

1) Projection:

The projection of a given point on a line segment is the foot of ┴ drawn

from the point on that line segment.

2) Acute Angle:

An angle which is less than 90˚ is called acute angle.

3) Obtuse Angle:

An angle which is greater than 90˚ is called obtuse angle.

4) Right Angle:

An angle which is equal to 90˚ is called right angle.

5) Acute Angle Triangle:

A triangle that has all interior angles are acute is called acute angle
trian0gle.

6) Obtuse Angle Triangle:

A triangle that has atleast one interior angle is obtuse is called obtuse
angle triangle.

7) Right Angle Triangle:

A triangle that has one of its interior angle equal to 90˚ is called obtuse
angle triangle.

8) Equilateral Triangle:

A triangle that has all sides are equal is called equilateral triangle.
Page 10 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)
Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

9) Isosceles Triangle:

A triangle that has two sides are equal is called isosceles triangle.

10) Scalene Triangle:

A triangle that has all angles are different is called scalene triangle.

Chapter# 9: Chords of a circle

1) Circle:

A circle is a closed two-dimensional figure in which the set of all the

points in the plane is equidistant from a given point called centre.

2) Chord:

The chord of a circle is a straight line that connects two points on the
circumference of a circle, which does not touches the centre of circle.

3) Diameter:

The diameter of a circle is a straight line that connects two points on the
circumference of a circle, which touches the centre of circle.

Page 11 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

4) Centre of Circle & Radius:

The center point is the midpoint where all radii intersect. A radius is a
measure of distance from the center of any circle to its circumference.

5) Circumference or Perimeter of Circle:

The circumference is the length of the boundary of a circle.

6) Segment of Circle:

A segment is the part of a circle bounded by an arc and a corresponding

chord.

7) Minor & Major Segment of Circle:

A segment with an intercepted arc less than a semicircle is called a

minor segment. A sector with an intercepted arc greater than a semi-circle is
called a major segment.

8) Sector of Circle :

A Part of the circle bounded by the two radii and an arc is called sector
of circle.

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Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

9) Collinear Points:

Three or more points lying on the same straight line are called collinear

points.

10) Non Collinear Points:

Three or more points does not lying on the same straight line are called

non collinear points.

Chapter# 10: Tangent to a Circle

1) Tangent of Circle:

A tangent of circle is the straight line which touches the circumference

of a circle at a single point only.

(Blue Line)Tangent of Circle Secant of Circle(Red Line)

2) Secant of Circle:

A secant of circle is the straight line which cuts the circumference of a

circle at two distinct points.

3) Length of Tangent:

The length of tangent to a circle is measured from the given point to the
point of contact.

Page 13 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

Chapter# 11: Chords & Arcs

1) Congruent Chords:

If two chords of congruent circles are congruent, then their

corresponding arcs are congruent.

2) Congruent Arcs:

If two arcs of congruent circles are congruent, then their corresponding

chords are congruent.

3) Congruent Circles:

Congruent circles are circles that are equal in terms of radius, diameter,
circumference and surface area.

4) Arc of Circle :

A part of the circumference of circle is called an arc of a circle.

5) Minor & Major Arc:

An arc whose measure is less than 180˚ is called a minor arc. An arc
whose measure is greater than 180˚ is called a major arc.

Page 14 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

Chapter# 12: Angle in a segment of circle

1) Central Angle:

The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is called central

angle.

2) Circumangle:

The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at its circumference is called

circumangle.

3) Angle Subtended by an Arc:

The angle subtended by an arc at any point is the angle formed between
the two line segments joining that point to the end-points of the arc.

4) Cyclic Quadrilateral:

A quadrilateral is called cyclic when a circle can be drawn through its

four vertices.

Page 15 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

Chapter# 13: Practical Geometry Circles

1) Geometry:

The word trigonometry is derived from two Greek words namely

Geo(earth) and Metron(Measurement).Geometry means measurement of earth.
Geometry is the branch of mathematics, which deals with the shape, size and
position of geometric figures.
2) Polygon:

A plane figure with three or more sides and angles is called polygon.

3) Circumscribed Circle:

If a circle passes through all the vertices of a polygon the circle is said
to be circumscribed about the polygon and polygon is said to be inscribed in the
circle.

4) Circum Circle:

The circle passing through the vertices of triangle is called circum circle,
its radius as circum radius and centre as circum centre.

5) Escribed Circle:

If a circle touches one side of a triangle externally and the other two
produced sides internally is called escribed circle.

Page 16 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)

Subject: Mathematics Definitions Class: 10th

6) In-Circle:

A circle touches the three sides of a triangle internally is called in-circle,

its radius as in-radius and centre as in-centre.

7) Common Tangent:

A line which is tangent to more than one circle is called a common

tangent.

Page 17 of 17 Composed By: Shehryar Asif Butt (M.Sc Mathematics, MA Education)