International Journal of Current Science Research and Review

ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

Design and Development of Overcurrent Protection Relay Inverse Definite

Minimum Time Type Based on Arduino Uno
Rizky Aprylianto Susilo1, Muhammad Rahman Sidiq2, Erwin Nurma Hendra3,
Abdul Hamid Kurniawan4, Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto5
1,2,3,4,5
Department of Electrical Engineering, Samarinda State Polytechnic
Jl. Cipto Mangun Kusumo, Sungai Kledang, Samarinda, Indonesia. 75242

ABSTRACT: An overcurrent protection relay is an essential component in electrical system to protect devices from damage due
to excessive current. The Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) type has a trip time that depends on the magnitude of the
overcurrent, with faster trip times for higher overcurrent levels. Arduino Uno can be used as a microcontroller platform to build an
IDMT with relatively low cost and ease of implementation. This research aims to design and construct an Arduino Uno-based
IDMT. The system consists of a current sensor, Arduino Uno, and a relay. The current sensor is used to detect the current flowing
through the load. The Arduino Uno processes the data from the current sensor and determines if the current exceeds a predefined
limit. If the current exceeds the limit, the Arduino Uno will activate the relay to cut off the current flow to the load. The IDMT trip
time is implemented using an algorithm that considers the magnitude of the overcurrent and the minimum trip time. The system is
tested using a simulator and actual load. Test results show that the Arduino Uno-based IDMT system works well and can protect
the load from damage due to overcurrent.

KEYWORDS: Algorithm, Arduino Uno, Current Sensor, Inverse Definite Minimum Time, Relay, Overcurrent protection relay,
Testing.

1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important parts of an electrical power system is the protection system. As a result, the utilized electrical power
system is guaranteed to be safe. Electrical availability cannot be efficiently distributed to loads without using electrical current
protection, making an appropriate safety system essential. A common disturbance is a current surge, which is caused by overload
or short circuit in the circuit. An Over Current Relay based on Arduino has the necessary capabilities to achieve an optimal system
quality level because reliable and precise protective performance can address disturbances as effectively as possible. In principle, a
relay is a switch contact with a conductor winding on an iron core. Relays vary widely depending on their usage and function.
Problems in electrical power systems can be categorized into two types: permanent issues and temporary issues. Some disturbances
may not be eliminated. The protection of the electrical power framework can be separated into two types, namely essential assurance
and reinforcement protection. If there is an issue, primary protection functions, and backup protection operates if the primary
protection fails. Protection in electrical circuits plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality of voltage distribution to the load, as it is
an important component needed to reduce the potential for problems in the electrical system. With the implementation of an Over
Current Relay based on Arduino in the electrical circuit, it is expected to minimize various problems that can disrupt system
reliability as much as possible [1].

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Revious Research
Several references were used in the design of the Inverse Definite Minimum Time Overcurrent Relay Based on Arduino Uno. From
the research conducted by Deni Almanda and Habil Yusuf titled “Design of a Prototype for Overcurrent Protection in DC Loads
Using a Microcontroller,” the overcurrent protection system designed using an Arduino Nano microcontroller and the ACS712 5A
current sensor has been able to effectively protect against overcurrent [2]. The research by Wahyono, Wiwik Purwati Widyaningsih,
and Ajie Pribadi N, Choirul Nur H, Fidiyan Kelfin M, and Fitri Shafira titled “Performance Testing of a 3-Phase Inverse Time
Overcurrent Relay for Supporting Protection System Practicum” demonstrates a theory that can be used to support the research on
7447 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

the Inverse Definite Minimum Time Overcurrent Relay Based on Arduino Uno [3]. From the research conducted by Alfi Syahri and
Andik Bintoro Kolom titled “Monitoring and Controlling Power Based on Arduino Uno Using PZEM-004T Sensor,” the application
of the PZEM-004T sensor as a current sensor that can be used in this study is shown [4]. The research by Aria Kharisma and Galang
Nazharullah titled “Overcurrent Protection Relay Based on Arduino Microcontroller” describes the design of an overcurrent
protection relay using a current sensor from a shunt resistor and Op-Amp, tested by comparing it with an ammeter. The results show
that the device works well in protecting against overcurrent [5]. The research conducted by Verdiano Frandhiyawan et al. titled
“Design and Development of an Overcurrent Relay Based on Internet of Things (IoT) Monitoring and Arduino as a 1-Phase
Electronic Protection” shows that the overcurrent relay operates with 3 characteristics: standard inverse, very inverse, and extremely
inverse, which can serve as a reference for this research, particularly on the standard inverse characteristic [6]. The research by Ali
Abdulsattar Hameed et al. titled “Design and Implementation of a New Real-Time Overcurrent Relay Based on Arduino” uses an
Arduino Nano as the microcontroller and the ACS712 current sensor as the main sensor to measure current in the circuit and is
tested in real time [7]. The research by Muhammad Fahreza titled “Design of Overcurrent Protection Control Based on Arduino”
uses a GSM SIM800A Modem Module to send alerts before overcurrent occurs and indicators when overcurrent happens [8]. Most
of the references above focus mainly on controlling and disconnecting the power supply but do not extensively discuss protection
principles. This study will delve more into protection principles, specifically the Inverse Definite Minimum Time type.
2.2 Protection System Principle
The prototype of the Inverse Definite Minimum Time Overcurrent Relay will be designed according to the basic requirements of a
protection relay, which are:
1. Speed. The protection relay must be able to isolate the affected part as quickly as possible. To minimize the time needed
to disconnect the disturbed section from the healthy system, the protection relay must have high speed.
2. Sensitivity. Sensitivity in a protection relay refers to its ability to operate correctly with minimal deviation from its
characteristics.
3. Reliability. Reliability means that the protection relay must function correctly and effectively under all planned disturbance
conditions for which the relay is designed.
4. Simplicity. Simplicity means that the protection relay should meet conditions of good material quality, accurate design,
ease of installation, ease of operation, and ease of maintenance. These factors greatly influence the reliability of the relay.
5. Economical. In a protection system, the economic factor is crucial. To achieve a well-designed protection system, cost
factors play an important role in integrating all the basic requirements of the protection relay mentioned above. In practice,
a compromise is necessary to ensure that the protection system is economical without compromising the required basic
needs. Applying too high a level of protection is as detrimental as using a low level of protection. Therefore, the level of
protection used must be appropriate to the protection needs. Thus, the protection system should be optimally designed with
appropriate costs.
2.3 Mikrokontroller Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is an open-source electronic circuit board that operates using an AVR microcontroller chip. This board can be
programmed using the Arduino programming language and IDE (Integrated Development Environment). It can detect conditions
through inputs such as sensors and perform control actions on devices like LEDs or actuators. The layout and pins on the Arduino
are shown in Figure 1 [9].

Figure I. Pins on Arduino Uno [9].

7448 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

2.4 Relay
Relay can be used as a switch to control the ON/OFF state of various electronic devices. The ON/OFF control of the switch is
determined by the output value of the sensor used. After processing by the microcontroller, it will instruct the relay to perform the
ON/OFF command. A relay module is an electronic switch operated by electrical current. Essentially, a relay is a switch lever with
a wire winding around a piece of iron (solenoid) nearby. When the solenoid is energized by electrical current, the lever is pulled
due to the magnetic force generated by the solenoid, causing the switch contacts to close. The shape and symbol of the relay can be
seen in Figure 2 [12].

Figure II. Relay shapes and symbols [12].

2.5 PZEM-004T
PZEM-004T is a versatile and cost-effective power sensor that can be a valuable tool for various energy-related research and
projects. The PZEM-004T can measure voltage (V), current (A), active power (W), reactive power (VAR), power factor (PF),
energy (kWh), and frequency (Hz) with high accuracy. In this research, the PZEM-004T sensor is specifically used for measuring
current. With its ability to measure and monitor various electrical power parameters with high accuracy, the PZEM-004T can provide
valuable data for analysis, research, and the development of innovative energy control systems. The shape and symbol of the PZEM-
004T can be seen in Figure 3 [10].

Figure III. PZEM-004T [10].

2.6 LCD 16x2

The LCD 16x2 is an electronic device used to display data and messages, known as the LCD 16×2. As its name implies, it features
16 columns and 2 rows, allowing it to display a total of 32 characters (16×2 = 32). Each character is composed of 5×8 (40) pixel
dots. Therefore, the total number of pixels in this LCD can be calculated as 32 x 40 or 1280 pixels. The pins present on the LCD
16x2 can be seen in Figure 4 [11].

Figure IV. Shape and Pins on a 16x2 LCD [11].

7449 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

2.7 Push Button (Reset)

A push button switch is a simple device that functions to connect or disconnect the flow of electrical current with a push-to-unlock
mechanism (non-locking system). The unlock mechanism here means that the switch will act as a connector or disconnector of the
electrical current when the button is pressed, and when the button is not pressed (released), the switch will return to its normal
condition. The physical form of this component can be seen in Figure 5 [12].

Figure V. Shape of Push Button (Reset) [12].

2.8 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

I2C is a communication protocol used for data exchange between microcontroller devices and sensors or other devices. I2C is
designed to connect various devices in a system using a shared communication line, as shown in Figure 6 [13].

Figure VI. The form of the I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) component [13].

2.9 Piezoelectric
A piezoelectric buzzer is a type of buzzer that uses the piezoelectric effect to produce sound. The sound generated by this buzzer
results from mechanical vibrations induced by the piezoelectric crystal inside it. A DC power source connected to the piezoelectric
material causes mechanical movement, which in turn produces a sound that can be heard by the human ear using a diaphragm and
resonator. This can be seen in Figure 7, which illustrates the shape, structure, and symbol of the buzzer component.

Figure VII. Shape and symbols of buzzer components.

2.10 Time and Location System Overview

The development of this tool will take place over 16 weeks, starting from January 23, 2024, to May 8, 2024. The creation of this
tool will be conducted at the Protection Systems and Microprocessor Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik
Negeri Samarinda.
7450 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

2.11 Data Types and Data Sources

In this PBL (Project-Based Learning) design, there are three stages: pre-design, design, and operational parameters. The types and
sources of data used during the pre-design stage are datasheets, also known as component specifications. The types of data sources
used during the design stage include books, websites, journals, and circuit simulations using the Proteus software. Operational
parameters refer to data obtained from the implementation of the PBL project on Overcurrent Protection Relay Based on Arduino
Microcontroller in the Microcontroller Laboratory.
2.12 System Overview
An overview of the system to be designed in the PBL Overcurrent Protection Relay Based on Arduino Microcontroller can be seen
in Figure 8. The microcontroller system receives a voltage supply from a 5V adapter. The microcontroller has three outputs and
three inputs, which include a push button and current sensors.

AC Current
Relay Load
Supply measure

Adaptor Push
7-12V ARDUINO UNO Button

Analog signal
Digital signal
LCD AC Supplay
Buzzer
Display DC Supplay

Figure VIII. General image of an overcurrent protection relay system based on an Arduino microcontroller

In Table- I can be seen for the Input and Output used on the Arduino Uno.
Table I : Used Input and Output
Pin Mode No. Pin Name Pin Description
Functions as a reset button when the protection relay is
Input RESET Reset active and as a back button when setting the menu

Serves as an output that controls the relay to cut off the

current to the load when the read current exceeds the
Output 2 Relay
set current.

Acts as an output that generates sound as a signal when

Output 3 Buzzer the relay is active.

Functions as the output for the reset button when the

protection relay is active and as a back button when
Output 10 Push Button
setting the menu

Serves as an input that receives data on the Arduino.

Input 11 RX (PZEM-004T)
Functions as an output that sends data on the Arduino.
Output 12 TX (PZEM-004T)
Used to manage data communication between Arduino
Output SCL and SDA Display
and LCD.

7451 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
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Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

2.13 Operating Parameters

The operating parameters of this microcontroller-based overcurrent protection relay include:
1. Voltage
The signal generated by the current sensor is in the form of voltage. This voltage is received by the microcontroller as an
analog signal ranging from 0 Volts to 5 Volts and converted into a 10-bit digital signal from a value of 0 to 1023. This
digital value is then converted into current units displayed on the screen. The current sensor contains a current sensing
resistor, and by measuring the voltage drop across the resistor RS, the current flowing through the load and the RS resistor
can be calculated.
2. Current
As a current protection device, the current parameter is very important for this device to function properly. The device's
ability to measure the flowing current adjusts to the current-carrying capacity of the current sensor and the relay used, thus
obtaining the maximum current value that can be protected.

2.14 Equipment and Materials

The equipment and materials used can be seen in Table- II below:
Table II : Equipment and Materials
Equipment Material
Power Supply AC
Arduino Uno R3
220
Ampere Meter Module Relay 5V
Adaptor 7-12 V
PZEM-004T

Laptop Push Button Active High

Grinding Piezoelectric Buzzer

Drill PCB board

Solder Acrylic
Power Supply DC
bolt
7-25
Variable Reistor Spacer
Cable (Female-Female),
(Male-Male), (Female-
Male) and Cable 1,5 mm
Banana Plug

Skun Ring

LCD I2C 16 x 2

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Design Result
In creating a design, thorough planning is necessary to achieve a tool that meets specific standards. Specifically, the design of the
Inverse Definite Minimum Time Overcurrent Relay Protection requires careful calculations to facilitate its development process. In
Figure 10 below is the design that will be used to arrange the main components so that they can function properly.

7452 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

Figure IX. View of the entire tool

3.2 Current Protection Relay Testing

During the protection relay testing, the protection current value and the current reading value are set. It should be noted that the
relay used is an active High type relay, so when given a high signal, the relay will operate. In Table- III below are the test results
from the Overcurrent Protection Relay Module.

Table III : Testing of Current Protection Releases

Testing on
Curren Testing On
NO Modules Error (%)
t (A) ETAP (A)
(Second)
1 1.95 999 999 0
2 1.96 999 999 0

3 1.97 999 999 0

4 1.98 999 999 0

5 1.99 999 999 0

6 2 1.08 1 -7,40741

7 2.01 1.05 1 -4,7619

8 2.02 1.01 1 -9,09091

9 2.03 1.05 1 -4,7619

10 2.04 1.08 1 -7,40741

11 2.05 1.08 1 -7,40741

12 2.06 1.09 1 -8,25688

13 2.07 1.11 1 -9,90991

14 2.08 1.07 1 -6,54206

15 2.09 1.05 1 -4,7619

16 2.10 1.06 1 -5,66038

17 2.11 1.09 1 -8,25688

7453 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

18 2.12 1.11 1 -9,90991

`9 2.13 1.1 1 -9,09091

20 2.14 1.03 1 -2,91262

21 2.15 1.06 1 -5,66038

22 2.16 1.06 1 -5,66038

23 2.17 1.04 1 -3,84615

24 2.18 1.08 1 -7,40741

25 2.19 1.07 1 -6,54206

26 2.20 1.02 1 -1,96078

27 2.21 1.09 1 -8,25688

28 2.22 1.06 1 -5,66038

29 2.23 1.07 1 -6,54206

30 2.24 1.03 1 -2,91262

31 2.25 1.06 1 -5,66038

It can be seen from Table 3 that the testing of the Overcurrent Protection Relay shows a slight discrepancy between the calculations
in ETAP and the tests conducted using a stopwatch, as can be seen in Figure 9. The comparison curve between the Testing and
Simulation in the ETAP Application.

Current and Trip Time

50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1.95
1.97
1.99
2.01
2.03
2.05
2.07
2.09
2.11
2.13
2.15
2.17
2.19
2.21
2.23
2.25
2.27
2.29
2.31
2.34

Waktu Hasil Percobaan Simulasi Etap

Figure X. IDMT Characteristic Curve Test Time compared to ETAP.

4. CONCLUSION
From the results of the Project-Based Learning on the design and construction of an Inverse Definite Minimum Time Overcurrent
Relay Based on Arduino in the Protection System Laboratory and the Microprocessor System Laboratory, the following conclusions
can be drawn:
1. Based on the test results, this device works well in protecting against overcurrent and the Inverse Definite Minimum Time
characteristic is met according to simulations on ETAP software.
2. This device has good accuracy and produces a fairly low average error rate.

7454 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455
International Journal of Current Science Research and Review
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i10-01, Impact Factor: 7.943
IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org

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Cite this Article: Rizky Aprylianto Susilo, Muhammad Rahman Sidiq, Erwin Nurma Hendra, Abdul Hamid Kurniawan, Ikhsan
Aurel Riyanto (2024). Design and Development of Overcurrent Protection Relay Inverse Definite Minimum Time Type Based
on Arduino Uno. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 7(10), 7447-7455, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-10-01

7455 *Corresponding Author: Ikhsan Aurel Riyanto Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
Available at: www.ijcsrr.org
Page No 7447-7455