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CEP Transportation Engg-2

Transportation engineering (University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar)

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UNIVERSTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Transportation Engineering-2 CEP

Name: Muhammad Shehzad
Class No: 51
Section: E
Semester: 6th
Registration No: 20PWCIV5401
Course Instructor: Dr. Tariq sir

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Table of Contents
General Information ........................................................................................................................ i

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ii

List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. iv

List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................v

Complex Engineering problem........................................................................................................ 1

1. Problem statement: ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction: .................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background: ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Objectives: ........................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Scope of project: .............................................................................................................. 2

1.5 Map of the Project: .......................................................................................................... 3

2 Problem solution: .................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Route selection:................................................................................................................ 3

2.2 Horizontal Alignment and Closure error of Traverse ....................................................... 3

2.2.1 Segments length: ...................................................................................................... 4

2.2.2 Deflection angle ........................................................................................................ 5

2.2.3 Internal Angle:........................................................................................................... 5

2.2.4 Azimuth of each line ................................................................................................. 5

2.2.5 Latitudes and Departure ........................................................................................... 5

2.3 Simple Horizontal Curve and Length of Highway:............................................................ 6

2.3.1 Minimum allowable radius ....................................................................................... 6

2.3.2 Tangent length and length of each simple curve ..................................................... 7

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2.3.3 Length of highway: .................................................................................................... 7

2.4 Natural Ground elevations at every 20m and at critical points: ...................................... 8

2.5 Design of Natural Ground Profile (or NSL i.e., Natural Surface Level) and Ground Profile
(PGL i.e., Proposed Ground Level): ............................................................................................. 9

2.6 Design of vertical curves and coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment: .......... 9

2.6.1 Grades: .................................................................................................................... 10

2.6.2 Algebraic Difference................................................................................................ 10

2.6.3 Rate of Vertical Curvature....................................................................................... 10

2.6.4 Length of Curves: .................................................................................................... 10

2.6.5 Design of First Sag: .................................................................................................. 10

2.6.6 Design of Crest curve .............................................................................................. 12

2.6.7 For Second Sag Curve.............................................................................................. 13

2.7 Cross Section design: ...................................................................................................... 13

2.9 Calculation of earthwork quantities from Station 0+000.0 to Station 0+060.0 (20 m interval):
................................................................................................................................................... 14

2.10 Designed based on Stopping Sight Distance:.................................................................... 15

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List of Figures
Fig. 1: Map of project route end points .......................................................................................... 3

Fig. 2: Horizontal Alignment of Road .............................................................................................. 4

Fig. 3:Horizontal Alignment of Road showing simple curves.......................................................... 7

Fig. 4:Design of NSL and PGL........................................................................................................... 9

Fig. 5: Cross Section design ........................................................................................................... 14

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List of Tables
Table 1:Design Controls Details ...................................................................................................... 1

Table 2:Latitudes and Departure values ......................................................................................... 6

Table 3: Tangent length and length of each simple curve values .................................................. 7

Table 4: NGL at 20 m interval and critical points ............................................................................ 8

Table 5:coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment of first Sag curve .............................. 11

Table 6:coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment of Crest curve................................... 12

Table 7:coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment of Second Sag curve ......................... 13

Table 8: Earth work calculations ................................................................................................... 14

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Complex Engineering problem

1. Problem statement:
1.1 Introduction:

The description, objectives, and specifications of the projects are presented in the Table below,
and the locations of the project's end points are shown in Map 1 (100% scale 1: 12500, contour
interval 3 m or 125% scale 1: 10000, contour interval 3 m).

Table 1:Design Controls Details

Design Controls

Max. grade, except at intersections 7%

Min. grade, all locations 0.5 %
Max. fill height and cut depth at centerline 8.5 m
Maximum rate of superelevation (emax ) 6%
Design Speed 60 km/h

It often advantageous to photographically enlarge the Map 1 (100% scale 1: 12500, contour
interval 3m) to Map 1 (125% scale 1: 10000, contour interval 3 m) (which has been done for
you), to facilitate scaling and general interpretation. The scale has been adjusted accordingly
(which is now 1:10000, in the 125% Map i.e., 1 cm = 100 m). It is usually best to
photographically enlarge the scale and the map together to ensure that there is no discrepancy
between them.

1.2 Background:

Interest has been expressed in a program to establish a visitor center in a scenic area. The
visitor center/scenic lookout is located on the promontory (i.e. high point) at Point 1 on Map 1.
Several possible end points for the access highway between the center and the adjacent
highway network have been identified for the case studies. The end points are designated A, B,
and E in Map 1.
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1.3 Objectives:

Preliminary highway designs are needed (from A to 1 or from B to 1 or from E to 1).

1.4 Scope of project:

Conduct a preliminary route selection and design for one possible route end for a two-lane
highway in accordance with AASHTO "rural collector" highway design standards. The content,
format, andgeneral presentation of the report should follow the following guidelines.

 Horizontal Alignment and Closure error of the traverse.

 Simple Horizontal Curves and length of highway after inclusion of horizontal curves on

horizontal alignment.

 Natural Ground elevations (i.e. NSL i.e. Natural Surface Level) every 20m and at critical

points.

 Drawing of Natural Ground Profile (or NSL i.e. Natural Surface Level)

 Drawing of Design Ground Profile (PGL i.e. Proposed Ground Level) including design of

vertical curves and coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment.

 Design Ground profile elevations every 20m and at critical points.

 Cross Section design.

 Calculation of earthwork quantities from Station 0+000.0 to Station 0+060.0 (with the

helpof cross sections taken every 20 m from 0+000.0 to Station 0+060.0).

 To bring economy in earthwork, vertical curves should be designed based on Stopping

SightDistance.

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1.5 Map of the Project:

Fig. 1: Map of project route end points

2 Problem solution:
2.1 Route selection:

After rough calculation we decided route A to 1 because it was the most convenient one in
myopinion.

2.2 Horizontal Alignment and Closure error of Traverse:

Now to find the horizontal alignment first we are selecting grade to be 5% for our design
purpose.Now distance to be marked on map = (counter interval /allowed slope)

= (3 /0.05)

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= 60 m

Now the given scale is 1cm = 100 m

So, the distance to be marked = 60 (1/100

cm)So, the distance to be marked = 0.6 cm

Now using the counter map as shown in figure 1, we open our compass to a length of 0.6 cm
and placed it on a counter line upto another counter line. We will continue until we join all the
pointsand get our desired route.

Fig. 2: Horizontal Alignment of Road

2.2.1 Segments length:

We already know that the Scale: 1cm = 100 m, so length of each segment is given

as;AB = 2.5cm × 100 = 250 m

BC = 4.5cm × 100 = 450 m

CD = 5.1cm × 100 = 510 m

DE = 3.7cm × 100 = 370 mE1

= 2.5cm × 100 = 250 m 1A =

15.5 × 100 = 1550 m

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Now to find closure error;

2.2.2 Deflection angle:

The following deflection angle were measured with the help of protector;

∆𝐵 = −20° ∆𝐶 = 54°

∆𝐷 = −32° ∆𝐸 = −42°

2.2.3 Internal Angle:

Now we will find internal angles from deflection angles by using the following formula;

Internal angle = 180° ± deflection angle

Internal angle at B = 180° − 20° = 160°

Internal angle at C = 180° + 54° = 234°

Internal angle at D = 180° + 32° = 212°

Internal angle at E = 180°−12° = 168°

2.2.4 Azimuth of each line:

Now for finding latitude and departure first we will find azimuth, which are as under;

 Azimuth of AB = 85°
 Azimuth of BC = 85° − 20° = 70°
 Azimuth of CD= 70° + 50° = 120°
 Azimuth of DE = 120° − 35° = 155°
 Azimuth of E1 = 155° − 42° = 113°
 Azimuth of 1A = 113° + 176° = 289°

2.2.5 Latitudes and Departure:

Now the formulas of latitude and departure are given as;

 Latitude = Length ✕ Cos (Azimuth)

 Departure = Length ✕ Sin (Azimuth)

Use these expressions we obtain the following table

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Table 2:Latitudes and Departure values

Line Azimuth Latitude (m) Departure (m)

AB 85 21.8 249
BC 70 154 422.9
CD 120 -285 422.5
DE 155 -338 148
E1 113 -102 230
1A 289 530 -1456.5
ΣL = -19.2 ΣD = 15.9

Closing Error = √(∑ 𝐿)2 + (∑ 𝐷)2

Putting values in above equation, we get;

Closing Error = 24.9m

Closing Error (%) = 24.9

× 100 = 0.74%
3380

As it is less than 5%, so hence it is ok!

2.3 Simple Horizontal Curve and Length of Highway:

First, we will find minimum allowable radius then we will find tangent length and length of
eachcurve.

2.3.1 Minimum allowable radius

Now we know that minimum allowable radius;

𝑉2
Rmin = 𝑔 (𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥)

Now given that;

 V = 60 km/h = 16.67 m/s

 emax = 6%
 fmax = 0.17 (from table 3-7)

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putting in the above equ , we get Rmin = 123.2 m.

2.3.2 Tangent length and length of each simple curve:

The equation of tangent length and length of simple curve are as

under;Tangent Length, T = R tan (Δ/2)

Length of Curve, L = (πRΔ)/180

Using the above two equations we obtain the following table

Table 3: Tangent length and length of each simple curve values

Radius (m) Tangent Length of simple

Curve Designation
(assumed) length (m) curve (m)
Curve between AB and BC 180 31.7 62.8
Curve between BC and CD 150 76.4 141.3
Curve between CD and DE 230 66 128.4
Curve between DE and E1 230 61.4 117.2

2.3.3 Length of highway:

Length of highway = (sum of all tangents lengths) + (sum of all curves length) - 2 (sum of all
tangent lengths)

Length of highway = 1808.9 m

Fig. 3:Horizontal Alignment of Road showing simple curves

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2.4 Natural Ground elevations at every 20m and at critical points:

The natural ground elevations at every 20 m intervals are shown in the following table. All
thecritical points are covered in 20 m intervals.

Table 4: NGL at 20 m interval and critical points

Chainage (m) Elevation (m) Chainage (m) Elevation (m)

0+000 255 0+940 273
0+020 255.4 0+960 272
0+040 255.6 0+980 270
0+060 255.8 1+000 267
0+080 256.1 1+020 266.5
0+100 256.3 1+040 265.1
0+120 256 1+060 265.7
0+140 255.8 1+080 267
0+160 255.6 1+100 267.2
0+180 255.4 1+120 267
0+200 255.2 1+140 266
0+220 255.1 1+160 267
0+240 255 1+180 268
0+260 253.6 1+200 270
0+280 254.1 1+220 273
0+300 253.8 1+240 274
0+320 253.7 1+260 275
0+340 253 1+280 276
0+360 253 1+300 277
0+380 252.5 1+320 279
0+400 252.3 1+340 280
0+420 252 1+360 282
0+440 251.3 1+380 282.8
0+460 252 1+400 285
0+480 253.3 1+420 286
0+500 255 1+440 287
0+520 255.7 1+460 288.7
0+540 256 1+480 289
0+560 257.8 1+500 289.9
0+580 258 1+520 291
0+600 260.3 1+540 292
0+620 261 1+560 292.7
0+640 264 1+580 294
0+660 266.9 1+600 295.5
0+680 268.3 1+620 297
0+700 270 1+640 297.8

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0+720 272.8 1+660 299

0+740 275 1+680 300
0+760 278.7 1+700 301
0+780 279 1+720 302.6
0+800 277 1+740 303.8
0+820 277 1+760 304
0+840 277 1+780 305
0+860 277 1+800 305.9
0+880 277 1+820 306.2
0+900 276 1+830 305
0+920 275

2.5Design of Natural Ground Profile (or NSL i.e., Natural Surface Level) and
Ground Profile (PGL i.e., Proposed Ground Level):

Fig. 4:Design of NSL and PGL

2.6Design of vertical curves and coordination of vertical and horizontal

alignment:
Now we have a total of 3 vertical curves

 Two Sag Curves.

 One Crest Vertical Curve.

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2.6.1 Grades:

The expression for finding gradient are as under;

𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒
Gradient =
𝑅𝑢𝑛

 g1 = -0.6%
 g2= 6.1%
 g3 = -3.6%
 g4 = 5.2%
As all gradients are less than 7% and greater than 0.5%, so hence they are ok.

2.6.2 Algebraic Difference:

Now we will find algebraic difference which will be required in coming calculations;

 | A1 | = |g2-g1| = 6.7%
 | A2 | = |g3-g2| = 9.7%
 | A3 | = |g4-g3| = 8.8%

2.6.3 Rate of Vertical Curvature:

As we are given for V = 60 km/hr , thus from table 6.3 we got;

 K = 11 (for crest curve)

 K = 8 (for sag curve)

2.6.4 Length of Curves:

Now we will find the length of these curves;

 First Sag Curve: L1 = K|A1| = 18✕6.7 = 120.6m

 Crest Curve: L2 = K|A2| = 11✕9.7 = 106.7m

 Second Sag Curve: L3 = K|A3| = 18✕8.8 = 158.4m

2.6.5 Design of First Sag:

Now as we know that

Y = ax2+bx+c

Where;

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 Y = Elevation of point on vertical curve.

 c = Elevation of BVC (from graph).
 b = Initial grade.
 a = (g2-g1)/2L
 g1 = Initial grade.
 g2 = Final grade
 Stationing of BVC (from graph)
 Stationing of EVC (from graph)

Using the above expression, we obtain the elevation of first sag curve at different chainage

pointsTable 5:coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment of first Sag curve

g1 -0.006
g2 0.061
L (m) 120.6
a 0.000027

Curve
Chainage Distance
Station x c bx ax^2 Elevation
(m)
(m)
0+340 (BVC) 340 0 254 0 0 254
0+360 360 20 254 -0.12 0.0108 253.8908
0+380 380 40 254 -0.24 0.0432 253.8032
0+400 400 60 254 -0.36 0.0972 253.7372
0+420 420 80 254 -0.48 0.1728 253.6928
0+440 440 100 254 -0.6 0.27 253.67
0+460 460 120 254 -0.72 0.3888 253.6688
0+480 480 140 254 -0.84 0.5292 253.6892
0+500 500 160 254 -0.96 0.6912 253.7312
0+520 520 180 254 -1.08 0.8748 253.7948
0+540 540 200 254 -1.2 1.08 253.88
0+560 560 220 254 -1.32 1.3068 253.9868

0+570 (EVC) 570 230 254 -1.38 1.4283 254.0483

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2.6.6 Design of Crest curve:

Similarly using same expression as that of first sag curve we obtain the following

tables;Table 6:coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment of Crest

curve

g1 0.061
g2 -0.036
L (m) 106.7
a -0.0000056

Chainage Curve
Station Distance x c bx ax^2 Elevation
(m) (m)
0+690 (BVC) 690 0 268 0 0.00000 268.000
0+700 700 10 268 0.61 -0.00056 268.609
0+720 720 30 268 1.83 -0.00504 269.825
0+740 740 50 268 3.05 -0.01400 271.036
0+760 760 70 268 4.27 -0.02744 272.243
0+780 780 90 268 5.49 -0.04536 273.445
0+800 800 110 268 6.71 -0.06776 274.642
0+820 820 130 268 7.93 -0.09464 275.835
0+840 840 150 268 9.15 -0.12600 277.024
0+860 860 170 268 10.37 -0.16184 278.208
0+880 880 190 268 11.59 -0.20216 279.388
0+890 900 210 268 12.81 -0.24696 280.563
0+900 920 230 268 14.03 -0.29624 281.734
0+920 940 250 268 15.25 -0.35000 282.900
0+940 960 270 268 16.47 -0.40824 284.062
0+960 980 290 268 17.69 -0.47096 285.219
0+980 1000 310 268 18.91 -0.53816 286.372

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1+000 (EVC) 1020 330 268 20.13 -0.60984 287.520

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2.6.7 For Second Sag Curve:

Similarly using same expression as that of first sag curve we obtain the following

tables;Table 7:coordination of vertical and horizontal alignment of Second Sag

curve

g1 -0.036

g2 0.052
L (m) 158.4
a 0.000026

Chainage Curve
Station Distance x c bx ax^2 Elevation
(m) (m)
1+000 1000 0 272 0 0.00000 272.000
1+020 1020 20 272 -0.72 0.01040 271.290
1+040 1040 40 272 -1.44 0.04160 270.602
1+060 1060 60 272 -2.16 0.09360 269.934
1+080 1080 80 272 -2.88 0.16640 269.286
1+100 1100 100 272 -3.6 0.26000 268.660
1+120 1120 120 272 -4.32 0.37440 268.054
1+140 1140 140 272 -5.04 0.50960 267.470
1+160 1160 160 272 -5.76 0.66560 266.906
1+180 1180 180 272 -6.48 0.84240 266.362
1+200 1200 200 272 -7.2 1.04000 265.840
1+220 1220 220 272 -7.92 1.25840 265.338

2.7 Cross Section design:

For design of cross section, we will use table 6.5 of AASHTO:

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 For design speed = 60km/hr.

 Design Volume = 1000 veh/day.
 Width of travel way = 6m.
 Width of shoulder on each side = 1.5m.

Cross section design is shown as under;

Fig. 5: Cross Section design

2.9 Calculation of earthwork quantities from Station 0+000.0 to Station

0+060.0 (20 m interval):

Earth work calculations are done and in shown in the following table;

Table 8: Earth work calculations

Fill Cut Length Fill Cut Net

Cumulative
Station Area Area between Volume Volume Volume
Volume (m3)
(m) (m2) Station(m) (m3) (m3) (m3)

0+000 0 0 - - - - -

0+020 1.5 0.92 20 15 9.2 5.8 5.8

0+040 0.52 0.31 20 20.2 12.3 7.9 13.7

0+060 2.1 1.87 20 26.2 21.8 4.4 18.1

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2.10 Designed based on Stopping Sight Distance:

We have already done our design based on stopping sight distance. Moreover, our design is
both economical as well as according to the given specifications in “A Policy on Geometric
Design ofHighways and Streets, 2011 by AASHTO”.

The End

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