Trends and Strategies Used by

Organisms to Transport
Materials
Learning Objective
At the end of this module, you should be able to

• describe the trends and compare various strategies used by

organisms to transport materials for energy utilization and
maintenance.
Video on Exchange and
Transport Systems in Animals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEx338KrTig&t=43s
Trends and Strategies Used
by Organisms to Transport
Materials
1. Unicellular organisms
• Cell surfaces act as place of exchange with outside
environment
2. Non-vascular plants
• Shorter than vascular plants
• No transport system for essential minerals, water, and
food
• Rhizoids (root-like structures) – anchorage
3. Vascular plants
• Xylem and phloem to
conduct water and food
 4. Sponges
• Body plan allows cells to have
direct contact with
environment
 Diffusion

• No circulatory system (CS)

https://forums.unknownworlds.com/discussion/154155/the-return-of-the-smoking-sponge-idea
 5. Cnidarians
• ex. sea jellies

• Gastrovascular cavity
 Distribute substances throughout the animal
body

 Fluid bathes both inner and outer tissues 

allows exchange of important gases and
wastes

 Flatworms also have gastrovascular cavity

 flat bodies  suitable for exchange with
environment
 6. Circulatory system in higher
forms of animals
• Moves fluid around the cells’
surroundings and tissues
where exchange of materials
occur

• 3 basic parts of a CS
1. Circulatory fluid
2. Set of interconnected vessels
3. Muscular pump - heart
 6. Circulatory system in higher
forms of animals
• Types of Circulatory Systems
a. Open CS
 Hemolymph – circulatory fluid
 Also the interstitial fluid (bathes
body cells)
 Ex. some Mollusks & arthropods
 Heart contraction pumps hemolymph
to interconnected sinuses
surrounding organs
 Sinuses
 where exchange of materials
happen between hemolymph
and body cells
 spaces around organs
 6. Circulatory system in higher
forms of animals
• Types of Circulatory Systems
a. Open CS
 Hemolymph – circulatory fluid
 Also the interstitial fluid (bathes
body cells)
 Ex. some Mollusks & arthropods
 Heart contraction pumps hemolymph
to interconnected sinuses
surrounding organs
 Sinuses
 where exchange of materials
happen between hemolymph
and body cells
 spaces around organs
6. Circulatory system in
higher forms of animals
• Types of Circulatory Systems
b. Closed CS
 Fluid called blood is distinct from
interstitial fluid
 Blood is confined to vessels
 Heart/s pump blood into blood
vessels  smaller vessels  organs
 Ex. Annelids, cephalopods,
vertebrates

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/425730970996432934/
 Fish Amphibians
Single circuit blood 2 circuits: pulmonary &
6. Circulatory system in flow systemic (same with
reptiles, birds, mammals)
higher forms of animals 2-chambered heart 3-chambered heart (2 atria,
(1 atrium, 1 1 ventricle)
• Types of Circulatory Systems ventricle)
b. Closed CS Some mixing of blood
(reduces oxygenation
efficiency)
Oxygenation through lungs
& skin
 Reptiles Mammals & birds
2 circuits 2 circuits
6. Circulatory system in Most have 3- 4-chambered hearts

higher forms of animals chambered heart

(partial septum in
ventricle); some have
• Types of Circulatory Systems 4-chambered hearts
b. Closed CS
Most efficient
Complete separation
of oxygenated &
deoxygenated blood
 Reptiles Mammals & birds
2 circuits 2 circuits
6. Circulatory system in Most have 3- 4-chambered hearts

higher forms of animals chambered heart

(partial septum in
ventricle); some have
• Types of Circulatory Systems 4-chambered hearts
b. Closed CS
Most efficient
Complete separation
of oxygenated &
deoxygenated blood

https://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/reptile_hearts2_h.jpg
Summary
• Organisms have different adaptations with regards to circulation
and transport of essential materials.

• Simpler organisms use diffusion to gather the needed materials from

their surroundings, while more complex ones evolved to have a
circulatory system or a vascular system that facilitates the transport
and exchange of materials in and out of their systems.

• The efficiency, specificity and the range of complexity of these

processes really highlight the one thing that makes our study of
Biology interesting – variation.
Nice to know

Figure 1. A 300-year old

rosewood tree (locally known as
“toog”) that stands 54 meters
high; found in Agusan del Sur; by
Panganiban (2020)
Transport Mechanisms in Plants
Learning Objectives

After completing this learning guide, you are expected to:

1. compare and contrast xylem and phloem tissues

2. summarize the mechanism of water and food transport
in plants.
Transport Mechanisms in Plants
Transport Mechanisms in Plants
Transport Mechanisms in Plants

Sugar made by leaves

Water from roots up the
stem/trunk  leaves

Transport at the cellular level

Diffusion
movement from higher
concentration to a region of lower
concentration
Transport Mechanisms in Plants

Sugar made by leaves

Water from roots up the
stem/trunk  leaves

Transport at the cellular level

Diffusion
movement from higher
concentration to a region of lower
concentration
 Transport within a plant tissue/organ
 3 major pathways of transport
 Apoplast
 Everything outside the plasma membrane of
living cells
 Water & minerals move thru cell walls but not
into the cell
 Symplast
 Entire mass of cytosol of living cells
 Moves from cytoplasm of one cell to the next
via open channels between cells
 Transmembrane
 Movement thru plasma membrane from one
cell to another
False T/F: Water that flows thru the apoplastic route passes thru a cell membrane.
 Route of water and mineral transport
in the roots
 root hairs
 ground tissue
 endodermis
 exclusive to roots
 separates ground tissue from
vascular tissue
 Casparian strip of endodermis
 forces water & minerals to go
thru the plasma membrane of
endodermal cells instead of via
the apoplast pathway
 xylem tissue
 bulk flow
 Root pressure

 moves water up the plant for a few

meters
 Created by roots constantly
absorbing water from soil
 Constant movement of water into
Guttation
roots  force that pushes water into
xylem and up the plant
 Not enough to drive water movement
up the plant

False T/F: Guttation is similar to dew.

Supplementary resource
Video on Transpiration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jJLfwTkGe8&t=33s
 Transpiration
 Drives movement of water in
xylem
 Loss of water from plant thru
water evaporation on the
stomata
 Regulated by opening &
closing of stomata
 Constant water loss from
leaves  negative pressure
 water is pulled up the
stem

True T/F: Transpiration moves water due to a decrease in pressure on the leaves.
Transpiration
 Drives movement of water in
xylem
 Loss of water from plant thru
water evaporation on the
stomata
 Regulated by opening &
closing of stomata
 Constant water loss from
leaves  negative pressure
 water is pulled up the
stem
Cohesion-tension hypothesis
 Explains water movement in plants
 Most accepted model
 Transpiration pulls water up the plant
 Adhesion of water to cell walls*
 Cohesion of water molecules to each
other*
 *Ensure transmission of transpiration in the
xylem tissue from roots to shoots
 continuous water flow from xylem to leaves

T/F: Water moves from areas of higher water potential to

areas of lower water potential.
True
Transport Mechanisms in Plants

 Xylem sap movement is

unidirectional
 Roots  leaves
 Phloem sap movement is
multidirectional
 Sites of sugar production  sites of sugar
use/storage
 Translocation
 transport of photosynthesis products
 Translocation

transport of photosynthesis
products
Sugar is actively transported from
source cells into the phloem
tissues

True T/F: Plants spend energy to transport sugar into phloem cells.
Bulk flow

Long distance transport

Movement of liquid (xylem &
phloem sap) due to a pressure
gradient
Faster than diffusion
Perforation plates connecting
sieve tube elements enhance
bulk flow  ensure transport of
water & nutrients
Supplementary Resource
Video on translocation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FybiafIu1vw
Supplementary Resource

Plant transport video

Summary

 Movement of water and nutrients in plants occurs in the

xylem and phloem.

 Transport of water and dissolved minerals occurs in the

xylem whereas, transport of sugar and organic
compounds occur in the phloem.

 Different mechanisms drive the movement of water and

nutrients in the plant; and these are enhanced by the
different structures of the xylem and phloem tissues.
TRENDS AND VARIOUS STRATEGIES USED
BY ORGANISMS TO PROCESS FOOD
Learning Objective
After completing this learning guide, you are expected to:

• describe the trends and various strategies used by organisms to obtain energy
from food (prokaryotes, protists, plants, fungi, animals)
 Trends and Various Strategies Used by
Organisms to Process Food

• Organisms acquire nutrients and energy from Philippine stink badger; Philippine spotted deer;
carnivore herbivore
eating other organisms.
• Depending on what type of food they eat, they can
be broadly categorized as
• herbivores (plant-eaters)
• carnivores (meat-eaters)
• omnivores (plant and animal eaters)

• Animals have different feeding mechanisms too

 Trends and Various Strategies Used by
Organisms to Process Food

https://onlydinosaurs.com/top-cute-dinosaur-memes-to-brighten-your-day/ https://imgflip.com/i/4p0wp4
 4 Main Stages of Food Processing
1. Ingestion is the act of eating
2. Digestion comes after ingestion
• 2 types of digestion:
• Mechanical digestion
• physical process of tearing down food into smaller particles  increasing the
surface area for chemicals and enzymes to act on during chemical digestion
• Chemical digestion
• chemical process of breaking down food into smaller particles that the cells
can use
• molecules in food need to be chemically broken down
 4 Main Stages of Food Processing
1. Ingestion is the act of eating
2. Digestion comes after ingestion
3. Absorption occurs once digestion is finished
• food molecules are absorbed by cells in the body
4. Elimination
• Waste products are removed from the body
 Types of Digestion
1. Intracellular digestion
• breaking down of food inside food vacuoles
• Ex. Paramecia and sponges

2. Extracellular digestion
• most animals
• process of breaking down food “in compartments that are continuous
with the outside of the animal’s body”
 DIGESTIVE
COMPARTMENTS
1. Food Vacuoles

• the simplest digestive compartment

• membrane-bound sacs within a cell; contain food matter to be
digested
• STEPS:
• Food intake thru:
• Phagocytosis – cell takes in solid food
• pinocytosis – cell drinking
• Lysosome fuses with the food vacuole to start digesting the
food particle

*intracellular digestion
2. Gastrovascular cavity

• animals with a simple body plan

• a digestive compartment with one opening where food

enters and waste exits
• 2 functions:
• digestion of food molecules (gastro)
• distribution of nutrients throughout the body (vascular)

• categorized as an incomplete digestive system

*extracellular digestion
2. Gastrovascular cavity

• Hydra, a freshwater carnivorous

organism (Phylum Cnidaria)
• prey enters the gastrovascular
cavity  release of digestive
enzymes that break down the prey
into small particles

*Extracellular and intracellular

digestion
3. Alimentary canal

• aka complete digestive system

• Has two openings:
• Mouth - food enters
• Anus - food exits

• Food can flow in a single direction

• digestive tract can be compartmentalized 
efficient food processing from ingestion to
elimination
• can continuously ingest food while digestion
is simultaneously occurring
3. Alimentary canal: Earthworms

•Obtain nutrition from decaying roots, leaves, and

other animals (also manure) by consuming soil
• Food flow:
• Crop – food temporarily stored
• Gizzard
• contains small stones that mechanically digest
the food
• Intestines
• chemical digestion by fluids released by gland
cells
• Nutrient absorption
• Distribution
3. Alimentary canal: Grasshoppers
• Food: multiple plant sources, some eat animal tissues and animal feces
• Alimentary canal is divided into three main regions:
• Foregut
• mandibles - chewing and biting food
• maxillae - manipulating and swallowing food
• crop – food temporarily stored
• Midgut
• gastric cecae - a series of stubby pointed tubes
• digestion & absorption
• 2 parts of stomach
• proventriculus - storage function
• gizzard - function in digestion
• Hindgut
• intestines – nutrient absorption
• rectum – water recovery
3. Alimentary canal: Birds

• No teeth to masticate food

• Must maintain low body weight  need to

metabolize faster
• Stomach has 2 chambers
• Proventriculus – chemical digestion
• Gizzard – mechanical digestion; stones stored

• Cloaca
• Shared opening for wastes from digestive &
excretory systems
 3. Alimentary canal: Ruminants
• Latin, ruminare means “to chew again”
• hoofed mammals with unique digestive system
•four-chambered stomach (rumen, reticulum,
omasum, abomasum)
 Digests fibrous plant material better than other
herbivores
• also have cecum
• storage & further digestion

• esophagus is bidirectional
• can channel food from the mouth-stomach or
from the stomach-mouth
• can chew plant matter (cud) again
3. Alimentary canal: Ruminants
• Rumen (1st stomach chamber) aka “paunch”
• Cud storage
• Houses microbes for cellulose breakdown

• Reticulum (2nd stomach chamber) aka “honeycomb”

• Also has microbes
• Collect smaller particles & move them to omasum
• Can “catch” heavy objects (ex. metal pieces)

• Omasum aka “many piles”

• Has many tissue folds
• Nutrient & water absorption

• Abomasum aka “true stomach”

• Secretes digestive enzymes
• Receives enzymatic secretions from pancreas
3. Alimentary canal: Ruminants
• Rumen (1st stomach chamber) aka “paunch”
• Cud storage
• Houses microbes for cellulose breakdown

• Reticulum (2nd stomach chamber) aka “honeycomb”

• Also has microbes
• Collect smaller particles & move them to omasum
• Can “catch” heavy objects (ex. metal pieces)

• Omasum aka “many piles”

• Has many tissue folds
• Nutrient & water absorption

• Abomasum aka “true stomach”

• Secretes digestive enzymes
• Receives enzymatic secretions from pancreas
3. Alimentary canal: Pseudoruminants

• three-chambered stomach, lack rumen

• enlarged cecum acts much like the rumen

- has microbes for cellulose digestion

• camels, alpacas, rabbits, and guinea pigs

3. Alimentary canal: Pseudoruminants

• three-chambered stomach, lack rumen

• enlarged cecum acts much like the rumen

- has microbes for cellulose digestion

• camels, alpacas, rabbits, and guinea pigs

https://x.com/drsplace/status/1096566346496786432
FEEDING MECHANISMS
 Feeding Mechanisms of Animals

1. Suspension feeding
• animals consume small suspended particles from the water
• Ex. whales, oysters, and clams

2. Fluid feeding
• obtain nutrients from sucking fluid from a host
• Ex. mosquitos, aphids, and hummingbirds

3. Substrate feeding
• animals live in or on their source of food
• Ex. caterpillars and maggots

4. Bulk feeding
• animals eat large or bulk food
• Ex. snakes and mammals
STRATEGIES FOR OBTAINING
NUTRITION & ENERGY
 Strategies of Fungi

• Heterotrophic
• Undergo 2 stages
• Feeding stage – digestion
• Digestion precedes ingestion
• Release enzymes that digest food 
molecules returned to the fungi
• Parasitic fungi - eat live organisms
• Decomposer fungi - eat dead
organisms
• Fruiting body stage – reproduction
 Strategies of Fungi

• Undergo 2 stages
• Feeding stage –
digestion
• Fruiting body stage
– reproduction
 Strategies of Carnivorous Plants
• Primitive digestive system
• In nutrient-poor environments
• Prey on small animals to compensate
for nutritional needs
• Can be:
• Passive trappers – don’t move to https://interaksyon.philstar.com/hobbies-interests/2020/03/03/163457/world-wildlife-day-denr-carnivorous-plants-philippines/

capture prey
• Active trappers - use rapid movement
 Strategies of Carnivorous Plants
• Primitive digestive system
• In nutrient-poor environments
• Prey on small animals to compensate
for nutritional needs
• Can be:
• Passive trappers – don’t move to https://interaksyon.philstar.com/hobbies-interests/2020/03/03/163457/world-wildlife-day-denr-carnivorous-plants-philippines/

capture prey
• Active trappers - use rapid movement

https://www.reddit.com/r/SavageGarden/comments/1fzet8y/i_thought_this_might_be_appreciated_here/
Summary
• Different organisms have evolved different ways of acquiring food.

• More complex organisms, more complex digestive systems

• evolved strategies on how to process food
• nutrients and energy (or precursors of it) are gathered
• waste products are disposed

• Structures fit their function

• Certain organisms evolved adaptations for better survival
Digestive Enzymes & Substances
Learning Objectives

After completing this learning guide, you are expected to:

▪ list the principal digestive enzymes, where they are produced, and
the type of food they act upon.

▪ state the end products of the digestion of the different

biomolecules
Hook

https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-
label/how-understand-and-use-nutrition-facts-
label
4 Biomolecules in our Food

1. Carbohydrates*
2. Lipids
3. Proteins*
4. Nucleic acids*

*Polymers – macromolecule composed of

repeating units of a smaller molecule called
monomer

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-chemistry-principles
patterns-and-applications-v1.0/s16-08-polymeric-solids.html
Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers

• Dehydration reaction
• Process which creates polymers
• Water is removed

• Hydrolysis
• Process which break down polymers to
monomers
• Water is added
1. Carbohydrates

• Calories/kilocalories – units for usable

energy in food
• 2/3 of calories – used for maintenance of
body functions
• Made of C, H, O
1. Carbohydrates

• Simple carbohydrates – 1-2 rings only

• Monosaccharides
• Glucose
• Disaccharides
• Sucrose – table sugar
• Complex carbohydrates – 3 or more
rings
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Digestible (starch) or indigestible (fiber)
1. Carbohydrates

Functions:
• Energy currency of cell to operate
cellular processes
2. Proteins

• Body’s building blocks

• Monomers: amino acids
• Composition: C, H, O, N, sometimes S
• Ex: meat, beans, nuts
2. Proteins

• Functions:
• manufacturing almost everything in our body
(muscles, antibodies, enzymes (catalysts),
hair, nails, etc.)
3. Nucleic Acids

• Genetic material
• Monomers: nucleotides
• Composition: C, H, O, P, N
4. Lipids
• Hydrophobic molecules w/ C & H
• Ex. Fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins, hormones
• Function: 2nd energy source next to carbohydrates
4. Lipids
• Triglyceride – major fat in food

• Glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids

• Fatty acids may be:
• Saturated fatty acids
• No = bonds, saturated with H
• Solid at room temp
• Unsaturated fatty acids
• Form = bonds, less H
• Liquid at room temp
https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/
multimedia/multimedia_pub/mul
timedia_pub_fsf_158_02.html
4. Lipids
• Not considered a macromolecule
• Size is not large enough
• No true monomers
• Functions
• Maintain structure of cell membranes
• Precursor molecules in making hormones
• Energy storage

https://www.eufic.org/en/whats-in-food/article/8-facts-on-fats
 Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates

• 2 forms of Starch (in plants)

• Amylose
• Amylopectin
• Glycogen – carbohydrates of
animals
Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates

• Enzymes
• Oral cavity
• Salivary amylase/ptyalin
• Amylose  smaller molecules
• Small intestine
• Pancreatic amylase
• Further digestion of carbohydrates
• Sucrase
• Lactase
Chemical Digestion of Proteins

• Stomach
• Where protein digestion starts
• Pepsin: polypeptides  smaller polypeptides
• Acidic environment
• Duodenum of Small intestine
• Pancreatic trypsin & chymotrypsin – break down smaller
polypeptides
• Basic environment
• Pancreatic carboxypeptidase – further break down smaller
polypeptides
• Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidases, aminopeptidases
• Dipeptide/polypeptide  amino acid

https://www.nutritionaldoublethink.com/protein-digestion.html
 Chemical Digestion of Nucleic Acids

• Small intestine
• Pancreatic nucleases
• Nucleic acids  nucleotides
• Nucleotidases: nucleotides 
nucleosides
• Nucleosidases & phosphatases
• Nucleosides  N bases, P, sugars
Chemical Digestion of Lipids

• Oral cavity
• Lipase: lipids  fatty acids
• Stomach – little digestion
• Small intestines
• Pancreatic lipases: lipids  glycerol FA,
monoglycerides
• Bile salts – assist in fat digestion
https://sites.google.com/a/canacad.ac.jp/sl-hl-2-biology-2-ferguson/13-physiology-
1/6-1-digestion-and-absorption
Summary

• Different biomolecules make up our food.

• The digestive system breaks them down into smaller pieces 

nutrients absorbed and distributed to every cell in our body

• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions for faster nutrient

absorption and molecule formation.
5-10 secs

2-6hrs

5-6hrs

12-24hrs
5-10 secs

2-6hrs

5-6hrs

12-24hrs
https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/nutr1100/chapter/protein-digestion-and-absorption/
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/85357355417401034/
At the end of this module, you should be able to

 identify the parts of the human cardiovascular system and give the function of each.
  Heart
 Blood vessels
 Blood

https://www.momjunction.com/articles/heart-circulatory-system-diagram-parts-functions-for-kids_00648438/
 Hollow, cone-shaped pump which is
muscular in nature
 Human heart has 4 chambers
 Atria
 Upper chambers
 Thin walls
 Receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart
 Ventricles
 Lower chambers
 Receive blood from atria
 Pumps blood out of the heart

Which chambers pump blood?

 Interventricular septum
 Separates the right from left chambers

 Valves
 Prevent backflow of blood
 Tricuspid valve
 Bicuspid/mitral valve
 Pulmonary/semilunar valve
 Aortic valve

What is the function of valves?

 Interventricular septum
 Separates the right from left chambers

 Valves
 Prevent backflow of blood
 Tricuspid valve
 Bicuspid/mitral valve
 Pulmonary/semilunar valve
 Aortic valve
 Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules,
veins
 Walls of blood vessels
 Endothelium
 Smooth lining
 Has contact with blood
 Smooth muscle
 Middle layer
 Connective tissue
 Outermost layer
 Attaches the vessels to surrounding tissues

 Capillaries
 Only 1 layer of tunic
Which blood vessel has only 1 wall?
 Arteries
 Carry blood away from the heart
 Aorta – largest artery in the body

 Capillaries
 Smallest diameter
 Thin walls form a semipermeable tissue
 Where exchange of materials occur
 Density reflects tissue metabolism rates
 Ex. Muscles & nerve tissues have more capillaries;
cartilages have lesser
 Veins and venules
 Bring back blood to the heart

 Veins
 Middle layer of wall is poorly developed
compared to an artery
 Walls are thinner compared to arteries
 Lumens have greater diameter
 Most have valves
 Help return blood back to the heart
 Close when there is backflow
 Veins and venules
 Bring back blood to the heart

 Veins
 Middle layer of wall is poorly developed
compared to an artery
 Walls are thinner compared to arteries
 Lumens have greater diameter
 Most have valves
 Help return blood back to the heart
 Close when there is backflow
Total cross-sectional area
 capillary beds > arteries or any other part of the
circulatory system
Which blood vessel has the highest cross-sectional area?

Velocity
 cross-sectional area  velocity from arteries to
capillaries
Which blood vessel has the slowest velocity?

Pressure
 Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of
lower pressure
Which blood vessel has the lowest blood pressure?
 https://www.bloodpressureuk.org/your-blood-pressure/understanding-your-blood-
pressure/what-do-the-numbers-mean/

What is the normal blood pressure?

 Deliver essential substances
 Components:
 Plasma
 Liquid portion
 Electrolytes & other important
molecules
 Red blood cells
 White blood cells
 Platelets

What is the function of platelets?

 Red blood cells/erythrocytes
 Biconcave disk cells
 Strong & flexible cell membranes
 Lose nucleus during maturity
 More space for O2 transport

Trivia:
 1 RBC can transport ~ 1B O2

https://moeronpan.wordpress.com/2018/07/07/a-first-impression-cells-at-work-episode-1/
 White blood cells/leukocytes
 Role in immune response
 Nucleated

The different kinds of White Blood cells and their

observable features

https://rorymuses.wordpress.com/2018/07/07/cells-at-work-episode-1-anime-is-in-the-blood/
  Platelets
 Tiny cell fragments
 Has structures to stop bleeding

The (a) formation of platelets and (b) their blood-clotting

action in a wound.

https://www.thegeeklygrind.com/cells-at-work-episode-2-review/
 Rhythmic contraction &
relaxation of the heart

 Systole
 Contraction
 Diastole
 Relaxation
 Rhythmic contraction &
relaxation of the heart

 Systole
 Contraction
 Diastole
 Relaxation
 Lub
 recoil of blood
against closed AV
valves

 Dup
 vibrations caused by
closing of semilunar
valves
Trace the flow of
1. deoxygenated blood
2. oxygenated blood

Include the valves.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVU_zANtroE
 Circulatory system
 Composition:
 heart, blood vessels, and the blood
 Function:
 responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to and removes waste materials from cells in our body

 Heart structure
 muscular organ
 around 14 centimeters long and 9 centimeters wide
 located within the mediastinum
 divided into two atria and two ventricles

 Blood vessels
 carry blood to the different parts of the body back to heart
 Arteries - conduct blood away from the heart, withstanding high amounts of pressure
 decrease in size as they move farther from the heart
 form arterioles which are continuous with capillaries
 Capillaries – where exchange of materials happens
 thin walls create a semipermeable wall  allows exchange of materials between the blood and the body fluids
 continuous with the venules and veins
 Conducts blood back to the heart

 Blood - composed of different elements with different functions

Pathways of Blood in the Body
Learning Objective

At the end of this module, you should be able to

• trace various pathways of the blood in the cardiovascular system
which includes the systemic, pulmonary and cardiac circulation.
Pathways of Blood in the Body

• Systemic circulation
• Ascending aorta
• 2 branches: left & right coronary artery
• Supplies blood to heart muscle
• Arch of aorta
• Branches: brachiocephalic artery, left
common carotid, left subclavian artery
• Provide blood to arms and head
• Descending aorta
• 2 parts:
• Thoracic aorta – blood to organs in thorax
• Abdominal aorta – blood to abdominal cavity
Pathways of Blood in the Body

• Inferior vena cava

• Drains blood from parts inferior to diaphragm
• Superior vena cava
• Drains blood from parts above diaphragm

https://radiologykey.com/diaphragm-3/ The Major Veins of the Human Body

Recit points

Trace the flow of

1. deoxygenated blood (from the body
to the lungs)
2. oxygenated blood (from the lungs
to the rest of the body)

Include the valves.

Pathways of Blood in the Body

• 2 paths of CS
• Systemic circuit
• Allows oxygenated blood to be supplied
around the body
• Allows deoxygenated blood back to heart for
oxygenation
• Pulmonary circuit
• Supplies oxygenated blood
Pathways of Blood in the Body

• Pulmonary circulation
• Movement of blood from heart to lungs and
backt to heart
• Deoxygenated blood
• Superior/inferior vena cava  RA  tricuspid
valve  RV  pulmonary valve  left/right
pulmonary artery  lungs  capillary of
lung’s alveoli  gas exchange
• Oxygenated blood
• Lungs  pulmonary vein  heart  systemic
circulation
Pathways of Blood in the Body

• Pulmonary circulation
• Movement of blood from heart to lungs and
backt to heart
• Deoxygenated blood
• Superior/inferior vena cava  RA  tricuspid
valve  RV  pulmonary valve  left/right
pulmonary artery  lungs  capillary of
lung’s alveoli  gas exchange
• Oxygenated blood
• Lungs  pulmonary vein  heart  systemic
circulation
Pathways of Blood in the Body

• Systemic circulation
• Movement of blood from heart to the body
• Provides nutrients & 02 to body tissues
• Bring back deoxygenated blood back to <3
• Oxygenated blood
• Lungs  pulmonary vein  LA  mitral valve
 LV  aortic valve  aorta  body
 Summary
• We learned how the human circulatory works particularly those
of the different paths of blood as it traverses every part of our
body.
• Deoxygenated blood
• pumped by the right ventricle  pulmonary arteries  lungs

• Gas exchange happens in the alveoli

• Oxygen-rich blood
• pulmonary veins  left atrium  left ventricle  aorta  different arteries
throughout the body

• After transporting oxygen to the tissues of the body, it must go

back to the heart via the venous system.
• The blood is then drained from the different veins to the
inferior and superior vena cava before leading to the right
atrium.