;,; C'' t '.)· t "!

,
(l) CutNlaD co-ordinate• : (i) The area encloeecl by
the curwa y • ft(s), y • f1 (s) and the ordinate• s • a, s • b ia

equal to
b Jf1(:ic) ds dy
J :,c• G y•{i(%) p<>
int P(x, y, z)
~ z)and the proj
0
~t(:t, y' 6x &,
ti ngle between the p
y
iS the a . .
(ii) In the similar way, the area enclosed by the curves ~ 'f f oDl three d1me
s = ft(y), s = '2(y), y = a, y = bis equal to 'lie ltJlo"" r sec -y = ..,,\-1--1
f b
y =a
f f2<1>
=
:ic fi(y)
dy dx.

frOlll (1), we get

X
0

(2) Polar co-ordinates : The area enclosed by the curves r = fi (0), r = f2(8) and the radii The area of the surface,
vectors 0 = a, 8 = f3 is equal to
S=Jla
1'3= fr'2<=
9 [For details see § 2.12 (C)}
) r d9 dr
8 a ft (8)

♦ t 2.18. (A) VOLUME USING DOUBLE INTEGRAL here the limits of x and Y are to
!uface area Son the plane z = 0.
~•uui CR;Prdinates : If f(x, y) is a non-negative and integrable function ov
, 1ililll die volume under the surface z = f(s, y) over the region
JJB f(s, y)-dA i.&, JfB z clA.
. .

.... .•
...otthe~ ..... :

)
 UIIIJI Rd Ldft.\L
(I) In cartt"tdan co-ordlnat•s : As d1t1tu88M 1n § he 1um~ V 18 given by
\. I JI i dV l (' \! 1: J I r )
X
dx dv dz
(ii) In<'' lindrical co-ordlnatf's: Volum V s ,ov
\ j j J\ r dr d~ d
(iiil In spherical co-ordinatf's · Volum \, g1 n h
\ JJJ\ r m 0 dr d8 •

♦ I 111. AMA OF THE SURFACE (USING DOUBL! INTEGRAL)

t P(x," z) n the mfore z f(x, "). Let6S be th ar rf nclo mg
pmnt lX d th pro C'C 10n of this area on the plan z O1~ 6.t 6v. th n
fu 6\ 6S ro y.
tv. n the plane z Oand the tangent plane at the pom t
thr drmen 1onal co ordmnte gcomctcy th t -t

0
S• ox 6y sec y
OS 6x6y\{1+(t) +(d;)} •r
rf: (

If R \ { 1 + ( ~)

r t b dctcrnun d \\1th th h P
• ( - n dx dy

p 0
♦ 12 20 (A) VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION ABOUT X-AXIS

u A pl
w ar
,n ft ...
( d r n ltmc t
p 1•
A
When th1 1£: ment f
formed who ,J)ume
n( t

n (( y +b ) ] 6x oxo 0

~ t e l y to the fint degr of6

 ·~ . - e (i.e., tGtal vt>IUM) ,HIW1111&t a lllfP>AI
ittlw.X-asia
_ • JJA 21ty dx dy.
4m polar co-ordinate■• The formula (1) for the volume
= JI A 27t (r sin 9) . r d9 dr
= JJ A
2
21tr sin 9 d9 dr
··~
- - - - O F SOLID OF REVOLUTION ABOUT Y-AXIS
Proceeding as above in § 2.20 (A), the total volume of the solid generated by the revolution
the area A about Y-axis ti
= JJA
2xx dx dy ...(1)
In polar co-ordinates : The formula (1) for the volume
= JJA 21t (r cos8).r d8 dr
= JJA 2
21tr cos 8 d8 dr ... (2)
I ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES I
,./Example 1. Find the area included between the parabola y = 4x - x 2 and the line y = x.
[R.G.T.U. June 2008. Dee.ltlll
Solution. The given region is bounded by the following curves
Y = 4.x- x2 ... (1) y
and y = x. ... (2)
At the points of intersection of (1) and (2), we have
x = 4x - x ⇒ x (3 - x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 3.
2
Thus the required area is the shaded area and is expressed by
0 S: X S: 3, X S: y S: 4.x - x 2 •
0 r: -x
= J03 Jx4x -
2
The required area x
dx dy = J3 [y]/-
4
x
2
dx
0
=J 3
0 (4x-x
·
2 3
-x)dx=J 0 (3x-x 2 )dx
3
3 2 1 3 27 9 .
=[ x
2 -
3x ] = 2 - 9 = 2 = 4 · 5 square umt.
O
_,£sample 2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x 3 and y = x 2•
(JLG.T.U.
flolutlon. At the point of intersection of the curves y = x 3 and y = x 2 , we ba-.e
x = x ~ x 2 (x - 1) = 0 ~ x = 0, t
3 2
the given ana ia included between the curves
8
y =x , y • s 2, s • oands • L
 Thus, firstly intearatin1 along a vertical •trip, the required area ,
JJl x2
"" o ,t3 dxdy= fo [Y]~
l 2
dx-J~ (x2 -xa)dx
3 4 1
x x ] 1 1 1
=[ 3 - 4 = 3-
4 = 12 square unit.
0

~ p i e 3. Find, by triple integration, the volume of the sphere

x2 + y2 + 2 2 .,, a2.
(R.G,T.U. June I009, June 2010, Dec. IOU}
Solution. Changing cartesian rn•ordinates to spherical polar co-ordinates by substituting
x = r sin 9 cos 4>, y =r sin 9 sin cl>, z = r cog 0.
Volume of the sphere= 8 x volume in the positive octant.
The limits for positive octant are :
r varies from O to a, 0 varies from O to 7t / 2 and 4> varies from Oto 1t I 2.
• Required volume = 8
•• f a
r=0
f it/2 f it/2
8=0 ~=0
r 2 sm
.
9 dr d9 d4>

= 8 [f ~ r 2
dr] x [f ; 12
sin 0 d9] x [J ;' 2
1
dcl) {Since limits are constants]

[r 3]
0
1t/2 [ ]it/2
=8 0 X [ - COS 0 ] 0 X q) 0
3

=8 [ a:]- ox [- O+ 1] x [%- o] =1xa 3 Ans .

.
Alternative Method : The given . x 2 + Y 2 + z2 -1
sph ere is - .
... (1)

Re d. volume = 8 x volume in the positive octant

q r-2-2
a
~2
f va 2
- X f va- - y dx dy dz
X -
=8 f x=0 y=0 z=0

Ja2 _ x2 [z ]P'- x2 ~y2 dx dy

=Bf:""o f y=0 0

a f Ja2~x2 JKa"2 - x2)- .i dx dy

=Bfx=o y=O
~ - 2 2 r2
u fy jy2_y2dxdy,puta-l·-
=B f x=O ys0 r
BJU l r.2_ 2+ 1
y -i;Y y 2
r 2 sin- 1 .):1
) 0
dx
X • (J r 2
a 2 2 d
- Ja [1 y2. 7t ] d:r=2tt fo (a -x ) l'
-Bx o 2 2
2 x3]a 4 na3.
[
=21t ax- 3 o-:1
 \IIJUJn;ple ,. Using tripl, integration, determine the volume of a hemi-sphere of raGfQb'tV:,;
(]LG.T.u.n...-..

.
Solution.. The equation of a sphere of radius a, referred to centre as ori.cill 11 I
_..,_ple
is..--
%2 + 1 2 + z2 = 0 2.
Required volume = 4 x volume in the positive octant fincl the
[Proceed exactly as in above EX,3] • J'.
= ~ na3 sol1lt10 I
3
~ample 5. The axes of two right circular cylinders of the same radius 'a' intersect at righ1 for the ti
16 3
angles. Proue that the volume which is inside both the cylinder
. is 3 a • (i) '{'he
lllced by-
Or reP (ii) For
2 2 2 2 2 2
Find the volume common to the cylinders x + y =a , x +z =a .
[R.G.T.U. June 2008, Dec. IOU]

Solution. Let the equation of the two cylinders be given by

x2 + Y2 = a2, x2 + 2 2 = a2.
2
Thelimitsofzarefrom-.Ja 2 -x 2 to -V1a 2 -x 2 ·thoseofyarefrom-
, -Vfa _ / 2 -x 2 ·
x 2 t o,a Hence

and those of x are from - a to a ,---- ,---- ' Hence

V=2fao 2f ✓a2-x2 2 f ✓a2-x2 dx dy dz
O 0

-- 8 fao fo✓a2 - x2 I 2 -x 2 dxdy=B fao (a2-x2)dx=Bx2a 3 =16a.

-ya 3
3 3
2
Example 6. Find the area enclosed by the parabolas y = 4ax and x2 = 4ay
Solution. The given parabolas are .
2 y
y = 4ax ... (1)
and x2 = 4ay

(1) and (2), t/

The po· t f · t · ... (2)
o m ersect10n of parabolas (1) and (2) are obtained by solving
A /=4ax
y2 = 4aJ(4ay) => y4 = 6,1a3y 0..-~----X
=> y (y 3 - 64a 3) - 0 => y =0 = •1a.
or y
Hence from (1), when y = 0' x -_ 0 an d w 1ien y = 4a, x = 4a.

Thus the.points of intersection are 0(0, 0) and A(4a, 4a).

A no• 'fh e region
The reqmred area is OQ'nr . egrat'ion can be expressed as
. of mt

0S x S 4a, x 2 / ( 4a) s y s .J( 4ax).

:. The required area= J a
4
0
Jxl<2l(4a)
4
ax) d d _
X Y-
J 4a [
O
Y
]./'{24ax)
x /(4a)
 -J: [.J<4m:i - t-] .,.,_
32
2a"" [! %812],ta - ..!_ [x•r
a o 4a 3
=- a 2 -~ 16 2 o
3 3 a =-a2
3 .
Example 7. Find the area of th e curve r = a (l
+ COB 8).

Fi.nd the area bounded by th e card.ioid

. r = aOr
(l
Solution. The equation of th .
e given curve is
+ COB 8).

For the tracing of the cur b r = a (1 + cos 8). ...(1)

. ve. we o serve .
(1) The curve is symmetri 1 b ·
replaced
•· by - 8. ca a out the initial line ' as there 18
· no ch ange m
. (1) when 8 is
(11) For the upper half of the curve 0 d
- -- . ' an r vary as follows :

~ 8 O- f ½nT-½
n-L ~ nT Jt

r 2aJ--Ta \ a J ½a I 0

Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in the adjoining figur~.

Hence the required area = 2 x area OAPBO
_f
-
1t
=
fa(l + cos 0)
r= 0 r d0 dr
0 0

] a (1 + cos 0)
=2 f -12 r
7t [
2
d0
0 0

= J; a 2 (l+cos0) d0
2

= 4a 2f cos (0/ 2) d0 1t
O
4

= 4a2 f t2 (cos4 <I>). (2 d<!>) [putting (0 / 2) = (j), d0 = 2 de\)]

3 2 Ans.
= 1tQ •
2
2 2
.,Example 8. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x t- y =4and the planes y + z =4and
z = 0. (R.G.T.U. Dec. 2003, NovJDec. 2007, April 2009, Feb. 2010, June H1')

Solution. The limits of z are from z = 0 to z = 4 - y.

From x 2 + y 2 = 4, the limits of y are from y = - J4- x 2
toy= ✓4- x2 , and the limitsofsare
&om x = - 2 to x = 2. Hence
I ✓4 2
I
✓
2 - x 4- y
Volume (V) = JJJv dx dy dz = I =-x 2 Y =- 4 - x2 z=o dx d,y a
 ....... e
·tiB l,P _1#
~e,,l 't }lBP
1'~1

'fbB }iJlU

2
x 2 + Y = az, tM C11ind.,
...Cumple 9.
Fi, d the volume bounded by t he P
n
araboloid
[R.G.T.U. June 2807, .,... 1111]
...
%2 + 2 = 2ay and the plane z = 0. . 2 2
y ired to find the volume bounded by the paraboloid x + y = a,, tile
Solution. We are requ
cylinder %2 + y2 = 2ay and the plane z = 0. Chan
2 2 2 2
.
The required volume 1s .
obtamed . •
by mtegratmg z -_ x +
a Y over the circle x + Y = 2.ay.
Also fro
Required volume V = JJ z dx dy [See§ 2.18 (A)]
2 2
= JJ x : Y dx dy. i.e. , the limit
Now we shall change to polar co-ordinates in the xy-plane by putting x = r cos 8, Y = r sinl
2 2 r2
.. z = x + Y becomes z = - ·
a a
The circle x 2 + y 2 = 2ay becomes r = 2a sin 8.
To cover the circle, r varies from O to 2a sin 8 while 8 varies from O to x.

f
V = n
8 O
f 2a sin a
r - 0
2
c_ . r d8 dr = -1:._ Jn [ ~]
a a O
4
4
2a :sin 8
d8
. 0 Solutio
8
4a
3
f0 n
4
sin 8d8 = 8a
3
Jo"' 2
sin 4 0d8 = 31t~ -

jlbmple 10. Find the volume cut from the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 by the c,-"'
z2 + ,2 = ax. __ _.
(B.G.T.U.-
Or
(Thia que,tion may be asked as follows) :

A ap/Nre ia cut by a right cylinder, the radius of whose b~e is half that of the spMrf ,,,_,.,
"'6e pane, through the centre of the sphere. Find the volume common to both.
 atioaol

% I+ yI - - ,.. & • ( % - ia) + .,1 •a•

1
4

a.I•• equation_of tbe circular cylinder with centre at a diatance al 2on z..uia and radhaa a/ 2
_.... ii ball' the radius of the sphere. Clearly

ftae limits of z are from -Ja x y2 to ✓0 2 _ x2 _ ,2.

2
- 2 _

The limits of y are from - Jax -x to Jax_ x2. 2

'lbe limits of x are from O to a.

.. The volume = J; 2 J!ax-x 2 2 J! 02

- x
2
- Y
2
dx dy dz

= 4 foa fo..J ax - 'iIa - x x2 2 2

- y 2 dx dy.
Changing to polar by putting x = r cos 8, y = r sin 8.
.. dx dy = r d8 dr.
2 2
Also from x + y = ax, we get
2
r = ar cos 8 i.e. , r = 0, a cos 8
i.e., the limits of rare from Oto a cos 8 and clearly that of8 are from Oto rr,/ 2.

(a2 - r2)3/2] a cos8

The volume = 4J
0
Tt/2
J0a cos8 r'ia/ 2 -r 2 d8 dr= 4J
0
Tt/2 [
- ----
2 X 3/ 2
d8
0

= 4J Tt/2 ( a 3 . 3 8) d8 = -4a-
- a 3 sm
3
[Tr, - 2] = 2a 3 ( 1t - 4) .
3 0 3 2 3 3 3
E~ple 11. Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid x 2 + 4y 2 + z = 4 and the xy-plane.
[R.G.T.U. June 2006)
Solution. The equation of the given paraboloid is
2 2
z = 4- x - 4y . ...(1)
z .., Surface
5
4T I
J<x , y) =4 - x2 - 4y2
y ~./47 y
dxdy

, ,, X

z=O --- --1--► Y y=-lJ4-x2

2
- 2
 . 2 2 - A •
d dhytheelhpsex + 4y - ~,.e.,the.---
.
Taking z = 0, the region Rin xy-plane 18 boun e --~ tltt
solid is 1 r,4 2 ~ _!-_ 4 - x ) . [< 2
R : - 2 S XS 2, - -.J ( - X ) S y 2
2 1 V. .
. • n e t he required vo ume 18 given by
1
Firstly integrating along a verticnl strip m xy- p a '

V = j JR z dA

:i.2)
2 Jl2' (4 (4
2
x2 - 4y ) d:x dy
J
= - 2 _ 1 [<4 _ x2)
2

=~J2 (4-x2)3/2 dx.

3 - 2

bstituting x = 2 sin 0 so that dx = 2 cos 0 d0, we get

J
V = ~. n/ 2 16 cos 4 0 d0=
3 - n/2
32
3
•2 n
0
12 4
cos 0 d0 J

64 r(!)r (~)
=-·----=-· 2 2
64 3. 1 .Ji . ✓re
=41t.
cyl
3 2 f(3) 3 2. 2 . 1
2 2 1
.,..,..pie 12. Find the volume enclosed between the cylinders x + y = ax and • ' •
[R.G.T.U.

2
Solution. Since the volume is enclosed between the cylinders x 2 + y = as aalll

✓ ax - ✓ CJ% -
2 1
therefore, z varies from z Jax to z Jax, j varies from - x to y = s ;
2
from x Oto x = a [since by putting y - 0 in x + y 2 ax we get x 2 - ax = O ~ s (s
x = 0, a). Hence the required volume Vis given by

V J: o J, or x2 x2 J~ ..fax dx d:,, ch
--.-. l• l.[ciir- u •
 J~•-sl
=JX•O Y•- ✓ax-,c2 2Jai udy
o

= 2Ja ..fai[J ✓ax-,c2 ]

""" o Y•- ✓ a.x-zl
- dy ch

= 2 Ja .Jax[Y ] ✓a.x -x2

x=O
-
✓ -dx
ax- x2

= 2J: ..fax [2..}ax- x 2

] dx = 4J 0
r- ✓ ax-x 2 dx.
vax
0
Pu tting x = a sm
. 2 8, so that dx = 2a sin 8 cos de.
8
1t/ 2 I 2 r--;;---~----
v = &i Jo Va sin 2 8 ✓(a 2 sin 2 8 - a 2 sin 4 0) sin 0 cos 0 d0
= &i 3 f 01t12 I - sin 2 0) • sin 0 sin 0 cos 0 d0
sin 8 · ,v(l
-- ou
o_3 fo1r.l2 sin 3 8 cos 2 0 d0

= 8a3 . r(!)rm
2r (i)
1. 1. _!_ ✓7t 16a3
3 2 --· Ans.
=8a . 5 3 1 15
2.-.-.-.Jn
2 2 2
_,.Example 13. Find the volume of the portion of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 lying inside the
cylinder x 2 + y 2 = ay. [R.G.T.U. Dec. 20061
y
Solution. The equation of the cylinder is
Cylinder

x 2 + y 2 - ay = 0 i.e., x +
2
(y - ;r =(;r
i.e.,it is the equation of the circular cylinder with centre
at a distance a on y-axis and radius!:. which is half of the X' ._.-1----.....;:::.0+..:;.i----t-+ X
2 2
radius of the sphere.
Changing to polar cylindrical co-ordinates by
putting x =r cos e, y =r sin 0, z = z, we get
2 2 Y'
%2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 becomesr 2 +z 2
=a 2
::) z= Fa - r •
(The figure is, section by xy-plane)
 , a I n a?◄ ( C;;
...... + y 1 - -, • Obecome1
r 2 - ar •in 8 • 0 :$ r • a line.
Hence limita are :
z• 0 to z= Ja 2 r2 [Poaitive octant i.&,2tbae.J
r = 0 to r = a sin 8
8=0to8=~ [Positive octant i.e. ,2 tiDlle)
2
Hence voIume= 2 x 2 n/2 Jasin 8 JJa 2 - r 2 r dQ d r d z
J8=0 r=0 z=0
= 4 Jn/2
8=0
Jasin 8 r
r=0
[z ],Ja2 - r2 d8 dr
0
=4J7t/2 Jaein8 r ~r2d8dr
8=0 r=0 ..;a--;
a sin 8
=4J;" [-(a
2
2-:l o 2 3/2
]
d8
= ~ Jn/2 [- (a2 - a2 sin2 0)3/2 + a3] d0
3 0
4a 3
=-
3
f n/2 (1 - cos 3 8) d8
0
4a
3
[ 1t r2r (l)j
2
= - 3- 2 - 2r (!)
= 4a3
3 2
r~ -~J- 3 Ans.
Example 14. Find the volume bounded by the surface 4z = 16 - 4x 2 - y 2 and the plane z = (l
Solution. Here the given surface is the paraboloid Z • Paraboloid
2 2 : 4 surface
4z = 16 - 4,x - J , ... (1) ~ d ..2
4z= 16-v--r
The projection of the surface (1) on the plane z = 0 is
an ellipse given by
4x 2 + y 2 = 16, z = 0.
Therefore the region R, above which the required 1
llllume lies is bounded by the curves
X
,-,. ~(16- 4% 2 ), y = /<16- 4x 2 ), x =- 2andx =2.
Fif8tlY integrating along a vertical strip the requind volume v 18 • ~
· given u3

V.• JI2 R z dA
J- .J<
./,--(16---4%-2) 1
6
2 2
= - J 2 _
16
_ u2>
4 {1 - 4x - Y ] dx dy
o -x2)
J2✓(4
1 2 2 {by property of definite integral)
= 4. J2
2 - 2 {l6- 4x - y ] dx dy

1 2L 312rc; -~
=2 J_ 2 l(l6- 4.x2) Y - \ o dx

=½J~ 2
(s(4-x 2 ) 312 -i(4-x )dx 2
)'
12

= .!, . 16 J2 {4 - x2]3/2 dx
2 3 - 2

= 1; J: (4 - x2]3/2 dx.

Let x = 2 sin 0, dx = 2 cos 0 d0, we get 2

16 16 4
J
V = 16 tt/ 2 2 3 cos 3 0. 2 cos0 d0=
3 O
x
3
tt/
o
cos 0 d8 J

= 16 X 16 r(~)r(~)2 2
3 1 ~ ~
16 X 16 2 . 2 1t • 1t 161t.
Ans.
3 2 r(3) 3 2. 2. 1
2
Esample 15. Find the volume of the wedge intercepted between the cylinder x + y2 = 2ax and

the planes z = x,z = 2x.

J~• 2 Jf"" -' J~ dx dy dz= 2 J~• xf2ax - x
2
2
Solution. The volume = dx.

Put x == 2a sin 2 0, :. dx = 4a sin 0 cos 0 d0.

2 3
The volume= 32a 3 J;' 2 4
sin 8 cos 8 d9 = 1ta •
2
2 2
Esample 16. Find the area of thesu rface of the spherex + y2 + z = a which lies inside the

2
cylinder x 2 + y == ax. 2
Solution. The given sphere x 2 + y2 + z 2 = a has centre (0, 0, O) and radius a and the

~
equation of the given cylinder is
x2 + y 2 = ax or G-~)' + (y - 0) =
2

whole uia ia parallel ID •-uia and i n ~ •uia at the point (a/ 2, 0. 0).
 Cylinder
xl+r=ax
Clearly the projection of the given eurface on the plane z = 0 ie x 2 + y 2 = ax, z • Q
Again dZ
=-
X
and
az = - y ·
ax z ay z

Now secy= HI+ (::r +(:;f} = (1 +:: +::)

=(1/ z) ✓(x2 + Y2 + z2) = a= a .
z J(a2 _ x2 _ y2)
:. The required surface S =ff 8 sec y dx dy = 4a ff R J(a2 dx_ x2dy_ y2)
where R is the region of the circle x 2 + y 2 = ax in the first quadrant of the xy-plane.
x = r cos 8, y = r sin 9, the equation of the circle x 2 + y 2 = ax in polar coordinates is
2
r = ar cos 0 => r = a cos 0.
So changing to polar coordinates the above double integral becomes
S = 4a J1tl2 Ja cos 8 r d0 dr
[·: dx dy = r d8
o o .J<a2 - r2)
= 4a fo 1tt2 [
-
I
v(a2 - r2) ] oa cos a d0
= 4a J1t!2 ( a - a sm
•
0) d 9
O
2
= 4a
2
J;' (1 - sin 0) d0

2
= 4a
2
[e + cos0 ] :'

- 4a {
2
~ 2
1} - 2a (1t - 2).

Example 17. Find the surfare of the cylinder x 2 + z 2 = a 2 , that lies inside th, c, ·
x2 + y2 = 0 2 _

Solution. Clearly the projection of the given surface on the plane z = 0 is the
x2 + y2 =a2, z = 0.
 ... 'ftlenquind
8• IIs • 1 • •

where R is the region in first quadrant of ......., , ,

8 = 8a Ioarl<a
1
- ""' di dy
:. o .J<a2 _x2)
Jca2 - :ic2)
= 8a Jo [ 1 ·Y cl%= 8a Ja t&
0 .Jca2 - x2) ]0 0

=8a[x 1:=8a2. Am. Z

Example 18. Fi.nd the whole area of the astroul x 213 + y 213 = a213• IIUl,T.U.. .... _

Solution. Whole area of the artroid r

= 4 x area of positive quadrant OAB

=4 a J J♦(x) dx dy
x=O y=O

where y = q,(x) = (a 213 - x 213 ) 312

=4 a[ ]lj)(x)
dx= 4 Ia q,(x) dx
I0 y O 0

= 4J 0
0 (a
213
-x 213 ) 312 dx.

Putting x = a cos 3 t so that

dx = - 3a cos 2 t sin t dt
 ~...._------------===== ENOINE!lll

Required area = 4
I (
o a 2/3 - a 2/3 c08 2 t)3/2 (- 3a cos 2 t sin t) dt
'lf.12

_
-12a 2 J0'lf.l2 (1 _ cos 2 t) 312 cos 2 t sin t dt
- 12a2
-
f n/2
0
cos2 t sin 4 t dt

2
r (~) r (~)
= i2a 2r (!)
1
Ji. 3 1 . Jrr
= 12a2 2 2 _2_ _
2.3.2.1
3xa 2
= --·
8

Example 19. Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the revolution of•
cardiod r = a(l + cos 0) about its axis.

Solution. Here the area A in the xy-plane is the area of the cardiod r = a(l + coal) . .
X-axis (i.e., axis of cardiod) which is bounded by r = 0 to r = a(I + cos 0) and 8 = 0 to 8 = 1t.
Hence required volume y
-- Jr 7t=
0 0
Jra=(1 + cos 9) 2 2 . 0d d
7tr sin 0 r
A' A
0

Ja (1 + cos 0)
= J: 21t [ r
3
3

0
sin9d9 Y=

= ~ f0x 3
a (1 + cos0) 3 sin8 d8 8= 1t
8=0

= 2w; 3
[-(I+ c;"O)'I
= 2w;a[ O+ ~6]
8xa 3
=
3

Bum.pie IO. Prove, by double integral that the volume generalftl by 11N ,..,.,.. .
r • a(l - co• 8) about ita axu ia : xa 8 .

Conaider the area A in the .i;,,plane of the cardiotl r • -Cl - -

t. bouacled byr • Ot.or • a(l- ooal)aadt• Otola &
 • 2aa
8
8
[<t- coae>'
4
] 1

• ~ l'NMt~
0
II. Calculate by double inte,ral, , , - ~ . , .
1I • a 1 about %-axis.
,,.,.,_If._
Or
Prow, by double integral that the volume of a sphere of radiu, a i, ~ u 8•
3
Solution. The solid generated by the revolution of the circle about• ....... ii a v PL
Let the equation of the given circle be
x2 +y2 =a2. ~
KA is the diameter of the circle. The semi-circle ABK 1u¥, been revolved abaut die f la
A'A
y
The semi-circle ABA' is bounded by y = 0 to
1 = Ja - x 2 and x = - a to x = a.
2
•
Hence the volume of the sphere
a ~~a2---x...,..2
J
= x=- a Jy = 0 21ty dx dy X' J.'

ea [':L
~a2-x2

=2K dx

••Ja-a (a2 -x2)dx

 ~ ..............
- II. Calculate by double integral, the volume of Prolate -,,heroitl.
Or
by double integral the volume of the solid generated by revolviiu.
•,t
,a._
WIC f'
%2 y2
- + - ' =1 IJIV ,out major axis (i.e. ,x-axis).
a2 b2
[JI]
The solid generated by revolving upper half of the area of the ellipse about its ... .
&1.1lJor
axis is called •1 Prolate spheroid.
2 2
Since theUellipse .:__ + L = 1 is symmetrical about y-axis, the required volume
a2 b2
= 2 x volume generated by revolving the area of t he quadrant ABOA about x-axis
r- -
I x2 Y
a
= 2 fx= fb ,y11- a 2 21ty dx dy
O y=O
B
= •l7t f a [Y2]bJ1- ::
o 2 dx X'
. 0
2
= 21tb 2 f a ( l - -x
0 Q.2
) dx 8'
= 2nb2 [.x - x32]a
3a 0
2
= 2nb [a - ::] =: nab
2
.
Example ~la. Calculate by double integral, the volume of Oblate spheroid.
Or
2 2
Calculate b_i~ double integral, the volume of solid generated by revolving the ellipse x + -\ =1
a2 b
.
t mmor •11 ("i.e., y-axis
axi,1, . ).
x2 Y2 ..
lh e solid generated by revolving the area of the ellipse _ + _ = 1, a> babout its
a2 b2
:requilted volume
voJu.Jb generated by revolving the area of the semi-ellipse ABB A about minor asil
me generating by revolving the area ABOA about y-axis -
(i. e. ,,-
 2-
~,fr r:-7
i b 2 2nx dx dy
- '==Ill
2)( ,,.,, O
fx-a-f0 --1/
:, : f. j 2 y
the ell·
lpl>e b X 2la 1- ~2 dy B
::::41t JO[.2 0
\ _1 ) ~x
t its llla.for 2 2 y3 •·1b
= z. f: a (1 - ;: ) dy ~ 2na [J B'
3b 2 .o Y'

3
b.
= Zita 2 [ b - - ] = -4 1ta 2 b.
2
3b 3
ut~-a"is

IPROBLEM SET l
=2ax _ ; and ; =ax.
1. Find the area above the x-axis and included between the curves ;
!. Find the area JJR dA where region R is bounded by the curves y =x and y =; _wx.

s. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves :l = 4 - x and :l = x.

(a,O) X 2
4. Find the area of the curve r2- = a cos 20.
5. Find the volume tinder the plane x + y + z = 6 and above the triangle in the xy-plane bounded by the lines
2x=3y, y=O and x= 3.
rHint: Volume= Js J2vs (6 - x - y) dx dyj7
x=O y=O
l
6. Find the volume enclosed by the surfaces ; + :J = cz, ; + :1 = 2ax, z = 0.
f ,: - cx 2 +i) l
I. Hmt : Volume= J2a_ Jv2ax -~x 2-
x-0 y=--y2ax-x2
J-= 0c-
z
d x dY d z j
L
. 2 2; I; - r?- which is contained between the lines x ~ 0
7. Find the volume of the surface determined by :r + a • - '

and x = a. r ., 2 2 2 1
ex ,Jt'~- (a y )Ix J l dz
1
2 Hint : Volume = Ja 2 J" 2 J O .n Y .
_::l [ x=O y=O z ..
2
. .i ; ~. 1 which li~s between the planes y-=O, Ya=. mx.
8. Find the volume of that part. of tho cy!JndPr (1
2· + ( :.i • '
2
f x
Hint: Volume=2Ja Jmx 2Jcv1. · 0 2 d:rdydz
[ x=O Y"'O zsU

9. Find the volume bounded by /' + ; ~ 4ax, /' = a.,; X ::: 3a.
f , 2 I
80 4
Hint: Volume= 2 f l2ax 2 J~ ax, Y dx dy dzj
y=O z,.Q
Jx•O
l